1998 Vol. 11, No. 3
Display Method:
1998, 11(3): 231-236.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The water quality and ecological effect of tropical forest watershed were studied using the located and more watershed measuring in Jianfengling. The measured results in the 41 forest watersheds with 4 indexes of water quality show that there is high quality water in the forest watershed that is a fine natural water. The effects on water quality of tropical rainforest with water cycle were that the concentration of the BOD5, N, P in total runoff was decreased and that of the DO, pH, TDS, Mn in total runoff was increased. The virgin forest ecosystem has purifying function on the BOD5, N, and P in precipitation and make contents of the DO, pH, TDS in runoff achieve the high quality standard. So, the protection and expansion of virgin forest has produced beneficial effects on purification of water and health of inhabitants in forest.
The water quality and ecological effect of tropical forest watershed were studied using the located and more watershed measuring in Jianfengling. The measured results in the 41 forest watersheds with 4 indexes of water quality show that there is high quality water in the forest watershed that is a fine natural water. The effects on water quality of tropical rainforest with water cycle were that the concentration of the BOD5, N, P in total runoff was decreased and that of the DO, pH, TDS, Mn in total runoff was increased. The virgin forest ecosystem has purifying function on the BOD5, N, and P in precipitation and make contents of the DO, pH, TDS in runoff achieve the high quality standard. So, the protection and expansion of virgin forest has produced beneficial effects on purification of water and health of inhabitants in forest.
1998, 11(3): 237-242.
Abstract:
It is well known that mycorrhizal associations are an integral component of natural and managed ecological system and most vascular plants to form one of the two most common associations:either ECM or VAM. However, in contrast, the genus Ecualyptus is capable of forming both ECM and VAM, even in the same root system. This paper represents the analysis results on physiology of ecto and endomycorrhizas of E. urophylla colonised by both Glomus caledonium and Pisolithus tinctorius isolates in nursery. The root activity and the concentration of total amino acids in root tissue fluid of coinoculated seedlings increased by 28.69%～31.90% and 5.20～5.22 times respectively compared to that of uninoculated ones 5 months after inoculation. Polysaccharides concentration in mycorrhizal roots varied according to different fungal treatments, and were generally 2.11～2.75 times of that of the controls. However, that in roots of seedlings which colonised by both ECM and VAM fungi was extremely lower when comparing to that inoculated with individual fungus. The changes of physiology reflect inoculating effect on plant growth.
It is well known that mycorrhizal associations are an integral component of natural and managed ecological system and most vascular plants to form one of the two most common associations:either ECM or VAM. However, in contrast, the genus Ecualyptus is capable of forming both ECM and VAM, even in the same root system. This paper represents the analysis results on physiology of ecto and endomycorrhizas of E. urophylla colonised by both Glomus caledonium and Pisolithus tinctorius isolates in nursery. The root activity and the concentration of total amino acids in root tissue fluid of coinoculated seedlings increased by 28.69%～31.90% and 5.20～5.22 times respectively compared to that of uninoculated ones 5 months after inoculation. Polysaccharides concentration in mycorrhizal roots varied according to different fungal treatments, and were generally 2.11～2.75 times of that of the controls. However, that in roots of seedlings which colonised by both ECM and VAM fungi was extremely lower when comparing to that inoculated with individual fungus. The changes of physiology reflect inoculating effect on plant growth.
1998, 11(3): 243-248.
Abstract:
After the isolate of Lecanosticta acicola was seperatly cultured in wheat solid medium and potato dextrose liquid medium for 30 days, the water extract and the filrate of the cultures could quickly make the needles of slash pine, masson pine and Japanese black pine lose green, and the seedlings of tomato and tobacco get wilt in vitro. It was suggested that the pathogen could yield and secrete the toxic substance and the toxin was probably an important way in the pathogenisis of L. acicola. The toxin had no host specificity. The filtrate or the extract was isolated into two parts, the protein part and the non protein part. The test showed that the toxic part was non protein. The toxic non protein part was further isolated into 3～4 parts in each of three different solution system, and there was always a part of each system which could show toxinicity. To the toxin the slash pine needles were high sensitive, the masson pine needles medium sensitive, and the Japanese black pine needles comparatively lower sensitive.
After the isolate of Lecanosticta acicola was seperatly cultured in wheat solid medium and potato dextrose liquid medium for 30 days, the water extract and the filrate of the cultures could quickly make the needles of slash pine, masson pine and Japanese black pine lose green, and the seedlings of tomato and tobacco get wilt in vitro. It was suggested that the pathogen could yield and secrete the toxic substance and the toxin was probably an important way in the pathogenisis of L. acicola. The toxin had no host specificity. The filtrate or the extract was isolated into two parts, the protein part and the non protein part. The test showed that the toxic part was non protein. The toxic non protein part was further isolated into 3～4 parts in each of three different solution system, and there was always a part of each system which could show toxinicity. To the toxin the slash pine needles were high sensitive, the masson pine needles medium sensitive, and the Japanese black pine needles comparatively lower sensitive.
1998, 11(3): 249-252.
Abstract:
Different storage temperature experiments (natural temperature, 3～4℃, 0～2℃) and different storage methods (cold storage, MA storage, CA storage)were carried out to find out the optimum storage conditions for peach (Amygdalus persica cv. Okubao, Jingyu and Yanhong). The results showed that the storage period could be prolonged if they were sealed in 0.03 mm thick polyethylene bags with ethylene absorbent at 0～2℃. And their quality could be maintained in good condition and the rate of storage rot and brown pulp could be reduced as compared with the other storage conditions and methods. In this study, the gas in the MA storage bags were kept at the range of 14.5%～15.9% O2 and 3.7%～4.1% CO2.
Different storage temperature experiments (natural temperature, 3～4℃, 0～2℃) and different storage methods (cold storage, MA storage, CA storage)were carried out to find out the optimum storage conditions for peach (Amygdalus persica cv. Okubao, Jingyu and Yanhong). The results showed that the storage period could be prolonged if they were sealed in 0.03 mm thick polyethylene bags with ethylene absorbent at 0～2℃. And their quality could be maintained in good condition and the rate of storage rot and brown pulp could be reduced as compared with the other storage conditions and methods. In this study, the gas in the MA storage bags were kept at the range of 14.5%～15.9% O2 and 3.7%～4.1% CO2.
1998, 11(3): 253-259.
Abstract:
Calli of poplar susceptible and resistant to poplar blister canker disease were exposed to the toxin produced by a pathogenic isolate of Dothiorella gregaria at two concentrations. All the cells exposed to toxin showed a series of sub-cellular ultra-structural changes such as distorted and collapsed cell walls and plasmolysis;ruptured plasma membranes;disrupted outer-membranes of mitochondria, some of them even broke down and became granular or hollowed;membrane of nucleolus dilated and part of it decomposed. Cells from the susceptible poplar displayed mitochondria and cytoplasmic disruption. Plasma membranes appear to be the first organs to be attacked seriously. Cells from the untreated tissue exhibited typical internal composition associated with healthy, actively growing cells. The differences between the susceptible and resistant poplar, which were exposed to high level and low level of toxin concentration are that: at the same time after exposed to toxin, the ultrastructure of susceptible poplar were more serious disturbed than that of the resistant one, and the same influences showed in the high level of toxin concentration.
Calli of poplar susceptible and resistant to poplar blister canker disease were exposed to the toxin produced by a pathogenic isolate of Dothiorella gregaria at two concentrations. All the cells exposed to toxin showed a series of sub-cellular ultra-structural changes such as distorted and collapsed cell walls and plasmolysis;ruptured plasma membranes;disrupted outer-membranes of mitochondria, some of them even broke down and became granular or hollowed;membrane of nucleolus dilated and part of it decomposed. Cells from the susceptible poplar displayed mitochondria and cytoplasmic disruption. Plasma membranes appear to be the first organs to be attacked seriously. Cells from the untreated tissue exhibited typical internal composition associated with healthy, actively growing cells. The differences between the susceptible and resistant poplar, which were exposed to high level and low level of toxin concentration are that: at the same time after exposed to toxin, the ultrastructure of susceptible poplar were more serious disturbed than that of the resistant one, and the same influences showed in the high level of toxin concentration.
1998, 11(3): 260-264.
Abstract:
The rooting induction of tube seedling of Calamus egregius Burrret, C. simplicifolius C.F.Wei and Daemonorops margaritae Becc.is dealt with in this paper. NAA is the most effective plant hormone for rooting induction, and low cane sugar concentration is conducive to root growth. There is some difference between the induction medium of clump seedling and that of single seedling. The rooting ratios of clump seedlings of C. egregius, C. simplicifolius and D. margaritae can reach as high as 94.4%, 96.7% and 90.6% respectively, and those of single seedling are 85.7%, 92.1% and 65.7% respectively.
The rooting induction of tube seedling of Calamus egregius Burrret, C. simplicifolius C.F.Wei and Daemonorops margaritae Becc.is dealt with in this paper. NAA is the most effective plant hormone for rooting induction, and low cane sugar concentration is conducive to root growth. There is some difference between the induction medium of clump seedling and that of single seedling. The rooting ratios of clump seedlings of C. egregius, C. simplicifolius and D. margaritae can reach as high as 94.4%, 96.7% and 90.6% respectively, and those of single seedling are 85.7%, 92.1% and 65.7% respectively.
1998, 11(3): 265-270.
Abstract:
Bambusa blumeana is a shoot and culm purposed bamboo, which distributed in south China and southeast Asia.The biological and ecological Characteristics of the bamboo, the shoot emergence and development characteristics, the individual structure in variation of size, form weight, wall thickness of the culm, the regression relationship among various construction factor are reported in this paper.On the analysis of the data, structure rule was found in the factors above, some suitable mathematic models[H=2.246473D0.926725 and W=0.193395(D2H)0.690404]were selected to set up the regression relationship among various construction factors and some tables of investigation planning and measure standard were worked out, so that the natural bamboo forest inventory and management with the standard measurement will be practised on a more reliable and scientific basis.
Bambusa blumeana is a shoot and culm purposed bamboo, which distributed in south China and southeast Asia.The biological and ecological Characteristics of the bamboo, the shoot emergence and development characteristics, the individual structure in variation of size, form weight, wall thickness of the culm, the regression relationship among various construction factor are reported in this paper.On the analysis of the data, structure rule was found in the factors above, some suitable mathematic models[H=2.246473D0.926725 and W=0.193395(D2H)0.690404]were selected to set up the regression relationship among various construction factors and some tables of investigation planning and measure standard were worked out, so that the natural bamboo forest inventory and management with the standard measurement will be practised on a more reliable and scientific basis.
1998, 11(3): 271-276.
Abstract:
If taper equation d=f(h, D, H) is constructed, merchantable height could be directly computed without deriving merchantable height equation h=g(d, D, H) from its corresponding taper equation d=f(h, D, H) when bucking with computer. Only the taper equation and the converted equation between DBH outside bark and DBH inside bark are necessary. Taking index of correlation and mean residual of errors for criteria and followed by residual analyses, the taper equation developed by Max and Burkhart in 1976 is chosen for Cunninghamia lanceolata and Larix olgensis. Merchantable volume tables are then constructed. Combining with theoretical height diameter curve, merchantable volume table for any stand can be constructed.
If taper equation d=f(h, D, H) is constructed, merchantable height could be directly computed without deriving merchantable height equation h=g(d, D, H) from its corresponding taper equation d=f(h, D, H) when bucking with computer. Only the taper equation and the converted equation between DBH outside bark and DBH inside bark are necessary. Taking index of correlation and mean residual of errors for criteria and followed by residual analyses, the taper equation developed by Max and Burkhart in 1976 is chosen for Cunninghamia lanceolata and Larix olgensis. Merchantable volume tables are then constructed. Combining with theoretical height diameter curve, merchantable volume table for any stand can be constructed.
1998, 11(3): 277-284.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the genetic variation between different seed sources and between clones within the seed sources for cone yields for 6 years successively after the first generation clonal seed orchard of masson pine putting into production.The results show that the differences between seed sources and clones are important variation sources, and the latters’ effect surpasses those of the former ones.The heritabilities based on seed source and clone mean are found to be high.There exists great fluctuation of cone production between different years(i.e.possessing marked bumper and lean year).37%～49% of the total variation can be attributed to year effect.The contributions of clones to total cone production are related to the genetic composition of clonal seed orchards and production years. In the seed orchards composed of clones from different seed sources, the significant genotype by year interaction of cone yield is found and should be payed attention to.If clones of seed orchards are from the same seed sources, the genotype by year interaction is smaller and meaningless in practice. In order to manage the seed orchards well, all clones could be divided into 5 types, according to the cone outputs and genetic stabilities.
This paper deals with the genetic variation between different seed sources and between clones within the seed sources for cone yields for 6 years successively after the first generation clonal seed orchard of masson pine putting into production.The results show that the differences between seed sources and clones are important variation sources, and the latters’ effect surpasses those of the former ones.The heritabilities based on seed source and clone mean are found to be high.There exists great fluctuation of cone production between different years(i.e.possessing marked bumper and lean year).37%～49% of the total variation can be attributed to year effect.The contributions of clones to total cone production are related to the genetic composition of clonal seed orchards and production years. In the seed orchards composed of clones from different seed sources, the significant genotype by year interaction of cone yield is found and should be payed attention to.If clones of seed orchards are from the same seed sources, the genotype by year interaction is smaller and meaningless in practice. In order to manage the seed orchards well, all clones could be divided into 5 types, according to the cone outputs and genetic stabilities.
1998, 11(3): 285-288.
Abstract:
Chinese white wax scale have different adaptability to different host plants, and the state of secreting wax are not the same.It is reported in this paper that the secreting wax state of the insect on hosts of Ligustrum lucidum, Fraxinus chinensis and Ligustrum quiboni in Kunming area.The research results have shown that the average secreting wax amount of each male insect and each female scale and the secreting wax peaks are not the same depending on different female scales and hosts.The secreting wax period of the insect is not affected by the hosts on the whole.A comprehensive judging from the average secreting wax amount of each male insect and each female scale and the secreting wax period, L.lucidum is the best host of Ericerus pela in Kunming area.
Chinese white wax scale have different adaptability to different host plants, and the state of secreting wax are not the same.It is reported in this paper that the secreting wax state of the insect on hosts of Ligustrum lucidum, Fraxinus chinensis and Ligustrum quiboni in Kunming area.The research results have shown that the average secreting wax amount of each male insect and each female scale and the secreting wax peaks are not the same depending on different female scales and hosts.The secreting wax period of the insect is not affected by the hosts on the whole.A comprehensive judging from the average secreting wax amount of each male insect and each female scale and the secreting wax period, L.lucidum is the best host of Ericerus pela in Kunming area.
1998, 11(3): 289-294.
Abstract:
By means of the composite indexes of population survival and growth, and by using arbor populations introduced into a secondary Aegiceras corniculatum+Ceriops tagal shrub community thinned in a certain extent as a contrast and those introduced directly as the main objects of the study in Dongzhai National Mangrove Reserve, Hianan Province, the paper conducted the comparison and analysis on the suitability of the entire environment of the shrub community (not thinned) to the arbor populations;and by the theory and method of gray strategic decision, the better arbor species and method for rehabilitating the secondary A.corniculatum+C.tagal shrub communities existing commonly in south China were determined from the overall considerations on the dominance of the arbor populations and a good community appearance, to bring the effect of preventing wind and controlling wave as soon as possible, the reasonable proportion between arbors and shrubs and utmost productivity, rational arbor population structure, the sustainable regeneration of the rehabilitated community and long term ecological effect.The results showed that the suitability of the entire environment of the shrub community to the arbor populations was as the following: Rhizophora stylosaBruguiera gymnorrhizaB.sexangula;and that the method of introducing arbors into the shrub community thinned in square way can increase their survival rate and growth compared with that of introducing the arbors directly;and the arbor species to be used in rehabilitating the secondary A.corniculatum+C.tagal shrub community by the method of introducing directly can be queued in order as the following in terms of what was good and what was bad: Rhizophora stylosa→R.apiculata→B.gymnorrhiza→B.sexangula.
By means of the composite indexes of population survival and growth, and by using arbor populations introduced into a secondary Aegiceras corniculatum+Ceriops tagal shrub community thinned in a certain extent as a contrast and those introduced directly as the main objects of the study in Dongzhai National Mangrove Reserve, Hianan Province, the paper conducted the comparison and analysis on the suitability of the entire environment of the shrub community (not thinned) to the arbor populations;and by the theory and method of gray strategic decision, the better arbor species and method for rehabilitating the secondary A.corniculatum+C.tagal shrub communities existing commonly in south China were determined from the overall considerations on the dominance of the arbor populations and a good community appearance, to bring the effect of preventing wind and controlling wave as soon as possible, the reasonable proportion between arbors and shrubs and utmost productivity, rational arbor population structure, the sustainable regeneration of the rehabilitated community and long term ecological effect.The results showed that the suitability of the entire environment of the shrub community to the arbor populations was as the following: Rhizophora stylosaBruguiera gymnorrhizaB.sexangula;and that the method of introducing arbors into the shrub community thinned in square way can increase their survival rate and growth compared with that of introducing the arbors directly;and the arbor species to be used in rehabilitating the secondary A.corniculatum+C.tagal shrub community by the method of introducing directly can be queued in order as the following in terms of what was good and what was bad: Rhizophora stylosa→R.apiculata→B.gymnorrhiza→B.sexangula.
1998, 11(3): 295-298.
Abstract:
The leaf blight of Platycladus orientalis caused by Chloroscypha platycladus was found a severe disease in Jiangsu Province recent years.Several disease-resistant individuals were selected in heavily infected plantations.Biochemical substance concerned to disease resistance in selected resistant individual trees and common susceptible ones of Chinese arborvitae(P.orientalis) to leaf bilght was tested.It was found that lignin and cellulose content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and superoxide dismutases (SOD) activities in the leaves of selected resistant individual trees were markedly higher than those of the common susceptible ones.It was also found that there was highly positive correlation between PAL activity and lignin content in leaves.Neverthless, water content and succelence in leaves of resistant trees were significantly lower than those of the susceptible ones.
The leaf blight of Platycladus orientalis caused by Chloroscypha platycladus was found a severe disease in Jiangsu Province recent years.Several disease-resistant individuals were selected in heavily infected plantations.Biochemical substance concerned to disease resistance in selected resistant individual trees and common susceptible ones of Chinese arborvitae(P.orientalis) to leaf bilght was tested.It was found that lignin and cellulose content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and superoxide dismutases (SOD) activities in the leaves of selected resistant individual trees were markedly higher than those of the common susceptible ones.It was also found that there was highly positive correlation between PAL activity and lignin content in leaves.Neverthless, water content and succelence in leaves of resistant trees were significantly lower than those of the susceptible ones.
1998, 11(3): 299-305.
Abstract:
13 year poplar clonal stand in the 3 sites of Beijing, Hebei, Henan are observed and surveyed for properties of heights, DBH, timber density, timber length.Remarkable variance is shown among the observed traits.The genetic stability, growth adaptability, stem straightness coefficient, form shape coefficient, anti-blight index exhibited certain difference.The interactive variation of site×clone is extremely remarkable.The observed clones can be categorized into 3 types as "general adaptive", "high yielding" and "low yielding".The volume increment, timber density, stem straightness coefficient, form shape coefficient and anti blight index and repeatability are estimated as 0.580, 0.536, 0.390, 0.411 and 0.500 respectively .The economical trait weight is 0.35, 0.25, 0.10, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively.A multi functional clonal selective index is developed, the breeding gain of the clones which exhibits 15% more than that of CK can be selected as excellent clones.Respectively 8, 7 and 6 excellent clones are selected for the 3 sites mentioned above and the average comprehensive gain is 23.9%, 24.9% and 21.0% respectively.In respect to clones No.37, 351, 9832 and 1012 which are commonly selected as excellent clones, the average comprehensive gain can be as high as 25.1%.The clones selected are all of male sex, the greening effect can be enhanced greatly.
13 year poplar clonal stand in the 3 sites of Beijing, Hebei, Henan are observed and surveyed for properties of heights, DBH, timber density, timber length.Remarkable variance is shown among the observed traits.The genetic stability, growth adaptability, stem straightness coefficient, form shape coefficient, anti-blight index exhibited certain difference.The interactive variation of site×clone is extremely remarkable.The observed clones can be categorized into 3 types as "general adaptive", "high yielding" and "low yielding".The volume increment, timber density, stem straightness coefficient, form shape coefficient and anti blight index and repeatability are estimated as 0.580, 0.536, 0.390, 0.411 and 0.500 respectively .The economical trait weight is 0.35, 0.25, 0.10, 0.10 and 0.20 respectively.A multi functional clonal selective index is developed, the breeding gain of the clones which exhibits 15% more than that of CK can be selected as excellent clones.Respectively 8, 7 and 6 excellent clones are selected for the 3 sites mentioned above and the average comprehensive gain is 23.9%, 24.9% and 21.0% respectively.In respect to clones No.37, 351, 9832 and 1012 which are commonly selected as excellent clones, the average comprehensive gain can be as high as 25.1%.The clones selected are all of male sex, the greening effect can be enhanced greatly.
1998, 11(3): 306-312.
Abstract:
Based on the data of permanent plots in Mengjiangang Forest Farm, Jingshanjiao Forest Farm of Heilongjiang Province and of some circular branch-analysis plots in Songjianghe area of Jilin Province, the self-thinning model and basal area growth model were derived for larch plantation.The whole stand model system, set up in this research, was composed of 4 compatible models, i.e.the self-thinning model, prediction model of height-diameter curve, stand basal area growth model, Schumacher’s stand yield model.Using the model system, quadratic mean diameter, mean height, the number of surviving trees per hectare, stand basal area, and stand volume can be evaluated for various levels of initial density and different sites.
Based on the data of permanent plots in Mengjiangang Forest Farm, Jingshanjiao Forest Farm of Heilongjiang Province and of some circular branch-analysis plots in Songjianghe area of Jilin Province, the self-thinning model and basal area growth model were derived for larch plantation.The whole stand model system, set up in this research, was composed of 4 compatible models, i.e.the self-thinning model, prediction model of height-diameter curve, stand basal area growth model, Schumacher’s stand yield model.Using the model system, quadratic mean diameter, mean height, the number of surviving trees per hectare, stand basal area, and stand volume can be evaluated for various levels of initial density and different sites.
1998, 11(3): 313-318.
Abstract:
On the basis of selected and tested resistance of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) provenances, and external symptoms of resistant difference of masson pine provenances, GX2(H), SC2(M), SX1(L) and black pine(S) (P.thunbergii) resistant to PWN (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) were observed.The resistant provenance GX2 was stable (IR=100.0).However, those of the other provenances SC2, SX1 and black pine varied (IR=60.0, 40.0 and 0 respectively).Comparing with SC2, SX1 and black pine, the resistant factors in wood of GX2 were analysed and the results showed that:the factor that less sucking stimulatory of free amino acid (including His, Thre, Gly, Ile, Glu, Cys, Meth, Leu, Tyr, Try and Arg) existed in the wood of GX2 indicated it seemed to be one of the anti feeding causes.A clear positive correlation was found between the extrernal symptoms of index of pathogenesis (IP) and the content of free amino acid.It indicated that the pines with low content of free amino acid are resistant to PWN and vice versa.And a negative correlation between the IP and the total crude protein and 11 stationary amino acids were also found.
On the basis of selected and tested resistance of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) provenances, and external symptoms of resistant difference of masson pine provenances, GX2(H), SC2(M), SX1(L) and black pine(S) (P.thunbergii) resistant to PWN (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) were observed.The resistant provenance GX2 was stable (IR=100.0).However, those of the other provenances SC2, SX1 and black pine varied (IR=60.0, 40.0 and 0 respectively).Comparing with SC2, SX1 and black pine, the resistant factors in wood of GX2 were analysed and the results showed that:the factor that less sucking stimulatory of free amino acid (including His, Thre, Gly, Ile, Glu, Cys, Meth, Leu, Tyr, Try and Arg) existed in the wood of GX2 indicated it seemed to be one of the anti feeding causes.A clear positive correlation was found between the extrernal symptoms of index of pathogenesis (IP) and the content of free amino acid.It indicated that the pines with low content of free amino acid are resistant to PWN and vice versa.And a negative correlation between the IP and the total crude protein and 11 stationary amino acids were also found.
1998, 11(3): 319-324.
Abstract:
Fruit bearing number and seed yield of Chinese chestnut increased over 20 percent with spraying treatment of TDS plant growth regulator solution (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 percent) after revealing of male inflorescence. Besides spraying treatment, TDS solution can be used to inject into trunk or pour on roots of Chinese chestnut. There are obvious effect of increasing fruit bearing number and seed yield when mixture solution (TDS and isopentenyl adenine, 500 mg/kg or TDS and paclobutrazol 500 mg/kg) is used. It is conducive to TDS’s regulation to apply fertilizer in winter or in spring. The results showed that fruit bearing number and seed yield of Chinese chestnut could be raised every year, when TDS regulator was used every year.
Fruit bearing number and seed yield of Chinese chestnut increased over 20 percent with spraying treatment of TDS plant growth regulator solution (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 percent) after revealing of male inflorescence. Besides spraying treatment, TDS solution can be used to inject into trunk or pour on roots of Chinese chestnut. There are obvious effect of increasing fruit bearing number and seed yield when mixture solution (TDS and isopentenyl adenine, 500 mg/kg or TDS and paclobutrazol 500 mg/kg) is used. It is conducive to TDS’s regulation to apply fertilizer in winter or in spring. The results showed that fruit bearing number and seed yield of Chinese chestnut could be raised every year, when TDS regulator was used every year.
1998, 11(3): 325-329.
Abstract:
Clostera anastomosis is one of the main leaf eating pests of artificial poplar plantations in the west of Jilin Province. This paper deals with the bionomics and control of this pest.C.anastomosis has 3 generations a year in the west of Jilin Province. In the field, there is a neat generation. There are five instars during the larval stage. The young larvae have a habit of spilting skill, falling as well as spreading by wind. The 2nd instar larvae overwinter within thin cocoons in the fallen leaves or the bark’s holes and begin to act in late spring next year. The mature larvae pupate within the curling leaves on the trees. The adults fly to light at night and migrate for short-distance. The eggs are laid on leaf back and the average number of eggs laid per female is 552. Control methods include (1) hand-collection of fallen leaves and burning them in the spring or the autumn, with the rectfied mortality of 79.6%;(2) stopping the larvae from the bark and killing them in the early spring, with the rectified mortality of 94.0%;(3) spraying benzoyphenol urea No.3 in the larval stages, with the rectified mortality of 95.2%;(4) releasing Trichogramma dendrolimi in the egg stages in the case of their low density, with the rectified parasitic ratio of 48.2%～57.3%.
Clostera anastomosis is one of the main leaf eating pests of artificial poplar plantations in the west of Jilin Province. This paper deals with the bionomics and control of this pest.C.anastomosis has 3 generations a year in the west of Jilin Province. In the field, there is a neat generation. There are five instars during the larval stage. The young larvae have a habit of spilting skill, falling as well as spreading by wind. The 2nd instar larvae overwinter within thin cocoons in the fallen leaves or the bark’s holes and begin to act in late spring next year. The mature larvae pupate within the curling leaves on the trees. The adults fly to light at night and migrate for short-distance. The eggs are laid on leaf back and the average number of eggs laid per female is 552. Control methods include (1) hand-collection of fallen leaves and burning them in the spring or the autumn, with the rectfied mortality of 79.6%;(2) stopping the larvae from the bark and killing them in the early spring, with the rectified mortality of 94.0%;(3) spraying benzoyphenol urea No.3 in the larval stages, with the rectified mortality of 95.2%;(4) releasing Trichogramma dendrolimi in the egg stages in the case of their low density, with the rectified parasitic ratio of 48.2%～57.3%.
1998, 11(3): 330-334.
Abstract:
The relationships between the biomasses of secondary plant community and the soil fretility factors were studied with site types in gully region in Loess Plateau. The results are as follows:(1)The mean biomass of plant community on all kinds of site types is 1.045 kg/m2;(2)The main content of soil organic matter, in 0～30 cm soil layer, is 24.15 g/kg on northern gully slop, and is 14.26 g/kg on southern gully slop. There are remarkable linear relationships between the soil organic matter contents in 0～30 cm and in 0～60 cm soil layers and ground biomasses of plant community. The linear regression equations are y=9.7+17.2x (r=0.66) and y=6.9+11.7x (r=0.62). The idea, using ground biomass of plant community to estimate the soil organic matter content, is right. The relationships between soil nitrogen contents and ground biomasses of plant community need to be studied further.
The relationships between the biomasses of secondary plant community and the soil fretility factors were studied with site types in gully region in Loess Plateau. The results are as follows:(1)The mean biomass of plant community on all kinds of site types is 1.045 kg/m2;(2)The main content of soil organic matter, in 0～30 cm soil layer, is 24.15 g/kg on northern gully slop, and is 14.26 g/kg on southern gully slop. There are remarkable linear relationships between the soil organic matter contents in 0～30 cm and in 0～60 cm soil layers and ground biomasses of plant community. The linear regression equations are y=9.7+17.2x (r=0.66) and y=6.9+11.7x (r=0.62). The idea, using ground biomass of plant community to estimate the soil organic matter content, is right. The relationships between soil nitrogen contents and ground biomasses of plant community need to be studied further.
1998, 11(3): 335-338.
Abstract:
The result of the research which lasted for fifteen years indicate that growth and decline curve of Tetranychus viennensis Zacher population in orchards is one humped one.In the centre and south of Hebei Province, in the different or same years, in the different orchards, their occurrences are different.The peak occurs mainly from late June to mid July in the pear and peach orchards.The peak occurs mainly from mid June to early August in the apple orchards.The demarcation index of the temperature and relative humidity of the peak is the average of ten days which are 26.14±2.11℃ and 61.67%±8.92% respectively. Between the starting development temperature (9.2℃) and the temperature demarcation index, the rising of population is a straight line interrates with the total effective temperature.The spatial distribution patterns of population in crowns and orchards are all determined as a aggregate type.In apple, pear and peach trees, the lowest pest density to cause early leaf fall are respectively 31.79, 32.34 and 19.47 per leaf, the index of damage are respectively 61.27%、60.07% and 58.01%.
The result of the research which lasted for fifteen years indicate that growth and decline curve of Tetranychus viennensis Zacher population in orchards is one humped one.In the centre and south of Hebei Province, in the different or same years, in the different orchards, their occurrences are different.The peak occurs mainly from late June to mid July in the pear and peach orchards.The peak occurs mainly from mid June to early August in the apple orchards.The demarcation index of the temperature and relative humidity of the peak is the average of ten days which are 26.14±2.11℃ and 61.67%±8.92% respectively. Between the starting development temperature (9.2℃) and the temperature demarcation index, the rising of population is a straight line interrates with the total effective temperature.The spatial distribution patterns of population in crowns and orchards are all determined as a aggregate type.In apple, pear and peach trees, the lowest pest density to cause early leaf fall are respectively 31.79, 32.34 and 19.47 per leaf, the index of damage are respectively 61.27%、60.07% and 58.01%.
1998, 11(3): 339-341.
Abstract:
The research on oxygen consumption of the pupae of Apocheima cinerarius is determined with Warburg manometric.The respiratory rates [μL(O2)/(mg·h)] of diapausing pupae is characterized by conspicuous reduction in the metabolic intensity with the prolongation of the pupal period.Metabolism rate of papuae follows classic U shaped pattern and the bottom region of the curve lasted for nearly 180～210 days.The respiratory rate 0.03 μL(O2)/(mg·h) is the starting point of diapause and 0.15 μL(O2)/(mg·h) is the terminated diapause of the pupae.Keeping pupae, which has been developed for 45 days at 20℃ and then under 4～6℃ (cold stimulation) for 60 days, diapuase termination could be shifted to an earlier time of 90～120 days.
The research on oxygen consumption of the pupae of Apocheima cinerarius is determined with Warburg manometric.The respiratory rates [μL(O2)/(mg·h)] of diapausing pupae is characterized by conspicuous reduction in the metabolic intensity with the prolongation of the pupal period.Metabolism rate of papuae follows classic U shaped pattern and the bottom region of the curve lasted for nearly 180～210 days.The respiratory rate 0.03 μL(O2)/(mg·h) is the starting point of diapause and 0.15 μL(O2)/(mg·h) is the terminated diapause of the pupae.Keeping pupae, which has been developed for 45 days at 20℃ and then under 4～6℃ (cold stimulation) for 60 days, diapuase termination could be shifted to an earlier time of 90～120 days.
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