1990 Vol. 3, No. 4
Display Method:
1990, 3(4): 303-309.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Fifteen fungal species from Mao bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) were collected from the main bamboo area of four provinces in the People's Republic of China. Listed below, these were confirmed through experiments as timber moulding agents following Koch's postulates. The ten marked "*" were important ones based on a moulding ability test. Discriptions of the morphology of each fungus with its moulding characteristic on Mao bamboo timber are given.*Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler; *Aspergillus flavus Link; *Penicillium citrinum Thom; P. chrysogenum Thorn; *P. funiculosum Thorn; P. sublateritium Biourge; *Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M. B. Ellis; *Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc.; *Chaetomium globosum Kunze; Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn state of Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis; *Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc.; *F. camptoceras Wollenw. & Reinking; F. moni-liforme J. Sheldon var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reinking; *Mucor hiemalis Wehmer; Candida sp..A measure of Relative Mould Covering Amount (RMCA) was developed to compare the moulding ability of different moulds on Mao bamboo timber.The formula suggested is: RMCA(%)=MA/SA×MT/ST×100% C(SA=Inner surfacearea of a Mao bamboo timber block; MA=Area covered by the mould on the same surface 2 months under 24~28℃ and 100% RH after inoculation; ST=Standard thickness=5mm; MT=Average thickness of the mould on the block(mm)].
Fifteen fungal species from Mao bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) were collected from the main bamboo area of four provinces in the People's Republic of China. Listed below, these were confirmed through experiments as timber moulding agents following Koch's postulates. The ten marked "*" were important ones based on a moulding ability test. Discriptions of the morphology of each fungus with its moulding characteristic on Mao bamboo timber are given.*Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler; *Aspergillus flavus Link; *Penicillium citrinum Thom; P. chrysogenum Thorn; *P. funiculosum Thorn; P. sublateritium Biourge; *Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M. B. Ellis; *Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc.; *Chaetomium globosum Kunze; Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn state of Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis; *Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc.; *F. camptoceras Wollenw. & Reinking; F. moni-liforme J. Sheldon var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reinking; *Mucor hiemalis Wehmer; Candida sp..A measure of Relative Mould Covering Amount (RMCA) was developed to compare the moulding ability of different moulds on Mao bamboo timber.The formula suggested is: RMCA(%)=MA/SA×MT/ST×100% C(SA=Inner surfacearea of a Mao bamboo timber block; MA=Area covered by the mould on the same surface 2 months under 24~28℃ and 100% RH after inoculation; ST=Standard thickness=5mm; MT=Average thickness of the mould on the block(mm)].
1990, 3(4): 310-313.
Abstract:
Among the fermentative conditions of Suillus grevillei (Kl.) Sing., optimum initial pH was 4.5~5.6, optimum working volume of 500ml Erlenmeyer-flask was 150ml. It is no need for the growth of S. grevillei to be supplied with special carbon and nitrogen sources. Studylon liquid fermentation of S. grevillei in 14-litre fermentor demonstrated that S. grevillei had many advantages for producing commercial ectomycorrhizal inocula by industrial fermentation, such as short fermentation period, fast-growing rate and easy manipulation etc.
Among the fermentative conditions of Suillus grevillei (Kl.) Sing., optimum initial pH was 4.5~5.6, optimum working volume of 500ml Erlenmeyer-flask was 150ml. It is no need for the growth of S. grevillei to be supplied with special carbon and nitrogen sources. Studylon liquid fermentation of S. grevillei in 14-litre fermentor demonstrated that S. grevillei had many advantages for producing commercial ectomycorrhizal inocula by industrial fermentation, such as short fermentation period, fast-growing rate and easy manipulation etc.
1990, 3(4): 314-322.
Abstract:
Seeds of Slash Pine were obtained from natural range of the species in the USA (6 states). Provenance tests were carried out in 7 locations (latitude range from 21.9~31.8°N) in China in 1981. There was some variation among different seed sources of Slash Pine in 8-year height, diameter and volume growth. The correlation of growth with climatic factors of seed sources was not significant. There was also no significant seed source × location interaction. Superior seed sources of Slash Pine were from Florida, South Carolina and Georgia states.Species comparisons of land races of Slash,Loblolly and local Masson Pine were also included in the tests. In southern subtropical regions, Masson Pine and Loblolly Pine showed better performance at high elevations (300~500m), but Slash Pine was better at low hill and coastal regions. Loblolly Pine and Slash Pine grew faster than Masson Pine in low hill and mountains of central subtropical regions. Loblolly Pine was the best at low elevations of northern subtropical regions when compared with local Masson Pine and Slash Pine.
Seeds of Slash Pine were obtained from natural range of the species in the USA (6 states). Provenance tests were carried out in 7 locations (latitude range from 21.9~31.8°N) in China in 1981. There was some variation among different seed sources of Slash Pine in 8-year height, diameter and volume growth. The correlation of growth with climatic factors of seed sources was not significant. There was also no significant seed source × location interaction. Superior seed sources of Slash Pine were from Florida, South Carolina and Georgia states.Species comparisons of land races of Slash,Loblolly and local Masson Pine were also included in the tests. In southern subtropical regions, Masson Pine and Loblolly Pine showed better performance at high elevations (300~500m), but Slash Pine was better at low hill and coastal regions. Loblolly Pine and Slash Pine grew faster than Masson Pine in low hill and mountains of central subtropical regions. Loblolly Pine was the best at low elevations of northern subtropical regions when compared with local Masson Pine and Slash Pine.
1990, 3(4): 323-329.
Abstract:
The present paper deals with the process of preparing the standard material of forest soil. 3 samples should be used in the research: calcareous cinnamon alkaline soil, yellow-red acid earth and a botanicalsample——leaf of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). 2 mm size soilsamples were stirred evenly by Y-shaped method, 0.149 mm size soil samples and 0.177 mm botanical samples were prepared by a high alumina porcelain ball mill. High temperature was used to kill the microorganisms in the soil sample; 60Co radiation was used to kill the microoganisms in the botanical sample. The groups and quantities of microorganisms in the standard samples were analysed, when the testing of stability of the samples was conducted for two years. Homogeneity and stability of standard samples was tested by F test and analysis of variance. The result of the homogeneity and stability of test has met the demand of standard samples. The method of 2 mm size soil particles used for available nutrients determination was reported for the first time in China.
The present paper deals with the process of preparing the standard material of forest soil. 3 samples should be used in the research: calcareous cinnamon alkaline soil, yellow-red acid earth and a botanicalsample——leaf of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). 2 mm size soilsamples were stirred evenly by Y-shaped method, 0.149 mm size soil samples and 0.177 mm botanical samples were prepared by a high alumina porcelain ball mill. High temperature was used to kill the microorganisms in the soil sample; 60Co radiation was used to kill the microoganisms in the botanical sample. The groups and quantities of microorganisms in the standard samples were analysed, when the testing of stability of the samples was conducted for two years. Homogeneity and stability of standard samples was tested by F test and analysis of variance. The result of the homogeneity and stability of test has met the demand of standard samples. The method of 2 mm size soil particles used for available nutrients determination was reported for the first time in China.
1990, 3(4): 330-334.
Abstract:
According to the investigation of single tree, the study on assessment of growing loss of young poplars caused by Dothiorella gregaria was carried out. The proportion of area (X5) between disease spots and bark of tree under breast diameter was independent variable; the growth data of breast diameter (Y2) in a year were dependent variable. (X6) and (Y2) of the three species were studied by regression analysis.1.P. pyramidalis×559:Y2=-0.15406+118.52194/(102.9113+X52)2.P. canadensis: Y2=-0.4136+278.32113/(133.0115+X52)3.P. simonii×nigra: Y2=-0.08487+110.16972/(131.4548+X52)It is believed that the three holistic models are useful in grading and loss assessment of the disease.
According to the investigation of single tree, the study on assessment of growing loss of young poplars caused by Dothiorella gregaria was carried out. The proportion of area (X5) between disease spots and bark of tree under breast diameter was independent variable; the growth data of breast diameter (Y2) in a year were dependent variable. (X6) and (Y2) of the three species were studied by regression analysis.1.P. pyramidalis×559:Y2=-0.15406+118.52194/(102.9113+X52)2.P. canadensis: Y2=-0.4136+278.32113/(133.0115+X52)3.P. simonii×nigra: Y2=-0.08487+110.16972/(131.4548+X52)It is believed that the three holistic models are useful in grading and loss assessment of the disease.
1990, 3(4): 335-340.
Abstract:
The results of studies on plant breeding and biosystematics showed that P. tomentosa originated in hybrid. Taxonomists have made a classification of various varieties of P. tomentosa but couldn't get unified opinion.The genetic variation of 105 clones collected from 15 regions of 6 provinces in main distribution area of P. tomentosa was analysed by means of polyarclamid gel electrophoresis. 8 types of isoperoxidase pattern were obtained from them, which showed genetic polymorphism within P. tomentosa.The clones, which showed the characteristics of type 1, occupied 85.7% of the total. Their distribution areas coincide with the distribution areas of P. tomentosa. The clones which belong to type 1, type 3, or type 4 ppossess different morphology, phenology, growing habits, sex and distribution. They were nominated as new varieties in some books. The differentiation of isoperoxidase is eailier than differentiation of morphology,so using these differences to supplement morphological taxonomy can make complicated things simpler.In order to further analyse the relationships among the 8 types of isoperoxidase patterns, we adopted their SCIP. When similarity distance (similarity coefficents + similarity distance=1) is 0.23, the varieties of type 1 to type 4 can be grouped into one. They should be the major type of P. tomentosa. The varieties of type 5 to type 8 have distant relationships with P. tomentosa and they possibly occurred in modern times. Because P. tomentosa is self originated in hybrid, its mordern population should be the hybrid population derived from the crossing of P. tomentosa with many other species of sect. Leuce repeatedly.
The results of studies on plant breeding and biosystematics showed that P. tomentosa originated in hybrid. Taxonomists have made a classification of various varieties of P. tomentosa but couldn't get unified opinion.The genetic variation of 105 clones collected from 15 regions of 6 provinces in main distribution area of P. tomentosa was analysed by means of polyarclamid gel electrophoresis. 8 types of isoperoxidase pattern were obtained from them, which showed genetic polymorphism within P. tomentosa.The clones, which showed the characteristics of type 1, occupied 85.7% of the total. Their distribution areas coincide with the distribution areas of P. tomentosa. The clones which belong to type 1, type 3, or type 4 ppossess different morphology, phenology, growing habits, sex and distribution. They were nominated as new varieties in some books. The differentiation of isoperoxidase is eailier than differentiation of morphology,so using these differences to supplement morphological taxonomy can make complicated things simpler.In order to further analyse the relationships among the 8 types of isoperoxidase patterns, we adopted their SCIP. When similarity distance (similarity coefficents + similarity distance=1) is 0.23, the varieties of type 1 to type 4 can be grouped into one. They should be the major type of P. tomentosa. The varieties of type 5 to type 8 have distant relationships with P. tomentosa and they possibly occurred in modern times. Because P. tomentosa is self originated in hybrid, its mordern population should be the hybrid population derived from the crossing of P. tomentosa with many other species of sect. Leuce repeatedly.
1990, 3(4): 341-344.
Abstract:
Viral DNA was isolated directly from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Hyphantria cunea. Viral DNA showed a single band on the agarose gel. Digestion of HcNPV-DNA with EcoR Ⅰ, Pst Ⅰ, Bgl Ⅱ, and PVU Ⅱ resulted in 19, 22. 18 and 22 fragments on agarose gel electrophoresis respectively. The molecular weights of the fragments are determined with DNA-EcoRI and DNA-Hind Ⅲ fragments as reference, and using this method the mean molecular weight of HcNPV-DNA is calculated to be about 94.044×106 daltons.
Viral DNA was isolated directly from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Hyphantria cunea. Viral DNA showed a single band on the agarose gel. Digestion of HcNPV-DNA with EcoR Ⅰ, Pst Ⅰ, Bgl Ⅱ, and PVU Ⅱ resulted in 19, 22. 18 and 22 fragments on agarose gel electrophoresis respectively. The molecular weights of the fragments are determined with DNA-EcoRI and DNA-Hind Ⅲ fragments as reference, and using this method the mean molecular weight of HcNPV-DNA is calculated to be about 94.044×106 daltons.
1990, 3(4): 345-350.
Abstract:
This work is concerned in the construction of genome library of a resistant strain of Paulownia tomentosa to mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO). Large random DNA fragments are joined to phage lambda EMBL3 vectors by its polylinker. The recombinant molecules are packaged into E. coli LE392 in vitro and amplified to establish a permanent library. The efficiency of 1.1×106 pfu/ug DNA was attained. Among them there are 98% recombinant. Using the chicken actin gene as a hybridization probe, a special clone from this library was screened. By restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis and hybridization experiments, a 3.9Kb DNA fragment homologous to actin gene was subcloned into pUC19.
This work is concerned in the construction of genome library of a resistant strain of Paulownia tomentosa to mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO). Large random DNA fragments are joined to phage lambda EMBL3 vectors by its polylinker. The recombinant molecules are packaged into E. coli LE392 in vitro and amplified to establish a permanent library. The efficiency of 1.1×106 pfu/ug DNA was attained. Among them there are 98% recombinant. Using the chicken actin gene as a hybridization probe, a special clone from this library was screened. By restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis and hybridization experiments, a 3.9Kb DNA fragment homologous to actin gene was subcloned into pUC19.
1990, 3(4): 351-357.
Abstract:
The seeds of Ormosia pinnata possess the typical physiological characteristic of "recalcitrant" seeds. The inhibitive substance existed possibly in their testae is the major factor affecting the germination. Removing the testae before sowing is one of the better methods for eliminating it. The temperature and pH value in surroundings are also the important factors for their germination. When the temperature is at 29.5~33.0℃ with pH value 3.8~6.6, the seeds germinate better. When the chlorophyll content in cotyledons tends to zero, mature seeds have appeared. Losing moisture content faster is the fundamental reason for the poor-maturity seeds and the small seeds lose their vigour more easily.
The seeds of Ormosia pinnata possess the typical physiological characteristic of "recalcitrant" seeds. The inhibitive substance existed possibly in their testae is the major factor affecting the germination. Removing the testae before sowing is one of the better methods for eliminating it. The temperature and pH value in surroundings are also the important factors for their germination. When the temperature is at 29.5~33.0℃ with pH value 3.8~6.6, the seeds germinate better. When the chlorophyll content in cotyledons tends to zero, mature seeds have appeared. Losing moisture content faster is the fundamental reason for the poor-maturity seeds and the small seeds lose their vigour more easily.
1990, 3(4): 358-362.
Abstract:
The Phyllostachys iridenscens Yao et Chen is a fine economic species worthy to be spread which produces delicious bamboo shoot as well as timber and thin strip with high yield and price. The paper systematically summed the results of the observations and experiments on growth development of the species from the research for more than ten years. The contents included: growth from shoots to juvenile and adult bamboo, growth of rhizome characters of shoots genesis in new plantation, quality of young individuals, flowering and fruiting in Fhyllostachys iridenscens etc.
The Phyllostachys iridenscens Yao et Chen is a fine economic species worthy to be spread which produces delicious bamboo shoot as well as timber and thin strip with high yield and price. The paper systematically summed the results of the observations and experiments on growth development of the species from the research for more than ten years. The contents included: growth from shoots to juvenile and adult bamboo, growth of rhizome characters of shoots genesis in new plantation, quality of young individuals, flowering and fruiting in Fhyllostachys iridenscens etc.
1990, 3(4): 363-367.
Abstract:
The contents of nutrient components of the shoots of Mao bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) at different periods were analysed. The results showed that the contents of protein, ammo-acids, fat and carbohydrates etc. of the winter shoots underground were higher than those in the spring shoots above ground; that of moisture and cellulose remained relatively stable in the winter shoots but increased gradually in the spring shoots, and that of mineral nutrient elements was higher in the spring shoots than that in the winter shoots. Therefore, it was suggested that the most suitable periods for bamboo shoots harvest were from the second ten days of February to second ten days of March for winter shoots, and from the last ten days of March to the first ten days of April for spring shoots.
The contents of nutrient components of the shoots of Mao bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) at different periods were analysed. The results showed that the contents of protein, ammo-acids, fat and carbohydrates etc. of the winter shoots underground were higher than those in the spring shoots above ground; that of moisture and cellulose remained relatively stable in the winter shoots but increased gradually in the spring shoots, and that of mineral nutrient elements was higher in the spring shoots than that in the winter shoots. Therefore, it was suggested that the most suitable periods for bamboo shoots harvest were from the second ten days of February to second ten days of March for winter shoots, and from the last ten days of March to the first ten days of April for spring shoots.
1990, 3(4): 368-374.
Abstract:
Silicon fertilizer application was studied with bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) stands of mid-low yield on the rhyolite weathing crust soil which has lower available silicon content in Anji county, Zhejiang Province. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in the field plan. The results of statistical analysis for 12 experimental plots are as follows: Applying silicon fertilizer to increase bamboo yields was ineffective despite of lower soil available silicon content (4.62 mg/100g soil). Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) was used for evaluating nutrient status of Si for bamboo function leaves, it indicated that Si nutrient level was suitable in the midst of stands, even if bamboo stands may obtain higher yield for N, P and K fertilizer system. On the basis of realitical status of widespread bamboo natural range in China, applying silicon fertilizer is not necessary.
Silicon fertilizer application was studied with bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) stands of mid-low yield on the rhyolite weathing crust soil which has lower available silicon content in Anji county, Zhejiang Province. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in the field plan. The results of statistical analysis for 12 experimental plots are as follows: Applying silicon fertilizer to increase bamboo yields was ineffective despite of lower soil available silicon content (4.62 mg/100g soil). Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) was used for evaluating nutrient status of Si for bamboo function leaves, it indicated that Si nutrient level was suitable in the midst of stands, even if bamboo stands may obtain higher yield for N, P and K fertilizer system. On the basis of realitical status of widespread bamboo natural range in China, applying silicon fertilizer is not necessary.
1990, 3(4): 375-381.
Abstract:
A series of trials using bulked seeds, routinely collected from the 50 seed orchards and three kinds of commercial seedlots as controls ck1, ck2, ck3, were established at four locations in the northern part of range of Chinese-fir. The main objectives are: to identify outstanding seed orchards for plantation in that region, where the trial located; to test the effectiveness of the phenotypic plus-tree selection and also to provide information prerequisite to future management procedures of seed orchards. The early results showed that while the young trees derived from about 1/2 of the seed orchards studies grew faster than their controls which had collected from the county where the seed orchard located, the progenies of almost all seed orchards were inferior to those of the best provenance in juvenile growth. Therefore, these results also suggested that phenotypic selection without progeny test was not so effective as provenance selection. The superiority of seed orchards should be regarded cautiously as certainty and in most cases may not necessarily be better than the use of seeds of the best provenance. Roguing of first-generation seed orchards should be a critical task in future.
A series of trials using bulked seeds, routinely collected from the 50 seed orchards and three kinds of commercial seedlots as controls ck1, ck2, ck3, were established at four locations in the northern part of range of Chinese-fir. The main objectives are: to identify outstanding seed orchards for plantation in that region, where the trial located; to test the effectiveness of the phenotypic plus-tree selection and also to provide information prerequisite to future management procedures of seed orchards. The early results showed that while the young trees derived from about 1/2 of the seed orchards studies grew faster than their controls which had collected from the county where the seed orchard located, the progenies of almost all seed orchards were inferior to those of the best provenance in juvenile growth. Therefore, these results also suggested that phenotypic selection without progeny test was not so effective as provenance selection. The superiority of seed orchards should be regarded cautiously as certainty and in most cases may not necessarily be better than the use of seeds of the best provenance. Roguing of first-generation seed orchards should be a critical task in future.
1990, 3(4): 382-387.
Abstract:
The divisional theory of tropical climate was adopted in the division of forest climatic region in Hainan Island. On the basis of flora classification, eleven forest climatic factors with close relation to the tropical forestry were selected as an index for the regional division. The Oidham distance coefficient was adopted for the predetermining classification, using stepwise discriminatory method for analysing and the classified division was tested. Through analysis and test, seven forest climatic regions in Hainan Island were put forward.
The divisional theory of tropical climate was adopted in the division of forest climatic region in Hainan Island. On the basis of flora classification, eleven forest climatic factors with close relation to the tropical forestry were selected as an index for the regional division. The Oidham distance coefficient was adopted for the predetermining classification, using stepwise discriminatory method for analysing and the classified division was tested. Through analysis and test, seven forest climatic regions in Hainan Island were put forward.
1990, 3(4): 388-392.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the influence of environmental conditions on the pollen vitalities of 8 clones of P. deltoides, P. nigra and P. trichocarpa during the period of collection and storage. There are significant variations among different species in the moisture content and germination rate of the pollens. During the time when they are in water culture of floral shoots in greenhouse, the high temperature (more than 40℃), which occurs 12 hours before the collection resulted in the decrease in the vitality of pollens. The germination rate was higher when the pollen was collected 1 or 2 days after the split open of the anther than that collected 3 or 4 days later. Low temperature and dryness are necessary for the storage of pollen. The speed of unfreezing and time of absorbing water could influence the vitality of pollens which had been stored under low temperature. It's beneficial for the pollen to have an absorption of water for 2 hours under 4℃ to recover its vitality. The germination rate of P. deltoides would reduce by 40% after 45 days storage under -18℃, while that of P. nigra and P. trichocarpa raised under the same condition. The germination rate of P. trichocarpa was not influenced by 50 days storage under -80℃.
This paper deals with the influence of environmental conditions on the pollen vitalities of 8 clones of P. deltoides, P. nigra and P. trichocarpa during the period of collection and storage. There are significant variations among different species in the moisture content and germination rate of the pollens. During the time when they are in water culture of floral shoots in greenhouse, the high temperature (more than 40℃), which occurs 12 hours before the collection resulted in the decrease in the vitality of pollens. The germination rate was higher when the pollen was collected 1 or 2 days after the split open of the anther than that collected 3 or 4 days later. Low temperature and dryness are necessary for the storage of pollen. The speed of unfreezing and time of absorbing water could influence the vitality of pollens which had been stored under low temperature. It's beneficial for the pollen to have an absorption of water for 2 hours under 4℃ to recover its vitality. The germination rate of P. deltoides would reduce by 40% after 45 days storage under -18℃, while that of P. nigra and P. trichocarpa raised under the same condition. The germination rate of P. trichocarpa was not influenced by 50 days storage under -80℃.
1990, 3(4): 393-397.
Abstract:
From the study on juvenile wood properties of 26 provenances of masson pine, we found that the effects of provenance variation were small for wood specific gravity (SG) and tracheid length (TL), and differences within provenance were the main sources of variation of both traits. There appeared no latitude-oriented variant model for SG and TL. Because of stronger negative correlation at provenance level and no significant correlation at individual level within provenance between SG and growth rate of height and diameter, we should tentatively select the provenances with high growth rate, and then select individuals based on growth rate and wood traits within provenance selected. Indirect selection cannot be ignored in the program of wood property improvement.
From the study on juvenile wood properties of 26 provenances of masson pine, we found that the effects of provenance variation were small for wood specific gravity (SG) and tracheid length (TL), and differences within provenance were the main sources of variation of both traits. There appeared no latitude-oriented variant model for SG and TL. Because of stronger negative correlation at provenance level and no significant correlation at individual level within provenance between SG and growth rate of height and diameter, we should tentatively select the provenances with high growth rate, and then select individuals based on growth rate and wood traits within provenance selected. Indirect selection cannot be ignored in the program of wood property improvement.
1990, 3(4): 398-402.
Abstract:
This paper dealed with the effects of liming, inoculation of rhizobia and watering of the seedling of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Salvador grown on acid soil and neutral soil. The results showed that the watering obviously improved the nodulation and growth of seedling grown on fertile neutral soil. The liming greatly improved the growth of seedling on acid soil, but over-amount lime can repress its growth. The lime pelleting has obvious effects in a short time. The inoculation effects of rhizobia to the seedling grown on different soils varied.
This paper dealed with the effects of liming, inoculation of rhizobia and watering of the seedling of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Salvador grown on acid soil and neutral soil. The results showed that the watering obviously improved the nodulation and growth of seedling grown on fertile neutral soil. The liming greatly improved the growth of seedling on acid soil, but over-amount lime can repress its growth. The lime pelleting has obvious effects in a short time. The inoculation effects of rhizobia to the seedling grown on different soils varied.
1990, 3(4): 403-406.
Abstract:
Poplar canker caused by Dothiorella gregaria is a serious disease. The pathogen can cause canker spots, shoot blight and young trees die. Using resistant poplar species such as Populus pyramidalis × cathayana and P. × candcnsis etc. in the north of Liaoning Province can reduce the damages of the disease. Cutting the lateral twigs and the top of young poplar before planting can reduce transpiration and increase resistance of young trees. Planting 1-year roots of poplar trees can be excused from the disease. The disease has the character of latent infection, the effect of chemical control was not obvious after planting, so it must be carried out in the nursery.
Poplar canker caused by Dothiorella gregaria is a serious disease. The pathogen can cause canker spots, shoot blight and young trees die. Using resistant poplar species such as Populus pyramidalis × cathayana and P. × candcnsis etc. in the north of Liaoning Province can reduce the damages of the disease. Cutting the lateral twigs and the top of young poplar before planting can reduce transpiration and increase resistance of young trees. Planting 1-year roots of poplar trees can be excused from the disease. The disease has the character of latent infection, the effect of chemical control was not obvious after planting, so it must be carried out in the nursery.
1990, 3(4): 407-410.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the effectiveness of release of T. dendrolimi to control the masson pine moth D. punctatus at Longshan Forest Farm, Zhejiang Province. The results are as follows:1.If the release of wasps was conducted at an amount of 200000 heads per mu, the parasitism could reach 60%~89%.2.The best stage for release is that when the moth is at the preliminary or prodromal stage with an amount of egg masses no more than 0.5~1.5 masses per tree or 125~375 eggs per tree. The best time for release is that when the moth's adults first appear in the light trap, thus, the wasps can reproduce for 2~3 generations during the egg stage of first generation of the moth.3.Through the release experiments, we found that the keys to raise the effectiveness of release are the selection of fine mother wasps, control of over-parasitism in the parasitized eggs, change of light and temperature during the breeding peroid and correctness of calculation of the total of effective temperature.
This paper deals with the effectiveness of release of T. dendrolimi to control the masson pine moth D. punctatus at Longshan Forest Farm, Zhejiang Province. The results are as follows:1.If the release of wasps was conducted at an amount of 200000 heads per mu, the parasitism could reach 60%~89%.2.The best stage for release is that when the moth is at the preliminary or prodromal stage with an amount of egg masses no more than 0.5~1.5 masses per tree or 125~375 eggs per tree. The best time for release is that when the moth's adults first appear in the light trap, thus, the wasps can reproduce for 2~3 generations during the egg stage of first generation of the moth.3.Through the release experiments, we found that the keys to raise the effectiveness of release are the selection of fine mother wasps, control of over-parasitism in the parasitized eggs, change of light and temperature during the breeding peroid and correctness of calculation of the total of effective temperature.
1990, 3(4): 411-415.
Abstract:
A classification standard about the damage degree of a new pest Hemiberlesia pitysopkila Takagi to masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests had been put forward in this paper based on damage characteristics of the pine needles and twigs. The standard included 4 grades:(1)light: more than 80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are green and yellow needles are seldom;(2)middle: about 50%~80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are green and the others are wilt, the twigs slightly bend and wilt;(3)serious: about 50%~80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are wilt, some fall and the twigs wilt obviously;(4)very serious: over 80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are wilt and fall, the twigs wilt severely, some trees appear dying.Through the analysis of comparison between the field classification using the standard above and the differences of volume growth rate of 60 stem analysis, it has been proved that the classification standard has a high accuracy up to 87.73% and it could be used for the pest control.
A classification standard about the damage degree of a new pest Hemiberlesia pitysopkila Takagi to masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests had been put forward in this paper based on damage characteristics of the pine needles and twigs. The standard included 4 grades:(1)light: more than 80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are green and yellow needles are seldom;(2)middle: about 50%~80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are green and the others are wilt, the twigs slightly bend and wilt;(3)serious: about 50%~80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are wilt, some fall and the twigs wilt obviously;(4)very serious: over 80% needles on 2-year-old twigs are wilt and fall, the twigs wilt severely, some trees appear dying.Through the analysis of comparison between the field classification using the standard above and the differences of volume growth rate of 60 stem analysis, it has been proved that the classification standard has a high accuracy up to 87.73% and it could be used for the pest control.
1990, 3(4): 416-420.
Abstract:
Started with the study of the interrelation and took range of variation as basis between individual tree growth and phenotype variation of Pencil Cedar (Which is introduced from America) through examining 27 planting plaies (nearly 100 thousands trees in 30 stands) and investigating key beds, which are different in site and age, in the areas of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Beijing. A set of standard of phenotype test was summarized, and the standard for selection of plus tree by mean of the comprehensive appraisal method was instituted for this species. Furthermore, 10 plus trees of Pencil Cedar, whose score excesses 80 by using the standard, are re-selected as candidates trees from the 18 pre-selected plus trees in China. Those plus trees can be used to establish nursery for scion or as material for test plantation.
Started with the study of the interrelation and took range of variation as basis between individual tree growth and phenotype variation of Pencil Cedar (Which is introduced from America) through examining 27 planting plaies (nearly 100 thousands trees in 30 stands) and investigating key beds, which are different in site and age, in the areas of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Beijing. A set of standard of phenotype test was summarized, and the standard for selection of plus tree by mean of the comprehensive appraisal method was instituted for this species. Furthermore, 10 plus trees of Pencil Cedar, whose score excesses 80 by using the standard, are re-selected as candidates trees from the 18 pre-selected plus trees in China. Those plus trees can be used to establish nursery for scion or as material for test plantation.
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