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板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)属壳斗科(Fagaceae)栗属(Castanea Mill.)植物,是我国传统的特色坚果和木本粮食树种。板栗营养价值高,且适应性和抗逆性强[1-3],分布广泛,全国26个省(直辖市、自治区)均有分布,并被划分为华北、长江中下游、西北、东南、西南和东北6个品种群。其中,长江中下游品种群分布于湖北、安徽、江苏、浙江诸省的长江流域地区,据统计,全区共有板栗品种和品系100余个,约占全国品种总数的1/3[4]。
浙江省是我国板栗主要产区之一,目前全省板栗栽培面积约6万hm2,年产量5~6万 t,但该省板栗大面积栽培品种单一、结构不合理等问题突出,且绝大多数树龄在20 a以上,老化现象严重[5-6]。加快优新品种选育应用、促进品种多元化是提升板栗品质和效益、恢复产业发展的关键途径之一。通过性状综合评价并筛选适于某一区域栽培的板栗优良品种或种质,前期已有大量研究。苏淑钗等[7]对华北品种群19个板栗品种的物候期、生长结果习性和果实品质进行综合评价,从中筛选出早产性、丰产性、稳产性及抗逆性均较强的5个优良品种,适宜在北京燕山地区推广种植。杨晴等[8]对来自燕山和山东的34个板栗品种的营养品质进行综合评价,筛选出燕山短枝(C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Duanzhi’)等5个优质品种,为华北地区选育优良板栗品种提供了理论依据。杜常健等[9]对燕山北部山区收集的63个板栗农家品种和优良单株的品质进行综合评价,明确板栗优良种质的品质评价指标,从中进一步筛选出1个早熟、最优种质和2个晚熟种质。但关于板栗品种的综合评价多集中于北方地区,南方特别是长江中下游区的板栗品种果实性状综合评价研究相对欠缺。
目前,对板栗品种性状进行综合评价多采用因子分析法、隶属函数法、主成分分析法等[8-13]。与主成分分析等方法相比较,灰色关联度分析是根据系统内各因素之间发展趋势的相似或相异程度来衡量因素间的关联程度,从而客观反映研究对象的综合表现[14]。因此,联合运用主成分分析和灰色关联度分析方法能从多指标、多因素着手,综合分析各指标的整体效应,从而使筛选得到的结果更具有科学性。本研究以长江中下游区25个板栗主要栽培品种以及5个有代表性的北方板栗品种为材料,采用主成分分析和灰色关联度分析法对其果实表型和品质性状进行综合评价,以期筛选出综合表现优良且适于浙江省种植推广的板栗品种,为促进该省板栗品种多元化和产业可持续发展提供理论依据。
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供试材料为来源于浙江、江苏、安徽、湖北等长江中下游地区的25个板栗主要栽培品种以及5个有代表性的北方板栗品种(表1)。30个板栗品种于2012年种植于浙江省兰溪市省级栗类种质资源圃(兰溪市苗圃),株行距3 m × 4 m,每个品种6株,保存率100%,每年进行精细抚育管理,目前均已进入盛果期。试验地位于浙江省兰溪市马达镇老鹰山,土壤为红黄壤,pH值5.16,土层深厚,土壤有机质含量26.5 g·kg−1,肥力中等。
表 1 板栗品种名称及其来源地
Table 1. Name and source of Chinese chestnut cultivar
编号 No. 品种名称 Name of cultivar 来源地 Source 编号 No. 品种名称 Name of cultivar 来源地 Source X1 蜜蜂球 C. mollissima ‘Mifengqiu’ 安徽舒城
Shucheng, AnhuiX16 石丰 C. mollissima ‘Shifeng’ 山东海阳
Haiyang, ShandongX2 九月寒 C. mollissima ‘Jiuyuehan’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX17 六月爆 C. mollissima ‘Liuyuebao’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX3 浅刺大板栗 C. mollissima ‘Qiancidabanli’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX18 浙早1号 C. mollissima ‘Zhezao No.1’ 浙江诸暨
Zhuji, ZhejiangX4 尖顶油栗 C. mollissima ‘Jiandingyouli’ 江苏邳县
Pixian, JiangsuX19 燕山早丰 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Zaofeng’ 河北迁西
Qianxi, HebeiX5 叶里藏 C. mollissima ‘Yelicang’ 安徽舒城
Shucheng, AnhuiX20 桂花香 C. mollissima ‘Guihuaxiang’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX6 粘底板 C. mollissima ‘Zhandiban’ 安徽舒城
Shucheng, AnhuiX21 处暑红 C. mollissima ‘Chushuhong’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX7 铁粒头 C. mollissima ‘Tielitou’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX22 怀九 C. mollissima ‘Huaijiu’ 北京怀柔
Huairou, BeijingX8 毛板红 C. mollissima ‘Maobanhong’ 浙江诸暨
Zhuji, ZhejiangX23 焦扎 C. mollissima ‘Jiaozha’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX9 大底青 C. mollissima ‘Dadiqing’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX24 青毛软扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingmaoruanzha’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX10 魁栗 C. mollissima ‘Kuili’ 浙江上虞
Shangyu, ZhejiangX25 重阳蒲 C. mollissima ‘Chongyangpu’ 江苏溧阳
Liyang, JiangsuX11 泰安薄壳 C. mollissima ‘Tai’an Baoke’ 山东泰安
Tai’an, ShandongX26 青扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingzha’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX12 燕山红栗 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Hongli’ 北京昌平
Changping, BeijingX27 乌壳栗 C. mollissima ‘Wukeli’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX13 罗田早栗 C. mollissima ‘Luotian Zaoli’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX28 八月红 C. mollissima ‘Bayuehong’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX14 九家种 C. mollissima ‘Jiujiazhong’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX29 玫瑰红 C. mollissima ‘Meiguihong’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX15 广德大红袍 C. mollissima ‘Guangde Dahongpao’ 安徽广德
Guangde, AnhuiX30 深刺大油栗 C. mollissima ‘Shencidayouli’ 安徽广德
Guangde, Anhui -
2019、2020年每年8—10月,于板栗果实完全成熟、栗苞自然开裂时,分批采集各品种的成熟栗苞,采集方法为从各品种6株树的树冠外围随机采集成熟度较一致、无病虫害的栗苞,每个品种采集30~50个栗苞,装入网袋中并作好标记,带回实验室进行测定。
采用百分之一天平依次称量单个栗苞总质量,而后取出坚果,记录每苞中坚果数量,并称量每苞中坚果总质量和单果质量;利用游标卡尺对坚果横径、坚果纵径进行测量。单果质量、坚果横径和坚果纵径均选取边果测量,并一一对应。果形指数为坚果横径与坚果纵径的比值;出籽率 = 每苞中坚果总质量/栗苞总质量×100%。
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果实表型性状测定完成后,每个品种随机选取30个坚果,称量鲜果总质量并记录。装入托盘放置于预热好的105℃烘箱中杀青15 min,取出后剥开坚果外壳和涩皮,并将果肉、外壳和涩皮一起重新放入烘箱,温度设置为65℃,烘至完全干燥。烘干后称量总干质量,计算坚果含水率。坚果含水率 =(鲜质量−干质量)/鲜质量×100%。
去除果壳和涩皮,利用磨样机将果肉磨成面粉状,放冷后装袋并作好标记,干燥保存用于测定果实品质指标。
总淀粉含量采用蒽酮比色法[15]测定,直链淀粉含量按照GB/T 15683—2008的方法测定,支链淀粉含量 = 总淀粉含量−直链淀粉含量;可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量、总氨基酸含量及脂肪含量分别按照NY/T 1278—2007、GB 5009.5—2016(第一法)、GB/T 8314—2013及GB 5009.6—2016的方法测定;钾含量、磷含量和硼含量按照GB 5009.268—2016(第二法)测定;总多酚含量参照张春江等[16]方法测定;总黄酮含量参照钟冬莲等[17]方法测定。
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所有数据录入Excel 2020表格,分别采用Origin 2021b、SAS 8.2、Excel 2020等软件对数据进行相关性、主成分和灰色关联度分析。
主成分分析:利用SAS 8.2软件对板栗果实表型和品质共20项指标(分别用K1,K2,···,K20表示)进行主成分分析。首先对原始数据进行标准化处理,计算特征值、方差贡献率、累计贡献率及特征向量;而后计算各品种各项指标的主成分分数,以方差贡献率为权重,得出各品种的综合得分。
灰色关联度分析:根据灰色系统理论[18],将30个板栗品种的果实表型和品质共20项指标作为一个灰色系统,以各项指标最优值构成参考数列X0(j),以不同品种各指标的测定值构成比较数列Xi(j)。
X0(j) = {X0(1),X0(2),···,X0(n)}
Xi (j) = {Xi (1),Xi (2),···,Xi (n)}
式中:j表示测定品种的第j项指标,j = 1,2,···,n(n = 20);i表示第i个品种,i = 1,2,···,m(m = 30)。
然后对原始数据进行无量纲化处理,将其化为0~1的标准化数据,求出关联系数(ε)和加权关联度(r)。
$ {\varepsilon _i}(j) = \frac{{\mathop i\limits^{{\text{min}}} \mathop j\limits^{\min } \left| {{X_0}(j) - {X_i}(j)} \right| + \rho \mathop i\limits^{\max } \mathop j\limits^{\max } \left| {{X_0}(j) - {X_i}(j)} \right|}}{{\left| {{X_0}(j) - {X_i}(j)} \right| + \rho \mathop i\limits^{\max } \mathop j\limits^{\max } \left| {{X_0}(j) - {X_i}(j)} \right|}} $
$ {r_i} = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{\omega _j} \cdot {\varepsilon _i}(j)} $
式中:
$ \left| {{X_0}(j) - {X_i}(j)} \right| $ 为X0数列与Xi在j点的绝对差值;$ \mathop i\limits^{\min } \mathop j\limits^{\min } \left| {{X_0}(j) - {X_i}(j)} \right| $ 为二级最小差;$ \mathop i\limits^{\max } \mathop j\limits^{\max } $ $ | {{X_0}(j) - {X_i}(j)} | $ 为二级最大差;ρ为分辨系数,一般取 ρ = 0.5;ri为第i个品种的加权关联度;ωj为第j项指标的权重值; ε i ( j )为第 i 个品种第 j 项指标的关联系数。 -
对30个板栗品种果实表型和品质性状共20项指标数据及其特征值进行统计分析(表2、3),果实表型和品质性状各项指标的变异系数存在明显差异,30个品种20项指标的变异系数范围为7.85%~41.20%。果实表型性状中,单果质量的变异系数最大,达28.55%,其次为栗苞总质量,为26.08%,表明栗苞和坚果质量在各品种间差异最为明显,存在广泛变异;坚果纵径变异系数最小(仅9.07%),表明其在不同品种间差异较小,性状较为稳定。果实品质指标中,脂肪含量变异系数最大,达41.20%,其次为硼含量、可溶性糖含量和总黄酮含量,均在30%以上,也表明这些性状在不同品种间存在广泛变异;钾含量、总淀粉含量和坚果含水率变异系数较小,均在10%以下。
表 2 板栗各品种果实表型性状统计特征值
Table 2. Statistical characteristic values of fruit phenotypic traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars
编号
No.K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 栗苞总质量/g
Total weight of
chestnut bud每苞坚果数/个
Numbers of nuts
per bud单果质量/g
Single nut
weight坚果横径/mm
Transverse
diameter of nut坚果纵径/mm
Longitudinal
diameter of nut果形指数
Nut shape
index出籽率/%
Kernel rateX1 75.15 2.72 12.08 32.04 27.13 1.18 39.88 X2 78.81 2.10 14.99 34.58 28.45 1.22 37.10 X3 51.44 2.60 11.37 31.87 24.78 1.29 51.34 X4 38.89 2.80 6.56 25.07 25.53 0.98 44.57 X5 37.18 2.73 5.82 24.93 21.64 1.15 39.08 X6 74.18 2.48 13.59 34.03 27.35 1.24 40.33 X7 80.40 2.43 11.51 32.35 26.09 1.24 33.36 X8 85.03 2.73 12.01 31.80 26.95 1.18 35.20 X9 92.77 2.54 13.91 34.80 27.02 1.29 34.17 X10 60.63 2.21 11.39 31.04 26.12 1.19 35.84 X11 39.28 2.50 8.11 27.02 24.48 1.10 47.76 X12 53.08 2.70 9.67 39.70 25.36 1.57 45.91 X13 89.22 2.93 14.81 34.99 28.25 1.24 44.22 X14 63.54 2.63 13.32 33.25 26.45 1.26 51.36 X15 95.62 2.67 16.90 36.08 29.53 1.22 43.19 X16 56.09 2.77 9.05 29.48 24.67 1.20 42.07 X17 74.84 2.55 12.49 32.99 27.27 1.21 39.92 X18 79.44 1.96 12.94 30.67 26.17 1.17 28.65 X19 65.44 2.36 10.55 29.68 24.69 1.20 34.76 X20 73.74 2.97 12.03 32.35 27.55 1.17 45.96 X21 92.47 2.97 17.64 36.97 29.63 1.25 49.05 X22 52.93 2.63 8.51 37.42 23.78 1.57 37.97 X23 75.48 2.67 14.72 34.54 27.82 1.24 46.50 X24 92.83 2.96 15.19 34.88 29.57 1.18 43.22 X25 94.75 2.96 13.58 33.90 29.08 1.17 36.91 X26 80.13 2.43 12.80 32.62 27.68 1.18 39.10 X27 92.56 3.00 17.58 37.74 22.83 1.65 50.88 X28 114.44 2.86 23.09 40.41 25.56 1.58 46.31 X29 88.88 2.90 17.92 36.82 24.07 1.53 46.09 X30 59.94 3.05 10.12 30.91 19.38 1.60 46.22 均值 Mean 73.64 2.66 12.81 33.17 26.16 1.27 41.90 最大值 Maximum 114.44 3.05 23.09 40.41 29.63 1.65 51.36 最小值 Minimum 37.18 1.96 5.82 24.93 19.38 0.98 28.65 标准差 SD 19.20 0.27 3.66 3.73 2.37 0.17 5.87 变异系数 CV/% 26.08 10.23 28.55 11.25 9.07 13.13 14.02 表 3 板栗各品种果实品质性状统计特征值
Table 3. Statistical characteristic values of fruit quality traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars
编号
No.K8 K9 K10 K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19 K20 坚果含
水率/%
Nut
moisture
content总淀粉
含量/%
Total
starch
content直链淀粉
含量/%
Amylose
content支链
淀粉
含量/%
Amylopectin
content可溶性糖
含量/%
Soluble
sugar
content蛋白质
含量/%
Protein
content总氨基酸
含量/%
Total
amino
acid
content脂肪
含量/%
Fat
content总多酚
含量/
(mg·kg−1)
Total
polyphenol
content总黄酮
含量/
(mg·kg−1)
Total
flavonoids
content钾含量/
(mg·kg−1)
K content磷含量/
(mg·kg−1)
P content硼含量/
(mg·kg−1)
B contentX1 46.78 58.3 16.8 41.5 6.21 7.00 8.16 1.5 1028 1.3 5177 1488 8.41 X2 54.56 69.9 15.1 54.8 6.32 7.83 9.85 1.5 1053 1.3 6242 1436 8.94 X3 45.74 68.7 7.7 61.0 9.01 3.44 5.63 3.5 1760 1.7 6480 1120 9.37 X4 52.49 64.8 15.6 49.2 2.43 6.73 8.98 1.1 772 1.0 6475 1414 3.94 X5 53.67 60.1 10.9 49.2 3.52 6.01 7.60 0.4 907 1.4 5889 1179 5.25 X6 54.46 63.0 13.9 49.1 2.43 7.52 9.63 1.7 1017 1.4 5394 1294 7.31 X7 54.46 78.1 12.6 65.5 3.92 7.14 5.37 2.0 1012 1.1 6186 1022 9.35 X8 46.25 68.9 10.3 58.6 5.06 4.51 8.27 2.0 875 1.2 5785 1547 3.50 X9 51.75 69.9 11.1 58.8 3.73 5.56 7.57 2.2 1079 1.6 5060 983 3.11 X10 52.51 73.8 13.7 60.1 2.44 6.14 7.55 0.8 879 1.3 6087 1218 2.18 X11 47.35 68.4 12.5 55.9 4.79 4.66 6.26 1.4 1011 1.3 5082 794 6.36 X12 48.49 68.2 11.7 56.5 3.69 6.85 9.05 1.0 666 1.3 5443 1510 3.14 X13 50.37 67.6 11.4 56.2 5.30 6.59 7.95 1.6 887 1.1 5719 1338 4.48 X14 46.78 66.0 11.6 54.4 6.77 5.24 6.24 2.7 979 1.1 5936 1069 8.08 X15 47.93 59.2 10.8 48.4 6.73 6.90 9.58 2.2 827 1.4 5442 1434 4.89 X16 53.57 64.7 13.7 51.0 4.61 7.58 9.42 1.1 844 1.4 5608 1526 5.26 X17 48.20 67.6 12.9 54.7 4.76 4.62 7.38 2.5 770 2.4 6568 905 4.74 X18 46.27 75.7 11.1 64.6 6.19 4.37 6.67 2.8 972 1.8 5285 1041 4.28 X19 41.22 70.1 17.5 52.6 6.41 5.70 7.73 1.7 951 2.1 5784 1126 3.01 X20 44.50 69.3 9.3 60.0 7.20 5.13 7.57 3.5 995 1.7 6017 1119 4.57 X21 46.73 62.5 9.3 53.2 8.41 5.41 7.15 2.9 968 1.5 6450 1046 5.28 X22 45.84 58.0 15.9 42.1 8.89 7.25 9.89 0.8 1099 3.6 5343 1397 6.58 X23 52.47 60.4 12.5 47.9 3.92 6.68 9.41 2.0 1060 1.3 5356 1135 5.28 X24 47.34 53.4 13.3 40.1 7.89 6.09 7.49 2.0 1254 1.8 5325 1174 5.09 X25 42.68 70.2 10.5 59.7 4.75 6.88 8.39 1.3 1157 2.5 6136 1477 5.51 X26 41.86 66.8 10.1 56.7 5.83 6.47 7.73 1.5 1230 2.1 5831 1333 6.57 X27 41.10 67.2 12.9 54.3 8.47 5.99 7.77 2.0 1455 2.2 6403 1429 5.26 X28 42.05 64.0 11.6 52.4 5.86 5.74 6.92 2.3 1010 1.6 5960 1420 5.63 X29 40.27 71.7 13.5 58.2 9.04 5.93 7.03 1.4 1235 2.4 6329 1433 4.86 X30 43.89 61.7 12.1 49.6 5.70 8.15 9.82 1.6 1361 1.9 5666 1524 3.46 均值
Mean47.72 66.27 12.40 53.88 5.68 6.14 7.94 1.8 1037 1.7 5815 1264 5.46 最大值
Maximum54.56 78.10 17.50 65.50 9.04 8.15 9.89 3.5 1760 3.6 6568 1547 9.37 最小值
Minimum40.27 53.40 7.70 40.10 2.43 3.44 5.37 0.4 666 1.0 5060 794 2.18 标准差
SD4.45 5.52 2.27 6.29 1.98 1.13 1.27 0.8 221 0.6 456 210 1.92 变异系数
CV /%9.32 8.32 18.29 11.67 34.83 18.44 15.96 41.20 21.35 33.58 7.85 16.61 35.26 -
30个板栗品种果实表型和品质性状20项指标Pearson相关性分析结果(图1)表明:各指标间分别有23对和18对相关性达到极显著(P < 0.01)和显著水平(P < 0.05),而多数指标间相关性未达到显著水平,其中,钾含量(K18)与其它19个指标间相关均不显著,硼含量(K20)仅与总多酚含量(K16)显著相关,与其它指标相关均不显著。果实表型7个指标间,多数指标间为正相关关系,如单果质量(K3)与其它6个指标均为正相关关系,且与栗苞总质量(K1)、坚果横径(K4)、坚果纵径(K5)和果形指数(K6)4个指标相关性达到极显著或显著水平,其中,单果质量与栗苞总质量正相关系数最大,达0.90。而果实品质13个指标间,多数为负相关关系,其中坚果含水率(K8)与可溶性糖含量(K12)极显著负相关系数最大,为−0.65;坚果含水率(K8)、总淀粉含量(K9)、直链淀粉含量(K10)、支链淀粉含量(K11)、蛋白质含量(K13)与其它指标间相关性多为负相关关系;总淀粉含量与支链淀粉含量正相关系数最大,达0.93。所有品质指标间约30%相关性达到显著或极显著水平,表明13个品质指标间关系较紧密。果实表型7个指标与品质性状13个指标多数未达到显著相关水平,但可溶性糖含量与单果质量、坚果横径、果形指数和出籽率(K7)4项表型指标显著正相关,果形指数与坚果含水率、可溶性糖含量、总黄酮含量(K17)和磷含量(K19)4项品质指标显著相关。表明板栗果实表型与品质性状间既存在一定的关联性,又相对较独立。
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对30个板栗品种果实表型和品质性状20项指标进行主成分分析(表4),前5个主成分的方差贡献率分别为30.80%、17.63%、13.53%、10.78%和6.51%,累计贡献率为79.25%,保留了供试板栗品种果实表型和品质性状近80%的信息,因此,可以选取相对独立的前5个主成分作为不同板栗品种果实表型和品质性状的综合评价指标,以达到降维的目的。第1主成分可溶性糖(K12)和脂肪含量(K15)的特征向量值较大,分别为0.5095和0.5202,即第1主成分主要代表果实的风味口感因子;第2主成分可溶性糖含量(K12)、蛋白质含量(K13)、总氨基酸含量(K14)、总黄酮含量(K17)和磷含量(K19)的特征向量正值较大,脂肪含量(K15)的特征向量负值较大,分别为0.3289、0.3235、0.3005、0.3404、0.3829及−0.3546,主要反映果实的营养和功能成分因子;第3主成分硼含量(K20)的特征向量正值较大,栗苞总质量(K1)和单果质量(K3)的特征向量负值较大,分别为0.6272、−0.4671和−0.3566;第4主成分硼含量(K20)和蛋白质含量(K13)的特征向量正值较大,总黄酮含量(K17)特征向量负值较大,分别为0.6386、0.3197和−0.3752;第5主成分出籽率(K7)和每苞坚果数(K2)的特征向量正值较大,总黄酮含量(K17)的特征向量负值较大,分别为0.5758、0.3635和−0.4427。
表 4 板栗果实表型和品质性状主成分分析
Table 4. Principal component analysis of fruit phenotypic and quality traits of Chinese chestnut
主成分 Principal component 1 2 3 4 5 特征值 Eigen value 0.1147 0.0657 0.0504 0.0402 0.0242 方差贡献率 Contribution rate/% 30.80 17.63 13.53 10.78 6.51 累计贡献率 Comulate contribution rate/% 30.80 48.43 61.96 72.74 79.25 特征向量
EigenvectorK1 0.2836 0.1778 −0.4671 0.2891 −0.2449 K2 0.0544 0.1399 −0.0451 −0.0555 0.3635 K3 0.3148 0.1740 −0.3566 0.2788 −0.0483 K4 0.1384 0.1868 −0.1452 0.1019 −0.0165 K5 0.0589 −0.0550 −0.1373 0.1903 −0.0854 K6 0.0848 0.2502 −0.0161 −0.0820 0.0726 K7 0.1252 0.0492 0.1016 −0.0140 0.5758 K8 −0.1362 −0.1188 0.0166 0.1919 0.0249 K9 0.0102 −0.1264 −0.0524 −0.0339 −0.1982 K10 −0.1827 0.1964 0.1203 0.0639 −0.2723 K11 0.0610 −0.2032 −0.0946 −0.0575 −0.1636 K12 0.5095 0.3289 0.2909 −0.2462 0.0037 K13 −0.2098 0.3235 0.0173 0.3197 0.0413 K14 −0.1855 0.3005 −0.0683 0.0842 0.1599 K15 0.5202 −0.3546 −0.1133 0.0129 0.1636 K16 0.2116 0.0971 0.2370 −0.0528 0.0306 K17 0.1144 0.3404 0.1368 −0.3752 −0.4427 K18 0.0565 −0.0202 0.0204 −0.0157 0.0299 K19 −0.0891 0.3829 −0.0671 0.1223 0.2240 K20 0.1967 −0.0669 0.6272 0.6386 −0.1352 -
根据灰色系统理论,并参照前人研究[19-20],以所有参试品种各指标的最大值作为最优值,构成最优样本,即参考数列。对30个板栗品种果实表型和品质性状20项指标进行无量纲化处理,计算绝对差值。进一步根据关联度系数公式分别计算各品种各项指标的关联度系数,结果见表5。由于板栗果实表型和品质各性状特征的重要性不同,因此,需要根据其不同指标的重要程度确定不同的权重系数。利用各性状的关联系数占关联系数总和的比值来确定各性状的权重值,各性状权重值排序为:钾含量 > 坚果纵径 > 坚果含水率 > 每苞坚果数 > 总淀粉含量 > 磷含量 > 支链淀粉含量 > 出籽率 > 坚果横径 > 总氨基酸含量 > 果形指数 > 蛋白质含量 > 直链淀粉含量 > 可溶性糖含量 > 栗苞总质量 > 硼含量 > 总多酚含量 > 单果质量 > 脂肪含量 > 总黄酮含量(表5)。
表 5 板栗各品种果实表型和品质性状的关联度系数
Table 5. Correlation coefficient of fruit phenotypic and quality traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars
关联度系数
Correlation
coefficientK1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 K10 K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19 K20 ε1 0.5633 0.8047 0.4815 0.6813 0.8402 0.6080 0.6646 0.7565 0.6360 0.9172 0.5473 0.5859 0.7584 0.7169 0.4366 0.5157 0.4094 0.6765 0.9207 0.8121 ε2 0.5872 0.5875 0.5581 0.7543 0.9173 0.6262 0.6147 1.0000 0.8084 0.7636 0.7305 0.5955 0.9186 0.9910 0.4366 0.5244 0.4094 0.8992 0.8606 0.9061 ε3 0.4458 0.7510 0.4659 0.6770 0.7300 0.6665 0.9992 0.7326 0.7863 0.4416 0.8657 0.9926 0.4339 0.5070 1.0000 1.0000 0.4563 0.9706 0.6161 1.0000 ε4 0.4015 0.8450 0.3822 0.5384 0.7620 0.5218 0.7702 0.9210 0.7223 0.8031 0.6403 0.3772 0.7177 0.8280 0.3924 0.4410 0.3801 0.9690 0.8374 0.4332 ε5 0.3961 0.8111 0.3719 0.5362 0.6216 0.5938 0.6494 0.9646 0.6577 0.5401 0.6403 0.4204 0.6278 0.6567 0.3334 0.4775 0.4202 0.8108 0.6506 0.5018 ε6 0.5573 0.7050 0.5185 0.7373 0.8521 0.6419 0.6733 0.9957 0.6961 0.6828 0.6388 0.3772 0.8514 0.9440 0.4627 0.5120 0.4202 0.7125 0.7303 0.6683 ε7 0.5982 0.6856 0.4691 0.6893 0.7877 0.6393 0.5582 0.9958 1.0000 0.6127 1.0000 0.4388 0.7814 0.4922 0.5082 0.5103 0.3894 0.8839 0.5662 0.9952 ε8 0.6328 0.8111 0.4801 0.6753 0.8305 0.6077 0.5846 0.7441 0.7899 0.5184 0.8079 0.5015 0.4979 0.7300 0.5082 0.4683 0.3992 0.7879 1.0000 0.4142 ε9 0.7005 0.7250 0.5269 0.7614 0.8339 0.6677 0.5696 0.8958 0.8084 0.5477 0.8124 0.4299 0.5822 0.6537 0.5439 0.5337 0.4436 0.6586 0.5485 0.3987 ε10 0.4850 0.6162 0.4664 0.6564 0.7892 0.6119 0.5943 0.9219 0.8894 0.6710 0.8431 0.3776 0.6423 0.6518 0.3647 0.4694 0.4094 0.8581 0.6756 0.3660 ε11 0.4028 0.7114 0.4057 0.5721 0.7183 0.5715 0.8632 0.7701 0.7810 0.6079 0.7514 0.4851 0.5084 0.5468 0.4247 0.5100 0.4094 0.6619 0.4764 0.5796 ε12 0.4524 0.7952 0.4326 0.9616 0.7545 0.8935 0.8066 0.7992 0.7775 0.5720 0.7632 0.4280 0.7352 0.8391 0.3827 0.4161 0.4094 0.7211 0.9488 0.3998 ε13 0.6677 0.9219 0.5528 0.7676 0.9046 0.6389 0.7610 0.8521 0.7671 0.5596 0.7572 0.5170 0.6982 0.6931 0.4493 0.4717 0.3894 0.7741 0.7663 0.4591 ε14 0.4989 0.7652 0.5114 0.7142 0.8049 0.6492 1.0000 0.7565 0.7408 0.5678 0.7233 0.6382 0.5537 0.5455 0.6596 0.4995 0.3894 0.8215 0.5891 0.7629 ε15 0.7292 0.7799 0.6231 0.8053 0.9926 0.6295 0.7358 0.7847 0.6467 0.5364 0.6291 0.6341 0.7428 0.9339 0.5439 0.4552 0.4202 0.7209 0.8584 0.4809 ε16 0.4648 0.8277 0.4214 0.6208 0.7255 0.6154 0.7101 0.9606 0.7208 0.6710 0.6667 0.4747 0.8636 0.9031 0.3924 0.4597 0.4202 0.7519 0.9703 0.5024 ε17 0.5614 0.7313 0.4911 0.7069 0.8477 0.6230 0.6653 0.7915 0.7671 0.6276 0.7287 0.4833 0.5056 0.6357 0.6079 0.4405 0.5706 1.0000 0.5163 0.4727 ε18 0.5915 0.5545 0.5019 0.6475 0.7914 0.6036 0.5005 0.7444 0.9351 0.5477 0.9699 0.5842 0.4885 0.5763 0.6889 0.4973 0.4697 0.6939 0.5752 0.4491 ε19 0.5085 0.6616 0.4491 0.6250 0.7265 0.6189 0.5781 0.6443 0.8122 1.0000 0.6922 0.6035 0.5957 0.6697 0.4627 0.4907 0.5153 0.7877 0.6194 0.3949 ε20 0.5546 0.9434 0.4804 0.6893 0.8632 0.6047 0.8081 0.7061 0.7972 0.4859 0.8406 0.6851 0.5445 0.6537 1.0000 0.5047 0.4563 0.8407 0.6155 0.4637 ε21 0.6976 0.9434 0.6526 0.8388 1.0000 0.6439 0.9079 0.7552 0.6892 0.4859 0.7023 0.8640 0.5685 0.6152 0.7209 0.4960 0.4316 0.9610 0.5776 0.5036 ε22 0.4518 0.7636 0.4123 0.8568 0.6916 0.9027 0.6295 0.7347 0.6325 0.8289 0.5535 0.9639 0.8004 1.0000 0.3647 0.5411 1.0000 0.7037 0.8204 0.5980 ε23 0.5654 0.7799 0.5499 0.7530 0.8787 0.6404 0.8239 0.9202 0.6615 0.6079 0.6224 0.4388 0.7106 0.9012 0.5082 0.5269 0.4094 0.7059 0.6245 0.5036 ε24 0.7011 0.9390 0.5644 0.7640 0.9956 0.6074 0.7365 0.7699 0.5834 0.6486 0.5332 0.7769 0.6367 0.6460 0.5082 0.6064 0.4697 0.7006 0.6475 0.4923 ε25 0.7202 0.9410 0.5182 0.7333 0.9594 0.6007 0.6115 0.6704 0.8141 0.5254 0.8334 0.4827 0.7397 0.7449 0.4134 0.5638 0.5918 0.8707 0.9073 0.5181 ε26 0.5963 0.6877 0.4985 0.6967 0.8704 0.6070 0.6497 0.6554 0.7538 0.5116 0.7673 0.5550 0.6824 0.6697 0.4366 0.5953 0.5153 0.7979 0.7620 0.5971 ε27 0.6985 0.9659 0.6500 0.8699 0.6588 1.0000 0.9793 0.6422 0.7604 0.6276 0.7215 0.8754 0.6256 0.6739 0.5082 0.7188 0.5325 0.9463 0.8531 0.5024 ε28 1.0000 0.8791 1.0000 1.0000 0.7632 0.9111 0.8184 0.6588 0.7104 0.5678 0.6889 0.5573 0.5996 0.5959 0.5637 0.5096 0.4436 0.8271 0.8436 0.5260 ε29 0.6648 0.9014 0.6643 0.8328 0.7023 0.8564 0.8120 0.6283 0.8439 0.6596 0.7990 1.0000 0.6192 0.6050 0.4247 0.5975 0.5706 0.9241 0.8574 0.4792 ε30 0.4819 1.0000 0.4410 0.6533 0.5614 0.9273 0.8156 0.6936 0.6784 0.5894 0.6460 0.5452 1.0000 0.9843 0.4493 0.6614 0.4840 0.7633 0.9675 0.4125 权重系数 ω 0.0434 0.0596 0.0389 0.0545 0.0604 0.0508 0.0547 0.0597 0.0567 0.0468 0.0548 0.0442 0.0501 0.0540 0.0387 0.0400 0.0351 0.0605 0.0555 0.0415 -
根据主成分模型公式和加权关联度计算方法得到板栗品种综合评价结果(表6)。从表6可知:采用2种方法得出的30个板栗品种果实表型和品质性状综合评价排序结果有一定的出入,但总体趋势较一致,乌壳栗、浅刺大板栗、玫瑰红、八月红、处暑红、九月寒等6个长江中下游区板栗品种均排在前列。将2种评价方法的品种综合得分值进行相关性分析,其相关系数为0.7621,具有极显著(P < 0.01)的正相关性。因此,这2种方法的评价结果具有较好的一致性,且能够相互验证。采用主成分分析法得出的30个品种综合得分值范围为−0.24674~0.23400,差值为0.480 74;采用灰色关联度分析法得出的30个品种关联度值范围为0.6046~0.7542,差值为0.1496。说明主成分综合评价结果变异较大,灰色关联度评价结果相对稳定。
表 6 基于2种分析方法的板栗各品种果实表型和品质性状的综合得分值及排序
Table 6. Comprehensive score and ranking of fruit phenotypic and quality traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars based on two analysis methods
主成分分析 Principal component analysis 灰色关联度分析 Grey correlation analysis 品种
Cultivars综合得分值
Comprehensive
score排序
Ranking品种
Cultivars关联度值
Correlation
value排序
Ranking浅刺大板栗 C. mollissima ‘Qiancidabanli’ 0.23400 1 乌壳栗 C. mollissima ‘Wukeli’ 0.7542 1 乌壳栗 C. mollissima ‘Wukeli’ 0.19234 2 九月寒 C. mollissima ‘Jiuyuehan’ 0.7434 2 玫瑰红 C. mollissima ‘Meiguihong’ 0.14743 3 玫瑰红 C. mollissima ‘Meiguihong’ 0.7359 3 处暑红 C. mollissima ‘Chushuhong’ 0.14233 4 八月红 C. mollissima ‘Bayuehong’ 0.7337 4 八月红 C. mollissima ‘Bayuehong’ 0.13743 5 浅刺大板栗 C. mollissima ‘Qiancidabanli’ 0.7304 5 青毛软扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingmaoruanzha’ 0.10949 6 处暑红 C. mollissima ‘Chushuhong’ 0.7197 6 怀九 C. mollissima ‘Huaijiu’ 0.10223 7 怀九 C. mollissima ‘Huaijiu’ 0.7193 7 九家种 C. mollissima ‘Jiujiazhong’ 0.09715 8 重阳蒲 C. mollissima ‘Chongyangpu’ 0.7084 8 九月寒 C. mollissima ‘Jiuyuehan’ 0.07613 9 深刺大油栗 C. mollissima ‘Shencidayouli’ 0.7070 9 蜜蜂球 C. mollissima ‘Mifengqiu’ 0.07013 10 广德大红袍 C. mollissima ‘Guangde Dahongpao’ 0.7025 10 广德大红袍 C. mollissima ‘Guangde Dahongpao’ 0.06520 11 铁粒头 C. mollissima ‘Tielitou’ 0.6979 11 桂花香 C. mollissima ‘Guihuaxiang’ 0.05729 12 桂花香 C. mollissima ‘Guihuaxiang’ 0.6919 12 青扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingzha’ 0.03368 13 罗田早栗 C. mollissima ‘Luotian Zaoli’ 0.6917 13 深刺大油栗 C. mollissima ‘Shencidayouli’ 0.00511 14 燕山红栗 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Hongli’ 0.6916 14 重阳蒲 C. mollissima ‘Chongyangpu’ 0.00226 15 粘底板 C. mollissima ‘Zhandiban’ 0.6882 15 铁粒头 C. mollissima ‘Tielitou’ −0.01801 16 石丰 C. mollissima ‘Shifeng’ 0.6814 16 罗田早栗 C. mollissima ‘Luotian Zaoli’ −0.02138 17 蜜蜂球 C. mollissima ‘Mifengqiu’ 0.6807 17 焦扎 C. mollissima ‘Jiaozha’ −0.02550 18 青毛软扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingmaoruanzha’ 0.6802 18 粘底板 C. mollissima ‘Zhandiban’ −0.04771 19 焦扎 C. mollissima ‘Jiaozha’ 0.6762 19 六月爆 C. mollissima ‘Liuyuebao’ −0.05665 20 九家种 C. mollissima ‘Jiujiazhong’ 0.6745 20 浙早1号 C. mollissima ‘Zhezao No.1’ −0.05677 21 尖顶油栗 C. mollissima ‘Jiandingyouli’ 0.6619 21 毛板红 C. mollissima ‘Maobanhong’ −0.07845 22 毛板红 C. mollissima ‘Maobanhong’ 0.6614 22 燕山早丰 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Zaofeng’ −0.08714 23 青扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingzha’ 0.6601 23 石丰 C. mollissima ‘Shifeng’ −0.08780 24 六月爆 C. mollissima ‘Liuyuebao’ 0.6559 24 泰安薄壳 C. mollissima ‘Tai’an Baoke’ −0.10192 25 大底青 C. mollissima ‘Dadiqing’ 0.6488 25 大底青 C. mollissima ‘Dadiqing’ −0.10458 26 魁栗 C. mollissima ‘Kuili’ 0.6420 26 燕山红栗 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Hongli’ −0.13631 27 燕山早丰 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Zaofeng’ 0.6360 27 叶里藏 C. mollissima ‘Yelicang’ −0.18618 28 浙早1号 C. mollissima ‘Zhezao No.1’ 0.6327 28 尖顶油栗 C. mollissima ‘Jiandingyouli’ −0.21702 29 叶里藏 C. mollissima ‘Yelicang’ 0.6060 29 魁栗 C. mollissima ‘Kuili’ −0.24674 30 泰安薄壳 C. mollissima ‘Tai’an Baoke’ 0.6046 30
长江中下游区板栗主栽品种果实表型和品质综合评价
Comprehensive Evaluation of Fruit Phenotype and Quality of Main Chinese Chestnut Cultivars in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
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摘要:
目的 对长江中下游区板栗主要栽培品种果实性状进行综合评价,为筛选综合性状优良且适于浙江省种植推广的板栗品种提供理论依据。 方法 以长江中下游区25个板栗主栽品种及5个有代表性的北方板栗品种为材料,对其果实表型和品质性状进行连续测定和统计分析,并采用主成分分析和灰色关联度分析法进行综合评价。 结果 果实表型和品质存在不同程度的变异,变异系数范围为7.85%~41.20%,品质性状较表型性状变异更广泛;各指标间分别有23对和18对相关性达到极显著(P < 0.01)和显著水平(P < 0.05),果实表型与品质性状间存在一定的关联性。主成分分析得出:前5个主成分累计贡献率达79.25%,保留了供试板栗品种果实表型和品质性状大部分信息。灰色关联度分析显示:各性状权重值差异明显,其中,钾含量权重系数最大,总黄酮含量权重系数最小。2种分析方法得出的30个板栗品种果实性状综合表现排序总体趋势较一致,品种综合得分值相关系数为0.7621,达极显著水平。 结论 2种分析方法得出乌壳栗、浅刺大板栗、玫瑰红、八月红、处暑红、九月寒6个长江中下游区板栗品种综合得分值均排在前列,其果实性状综合表现优良,可作为浙江省种植推广的主要参考品种。 Abstract:Objective To evaluate the fruit traits of main Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and provide references for the selection of chestnut cultivars with excellent comprehensive performance and suitable for planting and promoting in Zhejiang Province. Method Twenty-five main Chinese chestnut cultivars in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and five representative northern Chinese chestnut cultivars were used as materials, their fruit phenotype and quality traits were continuously measured and statistically analyzed. Then comprehensive evaluation was performed by principal component analysis and grey correlation analysis. Result Twenty traits of fruit phenotype and quality had different degrees of variation, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 7.85% to 41.20%. There were 23 pairs and 18 pairs of correlation among all traits reached extremely significant (P<0.01) and significant level (P<0.05), respectively. There was a certain correlation between the fruit phenotype and the quality traits. The cumulative contribution rate of the top five principal components was 79.25%, which retained most of the information of fruit phenotype and quality traits. Grey correlation analysis showed that there were significant differences in the weight values of each trait, in which the weight coefficient of potassium content was the largest and the weight coefficient of total flavonoids content was the smallest. The overall trend of the comprehensive performance ranking of the 30 Chinese chestnut cultivars performed by the two analysis methods was relatively consistent. The correlation coefficient of the comprehensive score of the cultivars by the two analysis was 0.7621, which reached a very significant level. Conclusion Six Chinese chestnut cultivars from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are ranked in the top by the two analysis, the comprehensive performance of their fruit traits is excellent, so the six cultivars can be popularized as the main cultivar in Zhejiang Province. -
表 1 板栗品种名称及其来源地
Table 1. Name and source of Chinese chestnut cultivar
编号 No. 品种名称 Name of cultivar 来源地 Source 编号 No. 品种名称 Name of cultivar 来源地 Source X1 蜜蜂球 C. mollissima ‘Mifengqiu’ 安徽舒城
Shucheng, AnhuiX16 石丰 C. mollissima ‘Shifeng’ 山东海阳
Haiyang, ShandongX2 九月寒 C. mollissima ‘Jiuyuehan’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX17 六月爆 C. mollissima ‘Liuyuebao’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX3 浅刺大板栗 C. mollissima ‘Qiancidabanli’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX18 浙早1号 C. mollissima ‘Zhezao No.1’ 浙江诸暨
Zhuji, ZhejiangX4 尖顶油栗 C. mollissima ‘Jiandingyouli’ 江苏邳县
Pixian, JiangsuX19 燕山早丰 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Zaofeng’ 河北迁西
Qianxi, HebeiX5 叶里藏 C. mollissima ‘Yelicang’ 安徽舒城
Shucheng, AnhuiX20 桂花香 C. mollissima ‘Guihuaxiang’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX6 粘底板 C. mollissima ‘Zhandiban’ 安徽舒城
Shucheng, AnhuiX21 处暑红 C. mollissima ‘Chushuhong’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX7 铁粒头 C. mollissima ‘Tielitou’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX22 怀九 C. mollissima ‘Huaijiu’ 北京怀柔
Huairou, BeijingX8 毛板红 C. mollissima ‘Maobanhong’ 浙江诸暨
Zhuji, ZhejiangX23 焦扎 C. mollissima ‘Jiaozha’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX9 大底青 C. mollissima ‘Dadiqing’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX24 青毛软扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingmaoruanzha’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX10 魁栗 C. mollissima ‘Kuili’ 浙江上虞
Shangyu, ZhejiangX25 重阳蒲 C. mollissima ‘Chongyangpu’ 江苏溧阳
Liyang, JiangsuX11 泰安薄壳 C. mollissima ‘Tai’an Baoke’ 山东泰安
Tai’an, ShandongX26 青扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingzha’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX12 燕山红栗 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Hongli’ 北京昌平
Changping, BeijingX27 乌壳栗 C. mollissima ‘Wukeli’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX13 罗田早栗 C. mollissima ‘Luotian Zaoli’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX28 八月红 C. mollissima ‘Bayuehong’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX14 九家种 C. mollissima ‘Jiujiazhong’ 江苏宜兴
Yixing, JiangsuX29 玫瑰红 C. mollissima ‘Meiguihong’ 湖北罗田
Luotian, HubeiX15 广德大红袍 C. mollissima ‘Guangde Dahongpao’ 安徽广德
Guangde, AnhuiX30 深刺大油栗 C. mollissima ‘Shencidayouli’ 安徽广德
Guangde, Anhui表 2 板栗各品种果实表型性状统计特征值
Table 2. Statistical characteristic values of fruit phenotypic traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars
编号
No.K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 栗苞总质量/g
Total weight of
chestnut bud每苞坚果数/个
Numbers of nuts
per bud单果质量/g
Single nut
weight坚果横径/mm
Transverse
diameter of nut坚果纵径/mm
Longitudinal
diameter of nut果形指数
Nut shape
index出籽率/%
Kernel rateX1 75.15 2.72 12.08 32.04 27.13 1.18 39.88 X2 78.81 2.10 14.99 34.58 28.45 1.22 37.10 X3 51.44 2.60 11.37 31.87 24.78 1.29 51.34 X4 38.89 2.80 6.56 25.07 25.53 0.98 44.57 X5 37.18 2.73 5.82 24.93 21.64 1.15 39.08 X6 74.18 2.48 13.59 34.03 27.35 1.24 40.33 X7 80.40 2.43 11.51 32.35 26.09 1.24 33.36 X8 85.03 2.73 12.01 31.80 26.95 1.18 35.20 X9 92.77 2.54 13.91 34.80 27.02 1.29 34.17 X10 60.63 2.21 11.39 31.04 26.12 1.19 35.84 X11 39.28 2.50 8.11 27.02 24.48 1.10 47.76 X12 53.08 2.70 9.67 39.70 25.36 1.57 45.91 X13 89.22 2.93 14.81 34.99 28.25 1.24 44.22 X14 63.54 2.63 13.32 33.25 26.45 1.26 51.36 X15 95.62 2.67 16.90 36.08 29.53 1.22 43.19 X16 56.09 2.77 9.05 29.48 24.67 1.20 42.07 X17 74.84 2.55 12.49 32.99 27.27 1.21 39.92 X18 79.44 1.96 12.94 30.67 26.17 1.17 28.65 X19 65.44 2.36 10.55 29.68 24.69 1.20 34.76 X20 73.74 2.97 12.03 32.35 27.55 1.17 45.96 X21 92.47 2.97 17.64 36.97 29.63 1.25 49.05 X22 52.93 2.63 8.51 37.42 23.78 1.57 37.97 X23 75.48 2.67 14.72 34.54 27.82 1.24 46.50 X24 92.83 2.96 15.19 34.88 29.57 1.18 43.22 X25 94.75 2.96 13.58 33.90 29.08 1.17 36.91 X26 80.13 2.43 12.80 32.62 27.68 1.18 39.10 X27 92.56 3.00 17.58 37.74 22.83 1.65 50.88 X28 114.44 2.86 23.09 40.41 25.56 1.58 46.31 X29 88.88 2.90 17.92 36.82 24.07 1.53 46.09 X30 59.94 3.05 10.12 30.91 19.38 1.60 46.22 均值 Mean 73.64 2.66 12.81 33.17 26.16 1.27 41.90 最大值 Maximum 114.44 3.05 23.09 40.41 29.63 1.65 51.36 最小值 Minimum 37.18 1.96 5.82 24.93 19.38 0.98 28.65 标准差 SD 19.20 0.27 3.66 3.73 2.37 0.17 5.87 变异系数 CV/% 26.08 10.23 28.55 11.25 9.07 13.13 14.02 表 3 板栗各品种果实品质性状统计特征值
Table 3. Statistical characteristic values of fruit quality traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars
编号
No.K8 K9 K10 K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19 K20 坚果含
水率/%
Nut
moisture
content总淀粉
含量/%
Total
starch
content直链淀粉
含量/%
Amylose
content支链
淀粉
含量/%
Amylopectin
content可溶性糖
含量/%
Soluble
sugar
content蛋白质
含量/%
Protein
content总氨基酸
含量/%
Total
amino
acid
content脂肪
含量/%
Fat
content总多酚
含量/
(mg·kg−1)
Total
polyphenol
content总黄酮
含量/
(mg·kg−1)
Total
flavonoids
content钾含量/
(mg·kg−1)
K content磷含量/
(mg·kg−1)
P content硼含量/
(mg·kg−1)
B contentX1 46.78 58.3 16.8 41.5 6.21 7.00 8.16 1.5 1028 1.3 5177 1488 8.41 X2 54.56 69.9 15.1 54.8 6.32 7.83 9.85 1.5 1053 1.3 6242 1436 8.94 X3 45.74 68.7 7.7 61.0 9.01 3.44 5.63 3.5 1760 1.7 6480 1120 9.37 X4 52.49 64.8 15.6 49.2 2.43 6.73 8.98 1.1 772 1.0 6475 1414 3.94 X5 53.67 60.1 10.9 49.2 3.52 6.01 7.60 0.4 907 1.4 5889 1179 5.25 X6 54.46 63.0 13.9 49.1 2.43 7.52 9.63 1.7 1017 1.4 5394 1294 7.31 X7 54.46 78.1 12.6 65.5 3.92 7.14 5.37 2.0 1012 1.1 6186 1022 9.35 X8 46.25 68.9 10.3 58.6 5.06 4.51 8.27 2.0 875 1.2 5785 1547 3.50 X9 51.75 69.9 11.1 58.8 3.73 5.56 7.57 2.2 1079 1.6 5060 983 3.11 X10 52.51 73.8 13.7 60.1 2.44 6.14 7.55 0.8 879 1.3 6087 1218 2.18 X11 47.35 68.4 12.5 55.9 4.79 4.66 6.26 1.4 1011 1.3 5082 794 6.36 X12 48.49 68.2 11.7 56.5 3.69 6.85 9.05 1.0 666 1.3 5443 1510 3.14 X13 50.37 67.6 11.4 56.2 5.30 6.59 7.95 1.6 887 1.1 5719 1338 4.48 X14 46.78 66.0 11.6 54.4 6.77 5.24 6.24 2.7 979 1.1 5936 1069 8.08 X15 47.93 59.2 10.8 48.4 6.73 6.90 9.58 2.2 827 1.4 5442 1434 4.89 X16 53.57 64.7 13.7 51.0 4.61 7.58 9.42 1.1 844 1.4 5608 1526 5.26 X17 48.20 67.6 12.9 54.7 4.76 4.62 7.38 2.5 770 2.4 6568 905 4.74 X18 46.27 75.7 11.1 64.6 6.19 4.37 6.67 2.8 972 1.8 5285 1041 4.28 X19 41.22 70.1 17.5 52.6 6.41 5.70 7.73 1.7 951 2.1 5784 1126 3.01 X20 44.50 69.3 9.3 60.0 7.20 5.13 7.57 3.5 995 1.7 6017 1119 4.57 X21 46.73 62.5 9.3 53.2 8.41 5.41 7.15 2.9 968 1.5 6450 1046 5.28 X22 45.84 58.0 15.9 42.1 8.89 7.25 9.89 0.8 1099 3.6 5343 1397 6.58 X23 52.47 60.4 12.5 47.9 3.92 6.68 9.41 2.0 1060 1.3 5356 1135 5.28 X24 47.34 53.4 13.3 40.1 7.89 6.09 7.49 2.0 1254 1.8 5325 1174 5.09 X25 42.68 70.2 10.5 59.7 4.75 6.88 8.39 1.3 1157 2.5 6136 1477 5.51 X26 41.86 66.8 10.1 56.7 5.83 6.47 7.73 1.5 1230 2.1 5831 1333 6.57 X27 41.10 67.2 12.9 54.3 8.47 5.99 7.77 2.0 1455 2.2 6403 1429 5.26 X28 42.05 64.0 11.6 52.4 5.86 5.74 6.92 2.3 1010 1.6 5960 1420 5.63 X29 40.27 71.7 13.5 58.2 9.04 5.93 7.03 1.4 1235 2.4 6329 1433 4.86 X30 43.89 61.7 12.1 49.6 5.70 8.15 9.82 1.6 1361 1.9 5666 1524 3.46 均值
Mean47.72 66.27 12.40 53.88 5.68 6.14 7.94 1.8 1037 1.7 5815 1264 5.46 最大值
Maximum54.56 78.10 17.50 65.50 9.04 8.15 9.89 3.5 1760 3.6 6568 1547 9.37 最小值
Minimum40.27 53.40 7.70 40.10 2.43 3.44 5.37 0.4 666 1.0 5060 794 2.18 标准差
SD4.45 5.52 2.27 6.29 1.98 1.13 1.27 0.8 221 0.6 456 210 1.92 变异系数
CV /%9.32 8.32 18.29 11.67 34.83 18.44 15.96 41.20 21.35 33.58 7.85 16.61 35.26 表 4 板栗果实表型和品质性状主成分分析
Table 4. Principal component analysis of fruit phenotypic and quality traits of Chinese chestnut
主成分 Principal component 1 2 3 4 5 特征值 Eigen value 0.1147 0.0657 0.0504 0.0402 0.0242 方差贡献率 Contribution rate/% 30.80 17.63 13.53 10.78 6.51 累计贡献率 Comulate contribution rate/% 30.80 48.43 61.96 72.74 79.25 特征向量
EigenvectorK1 0.2836 0.1778 −0.4671 0.2891 −0.2449 K2 0.0544 0.1399 −0.0451 −0.0555 0.3635 K3 0.3148 0.1740 −0.3566 0.2788 −0.0483 K4 0.1384 0.1868 −0.1452 0.1019 −0.0165 K5 0.0589 −0.0550 −0.1373 0.1903 −0.0854 K6 0.0848 0.2502 −0.0161 −0.0820 0.0726 K7 0.1252 0.0492 0.1016 −0.0140 0.5758 K8 −0.1362 −0.1188 0.0166 0.1919 0.0249 K9 0.0102 −0.1264 −0.0524 −0.0339 −0.1982 K10 −0.1827 0.1964 0.1203 0.0639 −0.2723 K11 0.0610 −0.2032 −0.0946 −0.0575 −0.1636 K12 0.5095 0.3289 0.2909 −0.2462 0.0037 K13 −0.2098 0.3235 0.0173 0.3197 0.0413 K14 −0.1855 0.3005 −0.0683 0.0842 0.1599 K15 0.5202 −0.3546 −0.1133 0.0129 0.1636 K16 0.2116 0.0971 0.2370 −0.0528 0.0306 K17 0.1144 0.3404 0.1368 −0.3752 −0.4427 K18 0.0565 −0.0202 0.0204 −0.0157 0.0299 K19 −0.0891 0.3829 −0.0671 0.1223 0.2240 K20 0.1967 −0.0669 0.6272 0.6386 −0.1352 表 5 板栗各品种果实表型和品质性状的关联度系数
Table 5. Correlation coefficient of fruit phenotypic and quality traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars
关联度系数
Correlation
coefficientK1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 K10 K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19 K20 ε1 0.5633 0.8047 0.4815 0.6813 0.8402 0.6080 0.6646 0.7565 0.6360 0.9172 0.5473 0.5859 0.7584 0.7169 0.4366 0.5157 0.4094 0.6765 0.9207 0.8121 ε2 0.5872 0.5875 0.5581 0.7543 0.9173 0.6262 0.6147 1.0000 0.8084 0.7636 0.7305 0.5955 0.9186 0.9910 0.4366 0.5244 0.4094 0.8992 0.8606 0.9061 ε3 0.4458 0.7510 0.4659 0.6770 0.7300 0.6665 0.9992 0.7326 0.7863 0.4416 0.8657 0.9926 0.4339 0.5070 1.0000 1.0000 0.4563 0.9706 0.6161 1.0000 ε4 0.4015 0.8450 0.3822 0.5384 0.7620 0.5218 0.7702 0.9210 0.7223 0.8031 0.6403 0.3772 0.7177 0.8280 0.3924 0.4410 0.3801 0.9690 0.8374 0.4332 ε5 0.3961 0.8111 0.3719 0.5362 0.6216 0.5938 0.6494 0.9646 0.6577 0.5401 0.6403 0.4204 0.6278 0.6567 0.3334 0.4775 0.4202 0.8108 0.6506 0.5018 ε6 0.5573 0.7050 0.5185 0.7373 0.8521 0.6419 0.6733 0.9957 0.6961 0.6828 0.6388 0.3772 0.8514 0.9440 0.4627 0.5120 0.4202 0.7125 0.7303 0.6683 ε7 0.5982 0.6856 0.4691 0.6893 0.7877 0.6393 0.5582 0.9958 1.0000 0.6127 1.0000 0.4388 0.7814 0.4922 0.5082 0.5103 0.3894 0.8839 0.5662 0.9952 ε8 0.6328 0.8111 0.4801 0.6753 0.8305 0.6077 0.5846 0.7441 0.7899 0.5184 0.8079 0.5015 0.4979 0.7300 0.5082 0.4683 0.3992 0.7879 1.0000 0.4142 ε9 0.7005 0.7250 0.5269 0.7614 0.8339 0.6677 0.5696 0.8958 0.8084 0.5477 0.8124 0.4299 0.5822 0.6537 0.5439 0.5337 0.4436 0.6586 0.5485 0.3987 ε10 0.4850 0.6162 0.4664 0.6564 0.7892 0.6119 0.5943 0.9219 0.8894 0.6710 0.8431 0.3776 0.6423 0.6518 0.3647 0.4694 0.4094 0.8581 0.6756 0.3660 ε11 0.4028 0.7114 0.4057 0.5721 0.7183 0.5715 0.8632 0.7701 0.7810 0.6079 0.7514 0.4851 0.5084 0.5468 0.4247 0.5100 0.4094 0.6619 0.4764 0.5796 ε12 0.4524 0.7952 0.4326 0.9616 0.7545 0.8935 0.8066 0.7992 0.7775 0.5720 0.7632 0.4280 0.7352 0.8391 0.3827 0.4161 0.4094 0.7211 0.9488 0.3998 ε13 0.6677 0.9219 0.5528 0.7676 0.9046 0.6389 0.7610 0.8521 0.7671 0.5596 0.7572 0.5170 0.6982 0.6931 0.4493 0.4717 0.3894 0.7741 0.7663 0.4591 ε14 0.4989 0.7652 0.5114 0.7142 0.8049 0.6492 1.0000 0.7565 0.7408 0.5678 0.7233 0.6382 0.5537 0.5455 0.6596 0.4995 0.3894 0.8215 0.5891 0.7629 ε15 0.7292 0.7799 0.6231 0.8053 0.9926 0.6295 0.7358 0.7847 0.6467 0.5364 0.6291 0.6341 0.7428 0.9339 0.5439 0.4552 0.4202 0.7209 0.8584 0.4809 ε16 0.4648 0.8277 0.4214 0.6208 0.7255 0.6154 0.7101 0.9606 0.7208 0.6710 0.6667 0.4747 0.8636 0.9031 0.3924 0.4597 0.4202 0.7519 0.9703 0.5024 ε17 0.5614 0.7313 0.4911 0.7069 0.8477 0.6230 0.6653 0.7915 0.7671 0.6276 0.7287 0.4833 0.5056 0.6357 0.6079 0.4405 0.5706 1.0000 0.5163 0.4727 ε18 0.5915 0.5545 0.5019 0.6475 0.7914 0.6036 0.5005 0.7444 0.9351 0.5477 0.9699 0.5842 0.4885 0.5763 0.6889 0.4973 0.4697 0.6939 0.5752 0.4491 ε19 0.5085 0.6616 0.4491 0.6250 0.7265 0.6189 0.5781 0.6443 0.8122 1.0000 0.6922 0.6035 0.5957 0.6697 0.4627 0.4907 0.5153 0.7877 0.6194 0.3949 ε20 0.5546 0.9434 0.4804 0.6893 0.8632 0.6047 0.8081 0.7061 0.7972 0.4859 0.8406 0.6851 0.5445 0.6537 1.0000 0.5047 0.4563 0.8407 0.6155 0.4637 ε21 0.6976 0.9434 0.6526 0.8388 1.0000 0.6439 0.9079 0.7552 0.6892 0.4859 0.7023 0.8640 0.5685 0.6152 0.7209 0.4960 0.4316 0.9610 0.5776 0.5036 ε22 0.4518 0.7636 0.4123 0.8568 0.6916 0.9027 0.6295 0.7347 0.6325 0.8289 0.5535 0.9639 0.8004 1.0000 0.3647 0.5411 1.0000 0.7037 0.8204 0.5980 ε23 0.5654 0.7799 0.5499 0.7530 0.8787 0.6404 0.8239 0.9202 0.6615 0.6079 0.6224 0.4388 0.7106 0.9012 0.5082 0.5269 0.4094 0.7059 0.6245 0.5036 ε24 0.7011 0.9390 0.5644 0.7640 0.9956 0.6074 0.7365 0.7699 0.5834 0.6486 0.5332 0.7769 0.6367 0.6460 0.5082 0.6064 0.4697 0.7006 0.6475 0.4923 ε25 0.7202 0.9410 0.5182 0.7333 0.9594 0.6007 0.6115 0.6704 0.8141 0.5254 0.8334 0.4827 0.7397 0.7449 0.4134 0.5638 0.5918 0.8707 0.9073 0.5181 ε26 0.5963 0.6877 0.4985 0.6967 0.8704 0.6070 0.6497 0.6554 0.7538 0.5116 0.7673 0.5550 0.6824 0.6697 0.4366 0.5953 0.5153 0.7979 0.7620 0.5971 ε27 0.6985 0.9659 0.6500 0.8699 0.6588 1.0000 0.9793 0.6422 0.7604 0.6276 0.7215 0.8754 0.6256 0.6739 0.5082 0.7188 0.5325 0.9463 0.8531 0.5024 ε28 1.0000 0.8791 1.0000 1.0000 0.7632 0.9111 0.8184 0.6588 0.7104 0.5678 0.6889 0.5573 0.5996 0.5959 0.5637 0.5096 0.4436 0.8271 0.8436 0.5260 ε29 0.6648 0.9014 0.6643 0.8328 0.7023 0.8564 0.8120 0.6283 0.8439 0.6596 0.7990 1.0000 0.6192 0.6050 0.4247 0.5975 0.5706 0.9241 0.8574 0.4792 ε30 0.4819 1.0000 0.4410 0.6533 0.5614 0.9273 0.8156 0.6936 0.6784 0.5894 0.6460 0.5452 1.0000 0.9843 0.4493 0.6614 0.4840 0.7633 0.9675 0.4125 权重系数 ω 0.0434 0.0596 0.0389 0.0545 0.0604 0.0508 0.0547 0.0597 0.0567 0.0468 0.0548 0.0442 0.0501 0.0540 0.0387 0.0400 0.0351 0.0605 0.0555 0.0415 表 6 基于2种分析方法的板栗各品种果实表型和品质性状的综合得分值及排序
Table 6. Comprehensive score and ranking of fruit phenotypic and quality traits of Chinese chestnut cultivars based on two analysis methods
主成分分析 Principal component analysis 灰色关联度分析 Grey correlation analysis 品种
Cultivars综合得分值
Comprehensive
score排序
Ranking品种
Cultivars关联度值
Correlation
value排序
Ranking浅刺大板栗 C. mollissima ‘Qiancidabanli’ 0.23400 1 乌壳栗 C. mollissima ‘Wukeli’ 0.7542 1 乌壳栗 C. mollissima ‘Wukeli’ 0.19234 2 九月寒 C. mollissima ‘Jiuyuehan’ 0.7434 2 玫瑰红 C. mollissima ‘Meiguihong’ 0.14743 3 玫瑰红 C. mollissima ‘Meiguihong’ 0.7359 3 处暑红 C. mollissima ‘Chushuhong’ 0.14233 4 八月红 C. mollissima ‘Bayuehong’ 0.7337 4 八月红 C. mollissima ‘Bayuehong’ 0.13743 5 浅刺大板栗 C. mollissima ‘Qiancidabanli’ 0.7304 5 青毛软扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingmaoruanzha’ 0.10949 6 处暑红 C. mollissima ‘Chushuhong’ 0.7197 6 怀九 C. mollissima ‘Huaijiu’ 0.10223 7 怀九 C. mollissima ‘Huaijiu’ 0.7193 7 九家种 C. mollissima ‘Jiujiazhong’ 0.09715 8 重阳蒲 C. mollissima ‘Chongyangpu’ 0.7084 8 九月寒 C. mollissima ‘Jiuyuehan’ 0.07613 9 深刺大油栗 C. mollissima ‘Shencidayouli’ 0.7070 9 蜜蜂球 C. mollissima ‘Mifengqiu’ 0.07013 10 广德大红袍 C. mollissima ‘Guangde Dahongpao’ 0.7025 10 广德大红袍 C. mollissima ‘Guangde Dahongpao’ 0.06520 11 铁粒头 C. mollissima ‘Tielitou’ 0.6979 11 桂花香 C. mollissima ‘Guihuaxiang’ 0.05729 12 桂花香 C. mollissima ‘Guihuaxiang’ 0.6919 12 青扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingzha’ 0.03368 13 罗田早栗 C. mollissima ‘Luotian Zaoli’ 0.6917 13 深刺大油栗 C. mollissima ‘Shencidayouli’ 0.00511 14 燕山红栗 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Hongli’ 0.6916 14 重阳蒲 C. mollissima ‘Chongyangpu’ 0.00226 15 粘底板 C. mollissima ‘Zhandiban’ 0.6882 15 铁粒头 C. mollissima ‘Tielitou’ −0.01801 16 石丰 C. mollissima ‘Shifeng’ 0.6814 16 罗田早栗 C. mollissima ‘Luotian Zaoli’ −0.02138 17 蜜蜂球 C. mollissima ‘Mifengqiu’ 0.6807 17 焦扎 C. mollissima ‘Jiaozha’ −0.02550 18 青毛软扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingmaoruanzha’ 0.6802 18 粘底板 C. mollissima ‘Zhandiban’ −0.04771 19 焦扎 C. mollissima ‘Jiaozha’ 0.6762 19 六月爆 C. mollissima ‘Liuyuebao’ −0.05665 20 九家种 C. mollissima ‘Jiujiazhong’ 0.6745 20 浙早1号 C. mollissima ‘Zhezao No.1’ −0.05677 21 尖顶油栗 C. mollissima ‘Jiandingyouli’ 0.6619 21 毛板红 C. mollissima ‘Maobanhong’ −0.07845 22 毛板红 C. mollissima ‘Maobanhong’ 0.6614 22 燕山早丰 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Zaofeng’ −0.08714 23 青扎 C. mollissima ‘Qingzha’ 0.6601 23 石丰 C. mollissima ‘Shifeng’ −0.08780 24 六月爆 C. mollissima ‘Liuyuebao’ 0.6559 24 泰安薄壳 C. mollissima ‘Tai’an Baoke’ −0.10192 25 大底青 C. mollissima ‘Dadiqing’ 0.6488 25 大底青 C. mollissima ‘Dadiqing’ −0.10458 26 魁栗 C. mollissima ‘Kuili’ 0.6420 26 燕山红栗 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Hongli’ −0.13631 27 燕山早丰 C. mollissima ‘Yanshan Zaofeng’ 0.6360 27 叶里藏 C. mollissima ‘Yelicang’ −0.18618 28 浙早1号 C. mollissima ‘Zhezao No.1’ 0.6327 28 尖顶油栗 C. mollissima ‘Jiandingyouli’ −0.21702 29 叶里藏 C. mollissima ‘Yelicang’ 0.6060 29 魁栗 C. mollissima ‘Kuili’ −0.24674 30 泰安薄壳 C. mollissima ‘Tai’an Baoke’ 0.6046 30 -
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