2006 Vol. 19, No. 5
Display Method:
2006, 19(5): 541-546.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The theory of sustainable forest management provides a rich assortment of models for medium-term planning and harvest control.The different methods are applicable in specific circumstances and different types of management.A useful theoretical framework that can be used in any arbitrary system of management is the concept of multiple forest developments.The concept of multiple forest developments realizes that a forest consists of a discrete number of stands and that different treatment options can be defined for each stand.Each option has a value that can be calculated,delivers timber and other products and consumes resources at specified time periods.This simple concept can be applied in a great number of different forest management situations.It provides a methodical framework for producing practical management plans for foresters and for evaluating scenarios of forest development.In the present study,an example of Norway spruce compartment in Northern Germany including 21 stands is used to illustrate the approach.Each stand was prepared with options and their periodic timber outputs were implemented by their initial status and growth and thinning models.On the compartment level,the objective function includes two components: Net Present Worth and Even Flow of the timber harvest.The solution is obtained using the method of Simulated Annealing.The global optimized solution provided proper option for each stands as well as the best combination of two components for the entire compartment.
The theory of sustainable forest management provides a rich assortment of models for medium-term planning and harvest control.The different methods are applicable in specific circumstances and different types of management.A useful theoretical framework that can be used in any arbitrary system of management is the concept of multiple forest developments.The concept of multiple forest developments realizes that a forest consists of a discrete number of stands and that different treatment options can be defined for each stand.Each option has a value that can be calculated,delivers timber and other products and consumes resources at specified time periods.This simple concept can be applied in a great number of different forest management situations.It provides a methodical framework for producing practical management plans for foresters and for evaluating scenarios of forest development.In the present study,an example of Norway spruce compartment in Northern Germany including 21 stands is used to illustrate the approach.Each stand was prepared with options and their periodic timber outputs were implemented by their initial status and growth and thinning models.On the compartment level,the objective function includes two components: Net Present Worth and Even Flow of the timber harvest.The solution is obtained using the method of Simulated Annealing.The global optimized solution provided proper option for each stands as well as the best combination of two components for the entire compartment.
2006, 19(5): 547-554.
Abstract:
Based on field investigations,the variation of soil physical characteristics with soil depth,slope aspect,slope position,and vegetation types within the small watershed Diediegou located on the north side of Liupan Mountains,Ningxia,China was studied.The result shows:(1) The soil density and stone content increased with increasing soil depth;while total porosity,capillary porosity,non-capillary porosity,saturated water content,(capillary) soil water content,and field capacity of soil decreased with increasing soil depth.But the non-capillary porosity increased with soil depth in the range of deeper than 100 cm,since the stone content was getting higher in deeper soil layer.(2) All the soil physical properties measured in this study were basically better on the south slope than on the north slope and all other half-sunny slopes.There was very less difference between south slope and all other half-sunny slopes in term of research soil physical properties.(3) With lowering slope position,the soil thickness,soil density,stone content,and non-capillary porosity were gradually increasing;while the total porosity,capillary porosity,and all water-holding capacity indicators gradually decreasing,with an exception that the water-holding capacity on the up-slope was higher that on the slope top.(4) By comparing the averaged soil physical properties of upper soil layer(0～30 cm) among four main vegetation types,the soil density in abandoned farmland was the highest,the woodland the second,the grassland the third,and the shrub land the lowest.The stone content of soil in the abandoned farmland was the least,and there was less difference among all others land types.For the total porosity,capillary porosity,saturated soil water content,capillary soil water content,and field capacity,their order from high to low was shrub land,grassland,woodland,and abandoned farmland.For the non-capillary porosity,its order from high to low was abandoned farmland,woodland,shrub land,and grassland.Finally,the regression(equations) between the researched soil physical properties and altitude,soil aspect,slope gradient,slope position,soil depth,and ground vegetation coverage were established.
Based on field investigations,the variation of soil physical characteristics with soil depth,slope aspect,slope position,and vegetation types within the small watershed Diediegou located on the north side of Liupan Mountains,Ningxia,China was studied.The result shows:(1) The soil density and stone content increased with increasing soil depth;while total porosity,capillary porosity,non-capillary porosity,saturated water content,(capillary) soil water content,and field capacity of soil decreased with increasing soil depth.But the non-capillary porosity increased with soil depth in the range of deeper than 100 cm,since the stone content was getting higher in deeper soil layer.(2) All the soil physical properties measured in this study were basically better on the south slope than on the north slope and all other half-sunny slopes.There was very less difference between south slope and all other half-sunny slopes in term of research soil physical properties.(3) With lowering slope position,the soil thickness,soil density,stone content,and non-capillary porosity were gradually increasing;while the total porosity,capillary porosity,and all water-holding capacity indicators gradually decreasing,with an exception that the water-holding capacity on the up-slope was higher that on the slope top.(4) By comparing the averaged soil physical properties of upper soil layer(0～30 cm) among four main vegetation types,the soil density in abandoned farmland was the highest,the woodland the second,the grassland the third,and the shrub land the lowest.The stone content of soil in the abandoned farmland was the least,and there was less difference among all others land types.For the total porosity,capillary porosity,saturated soil water content,capillary soil water content,and field capacity,their order from high to low was shrub land,grassland,woodland,and abandoned farmland.For the non-capillary porosity,its order from high to low was abandoned farmland,woodland,shrub land,and grassland.Finally,the regression(equations) between the researched soil physical properties and altitude,soil aspect,slope gradient,slope position,soil depth,and ground vegetation coverage were established.
2006, 19(5): 555-560.
Abstract:
A general study was made on the composition,characteristic and nature of the dominant plants in the wild fruit forest in Tianshan Mountains to discuss the origin and development of the wild fruit forest.The result indicated that the floristic elements of the wild fruit forest were complex.Owing to the interpenetration of floristic elements and the overlap of distribution,the wild fruit forest had no absolute native feature.Among them,the temperate elements were dominator(33.33%),and the Siberian-Tianshan Mountains transition elements(17.54%) joint the wild fruit forest to the northern Angara flora,and Himalayas elements(10.53%) also connected the wild fruit forest to Cathaysian flora.The majority area of Xinjiang was ever one part of the Tethys Sea,and some remains of floristic elements(5.25%) from Old Mediterranean could still be found.Tianshan Mountains was one of the richest areas possessed of plants in Xinjiang area and its ratio of constituents(33.33%) was upmost.The characteristic elements of eastern Tianshan Mountains represent the native part of the wild fruit forest and which should be local origin.The origin of the wild fruit forest was various,including the floristic elements from Angara,Old Arctic,Old Mediterranean,Cathaysian and Xinjiang.
A general study was made on the composition,characteristic and nature of the dominant plants in the wild fruit forest in Tianshan Mountains to discuss the origin and development of the wild fruit forest.The result indicated that the floristic elements of the wild fruit forest were complex.Owing to the interpenetration of floristic elements and the overlap of distribution,the wild fruit forest had no absolute native feature.Among them,the temperate elements were dominator(33.33%),and the Siberian-Tianshan Mountains transition elements(17.54%) joint the wild fruit forest to the northern Angara flora,and Himalayas elements(10.53%) also connected the wild fruit forest to Cathaysian flora.The majority area of Xinjiang was ever one part of the Tethys Sea,and some remains of floristic elements(5.25%) from Old Mediterranean could still be found.Tianshan Mountains was one of the richest areas possessed of plants in Xinjiang area and its ratio of constituents(33.33%) was upmost.The characteristic elements of eastern Tianshan Mountains represent the native part of the wild fruit forest and which should be local origin.The origin of the wild fruit forest was various,including the floristic elements from Angara,Old Arctic,Old Mediterranean,Cathaysian and Xinjiang.
2006, 19(5): 561-566.
Abstract:
Based on 13 years'studies,this paper selected some clone of Chinese fir with fast growth and superior timber properties through excellent provenances,population and individual trees.According to investigation data,there were singnifficant differences among those clones in DBH,height,individual volume,wood basal density and fibre length and with high broad heritability.The average of the DBH,height,individual volume,wood basal density and fibre length of those selected clones of Chinese fir were 16.8 cm,11.0 m,0.133 1 m3,0.319 3 g·cm-3 and 331 7 μm respectively in 12 years old.The genetic gains on DBH,height,individual volume,wood basal density and fibre length were 27.99%,8.09%,94.29%,6.72% and 4.53% respectively comparing with the contrast.
Based on 13 years'studies,this paper selected some clone of Chinese fir with fast growth and superior timber properties through excellent provenances,population and individual trees.According to investigation data,there were singnifficant differences among those clones in DBH,height,individual volume,wood basal density and fibre length and with high broad heritability.The average of the DBH,height,individual volume,wood basal density and fibre length of those selected clones of Chinese fir were 16.8 cm,11.0 m,0.133 1 m3,0.319 3 g·cm-3 and 331 7 μm respectively in 12 years old.The genetic gains on DBH,height,individual volume,wood basal density and fibre length were 27.99%,8.09%,94.29%,6.72% and 4.53% respectively comparing with the contrast.
2006, 19(5): 567-573.
Abstract:
According to the investigation of 30-year's practices of Chinese torreya(Torreya grandis) early-ripening and high-yielding cultivation in Dongyang,Zhejiang Province,it was showed that the early-ripening and high-yielding of Chinese torreya could be reached by various measures.Five local patterns were as follows:grafting on the wild stock at the spot;grafting on the wild stock after planting on another spot;grafting on seedlings;engineering afforestation with grafted young stocks;and enhancing the management of vigorous stocks.Nine technical measures for early-ripening and high-yielding production were put forward,i.e.matching species with the site;selecting early-ripening species;shallow planting the vigorous stocks;top removing,pruning;interplanting and tending;properly fertilizing;deep digging and promoting root growth;pest controlling;and fruiting regulating.A 75 hm2 of early-ripening and fast-growing Chinese torreya experimental plot was established which produced 103 tonnes of seed annually and 15 million RMB yuan of economic benefits had been achieved.
According to the investigation of 30-year's practices of Chinese torreya(Torreya grandis) early-ripening and high-yielding cultivation in Dongyang,Zhejiang Province,it was showed that the early-ripening and high-yielding of Chinese torreya could be reached by various measures.Five local patterns were as follows:grafting on the wild stock at the spot;grafting on the wild stock after planting on another spot;grafting on seedlings;engineering afforestation with grafted young stocks;and enhancing the management of vigorous stocks.Nine technical measures for early-ripening and high-yielding production were put forward,i.e.matching species with the site;selecting early-ripening species;shallow planting the vigorous stocks;top removing,pruning;interplanting and tending;properly fertilizing;deep digging and promoting root growth;pest controlling;and fruiting regulating.A 75 hm2 of early-ripening and fast-growing Chinese torreya experimental plot was established which produced 103 tonnes of seed annually and 15 million RMB yuan of economic benefits had been achieved.
2006, 19(5): 574-579.
Abstract:
The paper analyzed the changes of soil physical and chemical properties,enzyme activities and the amount of microbes of 8 different types of artificial forest in 3 experimental sites in Yuanmou County,Yunnan Province.At the same time,comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility in artificial forests was conducted by factor analysis.The results showed that soil fertilities were improved in different artificial forests,especially in little-leaf acacia pure forests and in acacia and non-acacia mixed forests.It was very useful for the recovery of degraded soil ecological system in dry-hot valley.On the other hand,it was found that the time of afforestation and the recovery of soil ecological system have obvious positive correlation.So the authers suggested that it should enhance the management of the soil in artificial forest,and decrease or forbid external disturbance.
The paper analyzed the changes of soil physical and chemical properties,enzyme activities and the amount of microbes of 8 different types of artificial forest in 3 experimental sites in Yuanmou County,Yunnan Province.At the same time,comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility in artificial forests was conducted by factor analysis.The results showed that soil fertilities were improved in different artificial forests,especially in little-leaf acacia pure forests and in acacia and non-acacia mixed forests.It was very useful for the recovery of degraded soil ecological system in dry-hot valley.On the other hand,it was found that the time of afforestation and the recovery of soil ecological system have obvious positive correlation.So the authers suggested that it should enhance the management of the soil in artificial forest,and decrease or forbid external disturbance.
2006, 19(5): 580-584.
Abstract:
The contents of crude protein,calcium,gross phosphorus and other general ingredients at different stages and parts and amino acids at different stages in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,from Langfang of Hebei province,were determined.The results indicated that the content of crude protein at growing stages was higher significantly than those at color changing stage in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,the content of neutral detergent fiber on July 15 was lower than that on October 5;and the contents of crude protein,ether extract,gross phosphorus in top part were better than those in lower part in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,but the contents of crude fiber,crude ash,calcium were in opposition;and there were eighteen amino acids in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,moreover,their contents were descending gradually along with the time,and its nutrition was as well as or higher than Medicago sativa at growing stages.
The contents of crude protein,calcium,gross phosphorus and other general ingredients at different stages and parts and amino acids at different stages in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,from Langfang of Hebei province,were determined.The results indicated that the content of crude protein at growing stages was higher significantly than those at color changing stage in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,the content of neutral detergent fiber on July 15 was lower than that on October 5;and the contents of crude protein,ether extract,gross phosphorus in top part were better than those in lower part in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,but the contents of crude fiber,crude ash,calcium were in opposition;and there were eighteen amino acids in the leaves of tetraploidy Robinia pseudoacacia for fodder,moreover,their contents were descending gradually along with the time,and its nutrition was as well as or higher than Medicago sativa at growing stages.
2006, 19(5): 585-589.
Abstract:
Based on the data collected from the experimental sample plots and investigation sample plots,including analytical trees at age of 2 to 26 years in Daqingshan,Guangxi,the growth rhythm of young plantation of Mytilaria laosensis and its correlativity to the climate,the growth process of the matured plantation were analyzed.It was indicated that(1) the monthly rhythm showed two growth peaks respectively in May and September,and monthly increment of height and diameter breast height(DBH) was remarkably correlated with the mean monthly temperature;(2)the tree species grew quickly in its early stage,with the growth peak of its annual increment of tree height and DBH appearing in 34 years after planting;(3)there were two peaks of the tree volume increment,one in 6 years after planting with 0.023 4 m3,the other during 615 years.The tree volume quantitative maturity appeared during 1517 years after planting,at which the annul increment is equal to the mean increment.
Based on the data collected from the experimental sample plots and investigation sample plots,including analytical trees at age of 2 to 26 years in Daqingshan,Guangxi,the growth rhythm of young plantation of Mytilaria laosensis and its correlativity to the climate,the growth process of the matured plantation were analyzed.It was indicated that(1) the monthly rhythm showed two growth peaks respectively in May and September,and monthly increment of height and diameter breast height(DBH) was remarkably correlated with the mean monthly temperature;(2)the tree species grew quickly in its early stage,with the growth peak of its annual increment of tree height and DBH appearing in 34 years after planting;(3)there were two peaks of the tree volume increment,one in 6 years after planting with 0.023 4 m3,the other during 615 years.The tree volume quantitative maturity appeared during 1517 years after planting,at which the annul increment is equal to the mean increment.
2006, 19(5): 590-594.
Abstract:
The relationship befween the content of azadirachtin,the modality and the autumn of seeds was studied.The length/width ratio of seed is the morphological characteristic which related to the content of azadirachtin among the kernel yield,the kilo-grain weight,and the length/width ratio of seed.The correlation between the length/width ratio of seed(X) and the content of azadirachtin(Y) was concluded as the model: Y=0.295+0.134X-0.028X2.The content of azadirachtin of kernel reach the peak when its length/width ratio around 2.39.It can be used as an indicating index to estimate the content of azadirachtin of kernel for the selectionof superior mother trees.But there is no relation between the autumn of seed and the content of azadirachtin.A tree with high yield of seeds which was full and its length/width ratio around 2.39 is the most promisingly to be a superior mother tree of neem plantation on pesticide purpose.
The relationship befween the content of azadirachtin,the modality and the autumn of seeds was studied.The length/width ratio of seed is the morphological characteristic which related to the content of azadirachtin among the kernel yield,the kilo-grain weight,and the length/width ratio of seed.The correlation between the length/width ratio of seed(X) and the content of azadirachtin(Y) was concluded as the model: Y=0.295+0.134X-0.028X2.The content of azadirachtin of kernel reach the peak when its length/width ratio around 2.39.It can be used as an indicating index to estimate the content of azadirachtin of kernel for the selectionof superior mother trees.But there is no relation between the autumn of seed and the content of azadirachtin.A tree with high yield of seeds which was full and its length/width ratio around 2.39 is the most promisingly to be a superior mother tree of neem plantation on pesticide purpose.
2006, 19(5): 595-599.
Abstract:
For studying the effect of ground covering by Larix principis-rupprechtii litter on reducing the velocity of surface runoff,the experiment was conducted with 0.9 m×0.5 m plots on slopes in Diediegou small watershed of Liupan Mountain in Guyuan,Ningxia.The treatments of 10 litter coverage(0.0,0.5,1.0,3.0,5.0,7.0,10.0,15.0,20.0 and 25.0 t·hm-2) and 5 input flux(10,20,30,40 and 60 mL·s-1) were used.The results showed that compared with the treatment with no litter coverage,the surface runoff velocity was reduced by 57.50%72.27% when the litter coverage varies from 0.0 to 25.0 t·hm-2.The surface runoff velocity had an evident increase with increasing input flux,especially the fastest increase in the case of without litter coverage.On the slope of 14°,the relation among the reduced runoff velocity(△V,cm·s-1),the flow of unit width(q,mL·s-1·cm-1),and litter coverage(G,t·hm-2) was: △V=3.617 7q0.507 5G0.431 5(R2=0.910 2).The Manning resistant coefficient(n) increased with litter coverage.When the litter coverage was less than 10.0 t·hm-2,the value of n evidently increased with the litter coverage;while the litter coverage caries in the range of 10.0 to 25.0 t·hm2,the value of n increased more and more slower.And there was a satisfied binomial relationship between n and litter coverage.
For studying the effect of ground covering by Larix principis-rupprechtii litter on reducing the velocity of surface runoff,the experiment was conducted with 0.9 m×0.5 m plots on slopes in Diediegou small watershed of Liupan Mountain in Guyuan,Ningxia.The treatments of 10 litter coverage(0.0,0.5,1.0,3.0,5.0,7.0,10.0,15.0,20.0 and 25.0 t·hm-2) and 5 input flux(10,20,30,40 and 60 mL·s-1) were used.The results showed that compared with the treatment with no litter coverage,the surface runoff velocity was reduced by 57.50%72.27% when the litter coverage varies from 0.0 to 25.0 t·hm-2.The surface runoff velocity had an evident increase with increasing input flux,especially the fastest increase in the case of without litter coverage.On the slope of 14°,the relation among the reduced runoff velocity(△V,cm·s-1),the flow of unit width(q,mL·s-1·cm-1),and litter coverage(G,t·hm-2) was: △V=3.617 7q0.507 5G0.431 5(R2=0.910 2).The Manning resistant coefficient(n) increased with litter coverage.When the litter coverage was less than 10.0 t·hm-2,the value of n evidently increased with the litter coverage;while the litter coverage caries in the range of 10.0 to 25.0 t·hm2,the value of n increased more and more slower.And there was a satisfied binomial relationship between n and litter coverage.
Study on Dynamic of Casuarina equisetifolia Plantation Litter and Its Caloric Value on Coastal Sands
2006, 19(5): 600-605.
Abstract:
By burning samples in a GR-3500 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter,the caloric value of Casurina equisetifolia litter collected by traps from Nov.2002 to Oct.2003 at Chihu forestry centre in Huian county in the middle of Fujian coast was analyzed,and the ash content and ash free caloric value of every components were tested.Result showed that Casuarina equisetifolia plantation litter was 14.18 t·hm-2·a-1,foliage twig occupied 72.21% of total,branch,cone,flower were 23.41%,2.68%,1.69%,respectively.The monthly dynamic variance was that the fastigium was from April to September,occupied 68.48% of total litter,and that in the other months occupied 31.52%.The average ash content order of components were flower(5.32%)>foliage twig(4.90%)>twig(4.69%)>cone(3.20%).The average gross caloric value order of components were foliage twig(21.11 kJ·g-1)>flower(20.96 kJ·g-1)>cone(19.91 kJ·g-1)>twig(19.89 kJ·g-1).The average ash free caloric value order were foliage twig(22.19 kJ·g-1)>flower(22.18 kJ·g-1)>twig(20.87 kJ·g-1)>cone(20.63 kJ·g-1).The C.equisetifolia plantation had high returning energy in a year,the amount of total plant was 294.55 GJ·hm-2·a-1.The distribution among the components are as follows: foliage twig was 215.79 GJ·hm-2·a-1 while twig,cone,flower were 66.07 GJ·hm-2·a-1,7.66 GJ·hm-2·a-1,5.02 GJ·hm-2·a-1,respectively,with same dynamic tendency as the litter biomass variance.
By burning samples in a GR-3500 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter,the caloric value of Casurina equisetifolia litter collected by traps from Nov.2002 to Oct.2003 at Chihu forestry centre in Huian county in the middle of Fujian coast was analyzed,and the ash content and ash free caloric value of every components were tested.Result showed that Casuarina equisetifolia plantation litter was 14.18 t·hm-2·a-1,foliage twig occupied 72.21% of total,branch,cone,flower were 23.41%,2.68%,1.69%,respectively.The monthly dynamic variance was that the fastigium was from April to September,occupied 68.48% of total litter,and that in the other months occupied 31.52%.The average ash content order of components were flower(5.32%)>foliage twig(4.90%)>twig(4.69%)>cone(3.20%).The average gross caloric value order of components were foliage twig(21.11 kJ·g-1)>flower(20.96 kJ·g-1)>cone(19.91 kJ·g-1)>twig(19.89 kJ·g-1).The average ash free caloric value order were foliage twig(22.19 kJ·g-1)>flower(22.18 kJ·g-1)>twig(20.87 kJ·g-1)>cone(20.63 kJ·g-1).The C.equisetifolia plantation had high returning energy in a year,the amount of total plant was 294.55 GJ·hm-2·a-1.The distribution among the components are as follows: foliage twig was 215.79 GJ·hm-2·a-1 while twig,cone,flower were 66.07 GJ·hm-2·a-1,7.66 GJ·hm-2·a-1,5.02 GJ·hm-2·a-1,respectively,with same dynamic tendency as the litter biomass variance.
2006, 19(5): 606-611.
Abstract:
The key technology of Oncidium's industrial propagation were studied by in situ investigating the effects of the key factors such as minimal medium(improved MS,improved KC,V&W and self-prepared ZW series,etc.),phytohormone(6-BA,NAA,IBA,KT),additive(vitamin C,peptone,mashed banana,active carbon,sugar,etc.),on the mass breeding in every stage during Oncidium's industrial propagation.The results revealed that:(1)The protocorm like body(PLB) could be induce and increase as long as the concentration of 6-BA between 0.1～2 mg·L-1 and NAA 0.1～1.0 mg·L-1.At the revulsive initial stage a concentration of 6-BA 2 mg·L-1 and with NAA 0.2 mg·L-1 was helpful to increase the propagation basic number of protocorm like body.The multiply and differentiation of PLB could take place as long as 6-BA 0.05～0.1 mg·L-1 or addition of NAA 0.1 mg·L-1.The root emerging could be accelerated and the roots become stronger cooperation of addition of low concentration 6-BA(0.0～10.1 mg·L-1) together with NAA or IBA(0.1 mg·L-1).(2)The low concentration of auxin(0.01～0.1 mg·L-1) and the sort of low concentration of mineral medium(such as V&W,KC,etc.) seemed to benefit the decrease of the malformation during PLB differentiation and seedling growth.(3)In order to reduce the explant browning addition of active carbon 1 000 mg·L-1 and vitamin C 30 mg·L-1 was necessary.Adding peptone 5001 000 mg·L-1 or drawn substance of yeast seemed to promote the induction of PLB.Mashed banana 100 g·L-1 might benefit the PLB differentiation and improve the quality of test-tube plantlet.(4)Minimal mediums had notable effects on every stage of Oncidium tissue culture.The self-prepared ZW mediums with middle concentration of salt were more suitable to Oncidium propagation by tissue culture.(5)Oncidium was autotrophic without sugar in the medium.
The key technology of Oncidium's industrial propagation were studied by in situ investigating the effects of the key factors such as minimal medium(improved MS,improved KC,V&W and self-prepared ZW series,etc.),phytohormone(6-BA,NAA,IBA,KT),additive(vitamin C,peptone,mashed banana,active carbon,sugar,etc.),on the mass breeding in every stage during Oncidium's industrial propagation.The results revealed that:(1)The protocorm like body(PLB) could be induce and increase as long as the concentration of 6-BA between 0.1～2 mg·L-1 and NAA 0.1～1.0 mg·L-1.At the revulsive initial stage a concentration of 6-BA 2 mg·L-1 and with NAA 0.2 mg·L-1 was helpful to increase the propagation basic number of protocorm like body.The multiply and differentiation of PLB could take place as long as 6-BA 0.05～0.1 mg·L-1 or addition of NAA 0.1 mg·L-1.The root emerging could be accelerated and the roots become stronger cooperation of addition of low concentration 6-BA(0.0～10.1 mg·L-1) together with NAA or IBA(0.1 mg·L-1).(2)The low concentration of auxin(0.01～0.1 mg·L-1) and the sort of low concentration of mineral medium(such as V&W,KC,etc.) seemed to benefit the decrease of the malformation during PLB differentiation and seedling growth.(3)In order to reduce the explant browning addition of active carbon 1 000 mg·L-1 and vitamin C 30 mg·L-1 was necessary.Adding peptone 5001 000 mg·L-1 or drawn substance of yeast seemed to promote the induction of PLB.Mashed banana 100 g·L-1 might benefit the PLB differentiation and improve the quality of test-tube plantlet.(4)Minimal mediums had notable effects on every stage of Oncidium tissue culture.The self-prepared ZW mediums with middle concentration of salt were more suitable to Oncidium propagation by tissue culture.(5)Oncidium was autotrophic without sugar in the medium.
2006, 19(5): 612-615.
Abstract:
Linalool oxide,linalool,β-ionone,dihydro-β-ionone, α-ionone,geraniol,ocimene,etc.were examined by dynamic headspace collection and TCT-GC/MS analysis from 4 Osmanthus fragrance cultivars in Hangzhou Manlong Guiyu Park,comparing with the surrounding air(CK).The results of comparing the volatile compounds in this 4 cultivars showed that there were some differences not only in their relative contents but also in the component's content.There are more content of linalool and ionone in Osmanthus fragrans'Fo Ding Zhu',but no geraniol can be detected.Osmanthus fragrans'Yu Linglong'contains more ionone and cis-linalool oxide.More linalool,ocimene and ionone were detected in Osmanthus fragrans'Xiaoye Jin'.Osmanthus fragrans'Zhusha Dan'contains more content of linalool,linalool oxide and trans-geraniol.
Linalool oxide,linalool,β-ionone,dihydro-β-ionone, α-ionone,geraniol,ocimene,etc.were examined by dynamic headspace collection and TCT-GC/MS analysis from 4 Osmanthus fragrance cultivars in Hangzhou Manlong Guiyu Park,comparing with the surrounding air(CK).The results of comparing the volatile compounds in this 4 cultivars showed that there were some differences not only in their relative contents but also in the component's content.There are more content of linalool and ionone in Osmanthus fragrans'Fo Ding Zhu',but no geraniol can be detected.Osmanthus fragrans'Yu Linglong'contains more ionone and cis-linalool oxide.More linalool,ocimene and ionone were detected in Osmanthus fragrans'Xiaoye Jin'.Osmanthus fragrans'Zhusha Dan'contains more content of linalool,linalool oxide and trans-geraniol.
2006, 19(5): 616-620.
Abstract:
The dispersal of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 into some vegetation types in Jiangmen and the impact of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 on natural regeneration of native tree species were studied in order to answer some questions about growing Eucalyptus plantations in China.Investigations on the dispersal of both single trees and stands were carried out by measuring the amount and growth of seedlings and their distance from parent tree or stand edge.Small sample plots were used to investigate the natural regeneration of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 in the plantations of Rhodoleia championii Hook.F and Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.As to Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 aged 15,the longest distance of single-tree dispersal in 45°sector was 17.82 m and the largest amount of natural regenerated trees was 22.The average height of natural regenerated trees is 4.72 m.No invasion of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 was observed in the tall plantations,such as Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook .It could spread into the young plantations,such as Rhodoleia championii Hook.F.The light intensity in the plantation significantly impacted the amount of natural regenarated seedlings.The results showed that it could naturally regenerate in China and six native tree species could naturally regenerate under Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 canopy and grew well.Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 was able to disperse into adjacent shrub vegetation.
The dispersal of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 into some vegetation types in Jiangmen and the impact of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 on natural regeneration of native tree species were studied in order to answer some questions about growing Eucalyptus plantations in China.Investigations on the dispersal of both single trees and stands were carried out by measuring the amount and growth of seedlings and their distance from parent tree or stand edge.Small sample plots were used to investigate the natural regeneration of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 in the plantations of Rhodoleia championii Hook.F and Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.As to Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 aged 15,the longest distance of single-tree dispersal in 45°sector was 17.82 m and the largest amount of natural regenerated trees was 22.The average height of natural regenerated trees is 4.72 m.No invasion of Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 was observed in the tall plantations,such as Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook .It could spread into the young plantations,such as Rhodoleia championii Hook.F.The light intensity in the plantation significantly impacted the amount of natural regenarated seedlings.The results showed that it could naturally regenerate in China and six native tree species could naturally regenerate under Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 canopy and grew well.Eucalyptus leizhou No.1 was able to disperse into adjacent shrub vegetation.
2006, 19(5): 621-624.
Abstract:
Compared with Moso bamboo,Phyllostachys edulis,the wood mechanical properties of Bambusa wenchouensis,a sympodial bamboo,were studied.The result showed that its tensile strength parallel to grain(δt),compressive strength parallel to grain(δc),cleavage strength(C) and modulus of elasticity in static bending(MOE) were 238.0 MPa,75.1 MPa,45.6 N·mm-1 and 12.6 GPa respectively,which were larger than or almost equal to those of Moso bamboo.Its shearing strength parallel to grain(δs) and bending strength(MOR) were smaller.The wood mechanical properties of B.wenchouensis had good relativity with each other,and the δt∶δc∶δs∶C∶MOR was equal to 3.2∶1.0∶0.2∶0.6∶1.8.This study could lay theoretical foundation for proper exploiture and utilization of B.wenchouensis.
Compared with Moso bamboo,Phyllostachys edulis,the wood mechanical properties of Bambusa wenchouensis,a sympodial bamboo,were studied.The result showed that its tensile strength parallel to grain(δt),compressive strength parallel to grain(δc),cleavage strength(C) and modulus of elasticity in static bending(MOE) were 238.0 MPa,75.1 MPa,45.6 N·mm-1 and 12.6 GPa respectively,which were larger than or almost equal to those of Moso bamboo.Its shearing strength parallel to grain(δs) and bending strength(MOR) were smaller.The wood mechanical properties of B.wenchouensis had good relativity with each other,and the δt∶δc∶δs∶C∶MOR was equal to 3.2∶1.0∶0.2∶0.6∶1.8.This study could lay theoretical foundation for proper exploiture and utilization of B.wenchouensis.
2006, 19(5): 625-628.
Abstract:
In 1990—1995,the compensation and extra compensation effects of 6～12 years old larch(Larix olgensis) to needle pests,including the fungi: Mycosphaerella larici-leptolepis and Triphragmiopsis laricinum and insects: Coleophora obducta,Dendrolimus superans and Pristiphofa erichsonii,were tested by adopting artificial defoliation of needles and analysis of growth volumes of larch in May,June,July and August.The monthly regress models reflecting the relationship between injury amounts of needles and growth volumes losses were established.The injury levels of the needle pests corresponded to compensation point or extra compensation point were calculated.The results showed that the injury below compensation point or extra compensation point could increase larch growth better.Thus,the EIL of larch pest should be a trifle raise up.
In 1990—1995,the compensation and extra compensation effects of 6～12 years old larch(Larix olgensis) to needle pests,including the fungi: Mycosphaerella larici-leptolepis and Triphragmiopsis laricinum and insects: Coleophora obducta,Dendrolimus superans and Pristiphofa erichsonii,were tested by adopting artificial defoliation of needles and analysis of growth volumes of larch in May,June,July and August.The monthly regress models reflecting the relationship between injury amounts of needles and growth volumes losses were established.The injury levels of the needle pests corresponded to compensation point or extra compensation point were calculated.The results showed that the injury below compensation point or extra compensation point could increase larch growth better.Thus,the EIL of larch pest should be a trifle raise up.
2006, 19(5): 629-632.
Abstract:
Local and systemic resistance to anthracnose of Camelia oleifera was induced when the plant was sprayed by salicylic acid solutions.The inducing effect was the strongest when the concentration of salicylic acid was 150 mg·L-1,exhibiting 54.15% and 61.55% anthracnose inhibition rates on younger and elder leaves respectvively by local induction,and up to 46.7% inhibition rate by systemic induction.The maximum control rate of 45.32% was also attained in field experiment.The level of local induced resistance by salicylic acid had maintained 20 d without declining evidently.Under scanning electron microscope,the conidia germinated,but the growth of germ tubes was inhibited,and even malformed or twisted.
Local and systemic resistance to anthracnose of Camelia oleifera was induced when the plant was sprayed by salicylic acid solutions.The inducing effect was the strongest when the concentration of salicylic acid was 150 mg·L-1,exhibiting 54.15% and 61.55% anthracnose inhibition rates on younger and elder leaves respectvively by local induction,and up to 46.7% inhibition rate by systemic induction.The maximum control rate of 45.32% was also attained in field experiment.The level of local induced resistance by salicylic acid had maintained 20 d without declining evidently.Under scanning electron microscope,the conidia germinated,but the growth of germ tubes was inhibited,and even malformed or twisted.
2006, 19(5): 633-637.
Abstract:
Treating with different concentration of PEG 6000 in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution for 3 days,the physiological indexes,such as,Pn,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,cell membrane permeability,MDA and relative water contents of Plantago asiatica L.and Viola philippcia Cav.were studied.The Pn of P.asiatica and V.philippcia gradually decreased when water stress increased.Stomatal factor was the dominant factor of Pn decreasing of P.asiatica,while the Pn decreasing of V.philippcia was induced dominantly by both stomatal and non-stomatal factors.By the stress of ψw=-0.84 MPa for 3 days,P.asiatica behaved as light water stress,while V.philippcia was moderate water stress,indicating both the plants had good drought resistance.Values of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo in the two speeies gradually decreased with increasing water stress.Compared to the control,cell membrane permeability of P.asiatica and V.philippcia increased by 54% and 126%,respectively,under 0.25 kg·L-1 of PEG treatment.By the synthetic analyzing of all the indexes,the authors concluded that P.asiatica is preferable to adapt to water stress,and net photosynthetic rate,permeability and relative water content could be used for comparing the drought resistance of different species.
Treating with different concentration of PEG 6000 in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution for 3 days,the physiological indexes,such as,Pn,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,cell membrane permeability,MDA and relative water contents of Plantago asiatica L.and Viola philippcia Cav.were studied.The Pn of P.asiatica and V.philippcia gradually decreased when water stress increased.Stomatal factor was the dominant factor of Pn decreasing of P.asiatica,while the Pn decreasing of V.philippcia was induced dominantly by both stomatal and non-stomatal factors.By the stress of ψw=-0.84 MPa for 3 days,P.asiatica behaved as light water stress,while V.philippcia was moderate water stress,indicating both the plants had good drought resistance.Values of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo in the two speeies gradually decreased with increasing water stress.Compared to the control,cell membrane permeability of P.asiatica and V.philippcia increased by 54% and 126%,respectively,under 0.25 kg·L-1 of PEG treatment.By the synthetic analyzing of all the indexes,the authors concluded that P.asiatica is preferable to adapt to water stress,and net photosynthetic rate,permeability and relative water content could be used for comparing the drought resistance of different species.
2006, 19(5): 638-642.
Abstract:
This experiment used gramineous C4 plant vetiver,Vetiveria zizanioides as material to study the changes of photosynthetic characters and physiological indices under constant heat and drought stress.The results suggested that under the whole stress period,all the relative soil water content、the relative leaf water content and the chlorophyllcontent showed decreasing tendencies, MDA content and dissociated proline content showed increasing tendencies,and the enzyme activity of SOD,POD in peroxide enzyme system increased at first and then decreased.Net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of vetiver's leaf and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) decreased notably in the early period of heat and drought stress.Then notable decreases of PSII max photochemistry quanta output (Fv/Fm),PSII effective photochemistry quanta output(Fv'/Fm'),photo-chemical quenching(qP),electron transport rate(ETR) and non photo-chemical quenching(qN) were observed as the extent of stress increased.This suggested that the decrease of photosynthetic rate in the early period of heat and drought stress was caused by the closure of stoma,and the changes of indices in the later period of heat and drought stress was caused by the damage of PSII in leaves.
This experiment used gramineous C4 plant vetiver,Vetiveria zizanioides as material to study the changes of photosynthetic characters and physiological indices under constant heat and drought stress.The results suggested that under the whole stress period,all the relative soil water content、the relative leaf water content and the chlorophyllcontent showed decreasing tendencies, MDA content and dissociated proline content showed increasing tendencies,and the enzyme activity of SOD,POD in peroxide enzyme system increased at first and then decreased.Net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of vetiver's leaf and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) decreased notably in the early period of heat and drought stress.Then notable decreases of PSII max photochemistry quanta output (Fv/Fm),PSII effective photochemistry quanta output(Fv'/Fm'),photo-chemical quenching(qP),electron transport rate(ETR) and non photo-chemical quenching(qN) were observed as the extent of stress increased.This suggested that the decrease of photosynthetic rate in the early period of heat and drought stress was caused by the closure of stoma,and the changes of indices in the later period of heat and drought stress was caused by the damage of PSII in leaves.
2006, 19(5): 643-646.
Abstract:
The pine shoot blight(Sphaeropsis sapinea) in epidemic zones were divided into 3 types on the basis of investigation into disease damage and characteristics of 17 counties(cities) in the south of China which were light(no) epidemic zone,moderate epidemic zone and heavy epidemic zone.The correlation analysis between disease index of S.sapinea and meteorological factors in the south of China showed that the disease index correlated significantly with the following factors: annual mean humidity,humidity,rainfall and rainfall days of April and May.According to meteorological factors,a regression equation was established as follows: Y=98.60+13.54x1-9.33x2-3.26x3+0.07x4+0.07x5-11.97x6+3.26x7(R=0.933 3).In this formula,Y represents the forest disease index and x1-x7 represent meteorological factors.Incidence of S.sapinea in 9 provinces of the south of China was forecasted,according to the model.The effective disease integrated control measures were put forward according to the epidemic regional distributes of S.sapinea.
The pine shoot blight(Sphaeropsis sapinea) in epidemic zones were divided into 3 types on the basis of investigation into disease damage and characteristics of 17 counties(cities) in the south of China which were light(no) epidemic zone,moderate epidemic zone and heavy epidemic zone.The correlation analysis between disease index of S.sapinea and meteorological factors in the south of China showed that the disease index correlated significantly with the following factors: annual mean humidity,humidity,rainfall and rainfall days of April and May.According to meteorological factors,a regression equation was established as follows: Y=98.60+13.54x1-9.33x2-3.26x3+0.07x4+0.07x5-11.97x6+3.26x7(R=0.933 3).In this formula,Y represents the forest disease index and x1-x7 represent meteorological factors.Incidence of S.sapinea in 9 provinces of the south of China was forecasted,according to the model.The effective disease integrated control measures were put forward according to the epidemic regional distributes of S.sapinea.
2006, 19(5): 647-652.
Abstract:
As a special deciduous broadleaf tree in evergreen broadleaves forests,Camptotheca acuminate is a class Ⅱ protected plant in China.In this paper,the light response and acclimation of leaf inclination in three different light regimes(open,gap and understory) was compared.The results indicated that significant difference among different regimes existed in ecological factors such as PAR,temperature,Vpd and etc.In different light regimes,the extents of diurnal change of midrib angle and petiole angle of Camptotheca acuminate were different,and the highest extent existed in open,the second was in forest gap,and the least was in understory.The midrib angle and the petiole angle appeared at "peak" at 16:00,14:00 and 12:00 respectively in these three light regimes in the sunny day in summer,correspondingly,the values of midrib angle were about 140°,128° and 112°,and the values of petiole angle were about 67°,59° and 55° respectively.In the sunny day,diurnal courses of midrib angle and petiole angle of Camptotheca acuminate showed a certain cooperative relationship to some extents in strong light regimes.In order to effectively avoid strong light or assimilate moderate PAR,seedlings of Camptotheca acuminate increased or cut down its midrib angle and petiole angle at the same time.These leaves movement was a kind of adaptive responses of Camptotheca acuminate to different light regimes.
As a special deciduous broadleaf tree in evergreen broadleaves forests,Camptotheca acuminate is a class Ⅱ protected plant in China.In this paper,the light response and acclimation of leaf inclination in three different light regimes(open,gap and understory) was compared.The results indicated that significant difference among different regimes existed in ecological factors such as PAR,temperature,Vpd and etc.In different light regimes,the extents of diurnal change of midrib angle and petiole angle of Camptotheca acuminate were different,and the highest extent existed in open,the second was in forest gap,and the least was in understory.The midrib angle and the petiole angle appeared at "peak" at 16:00,14:00 and 12:00 respectively in these three light regimes in the sunny day in summer,correspondingly,the values of midrib angle were about 140°,128° and 112°,and the values of petiole angle were about 67°,59° and 55° respectively.In the sunny day,diurnal courses of midrib angle and petiole angle of Camptotheca acuminate showed a certain cooperative relationship to some extents in strong light regimes.In order to effectively avoid strong light or assimilate moderate PAR,seedlings of Camptotheca acuminate increased or cut down its midrib angle and petiole angle at the same time.These leaves movement was a kind of adaptive responses of Camptotheca acuminate to different light regimes.
2006, 19(5): 653-659.
Abstract:
Urban forestry plays an important role in maintaining the balance of urban ecosystem.With the heavier urban environmental and natural environmental stress,the causes of urban forest pests became more complicated,which threatened the urban landscape and habitat security.As logistics sites,cities are of higher risk of harmful biological invasion.From the viewpoints of the characters and functions of urban forestry,the authors explained the occurrence,causes and implications of biological disasters in urban plant environment based on ecological principles.According to the present situation of urban biological disaster prevention and control,the problems existed were pointed out and the countermeasures in preventing,monitoring and controlling these disasters were suggested.The management and research on urban forest health were prospected so as to promoting the sound development of urban forestry and making full play of the urban ecosystem.
Urban forestry plays an important role in maintaining the balance of urban ecosystem.With the heavier urban environmental and natural environmental stress,the causes of urban forest pests became more complicated,which threatened the urban landscape and habitat security.As logistics sites,cities are of higher risk of harmful biological invasion.From the viewpoints of the characters and functions of urban forestry,the authors explained the occurrence,causes and implications of biological disasters in urban plant environment based on ecological principles.According to the present situation of urban biological disaster prevention and control,the problems existed were pointed out and the countermeasures in preventing,monitoring and controlling these disasters were suggested.The management and research on urban forest health were prospected so as to promoting the sound development of urban forestry and making full play of the urban ecosystem.
2006, 19(5): 660-664.
Abstract:
With the method of long-term experiment and statistical analysis,time variation of leaf traits and their correlations in a whole growth season were studied.The result showed that:(1) leaf area increased with growth time prolonging and the curve took on S pattern.Its relationship could be described with y=e(5.528 93-5.104/x).The specific leaf weight increased with growth time prolonging and its model was cubic y=0.000 002 x3-0.000 8 x2+0.088 1 x+2.942 1.Leaf water content in the growth season increased in the model y=-0.000 1 x3+0.031 9 x2-3.616 3 x+424.56.Season dynamics of leaf fresh weight in the growth season was S pattern and its model was y=e(1.770 8﹣36.299/x).Leaf dry weight was y=0.042 5 x0.6971 .Dry / fresh ratio was y = 0.000 000 009x3-0.002 6 x2+0.262 x+16.946.(2) a significant positive correlation existed between leaf dry weight and leaf area.Their relationship could be described with y=0.008 1 x﹣0.253 6.Relation of leaf fresh weight and leaf area was significant positive correlation and its model was y=0.020 7 x1.0203.Leaf dry weight and leaf water content was significant negative correlation and its model was y=7.710 6e﹣0.002 7 x.With the method of municipal statistical analysis,it confirmed that the relation among the leaf dry weight,leaf area,leaf water content,specific leaf weight,dry / fresh ratio was y(leaf dry weight)=0.006 6 x1(leaf area)+0.003 22 x2(leaf water content)+0.187 95 x3(specific leaf weight)+0.035 27 x4(dry/fresh ratio)-3.071 2.(3) it proved that season variation of paulownia leaf modal traits closely related to the local climate.The other traits and their mechanisms needed further study.
With the method of long-term experiment and statistical analysis,time variation of leaf traits and their correlations in a whole growth season were studied.The result showed that:(1) leaf area increased with growth time prolonging and the curve took on S pattern.Its relationship could be described with y=e(5.528 93-5.104/x).The specific leaf weight increased with growth time prolonging and its model was cubic y=0.000 002 x3-0.000 8 x2+0.088 1 x+2.942 1.Leaf water content in the growth season increased in the model y=-0.000 1 x3+0.031 9 x2-3.616 3 x+424.56.Season dynamics of leaf fresh weight in the growth season was S pattern and its model was y=e(1.770 8﹣36.299/x).Leaf dry weight was y=0.042 5 x0.6971 .Dry / fresh ratio was y = 0.000 000 009x3-0.002 6 x2+0.262 x+16.946.(2) a significant positive correlation existed between leaf dry weight and leaf area.Their relationship could be described with y=0.008 1 x﹣0.253 6.Relation of leaf fresh weight and leaf area was significant positive correlation and its model was y=0.020 7 x1.0203.Leaf dry weight and leaf water content was significant negative correlation and its model was y=7.710 6e﹣0.002 7 x.With the method of municipal statistical analysis,it confirmed that the relation among the leaf dry weight,leaf area,leaf water content,specific leaf weight,dry / fresh ratio was y(leaf dry weight)=0.006 6 x1(leaf area)+0.003 22 x2(leaf water content)+0.187 95 x3(specific leaf weight)+0.035 27 x4(dry/fresh ratio)-3.071 2.(3) it proved that season variation of paulownia leaf modal traits closely related to the local climate.The other traits and their mechanisms needed further study.
2006, 19(5): 665-668.
Abstract:
By investigating the key survival and growth indexes, the results showed:(1)the stage of the seeding has the most important effective.The survival rate of the cuttings was the highest by using 1-year-old cuttings.The older the cuttings,the lower the survival rate.(2)There was no obviously rules by using ABT.(3)By comparing the results of covering with black & white plastic velum and no covering,the white one is considered better than the two others.In practice work,the type of A1B1C2 was better.The concentration of ABT could be reduced,but the time of soaking should be prolonged.
By investigating the key survival and growth indexes, the results showed:(1)the stage of the seeding has the most important effective.The survival rate of the cuttings was the highest by using 1-year-old cuttings.The older the cuttings,the lower the survival rate.(2)There was no obviously rules by using ABT.(3)By comparing the results of covering with black & white plastic velum and no covering,the white one is considered better than the two others.In practice work,the type of A1B1C2 was better.The concentration of ABT could be reduced,but the time of soaking should be prolonged.
2006, 19(5): 669-671.
Abstract:
A lignicolous fungus,Hydnochaete tabacina(Berk.& M.A.Curtis) Ryvarden,was newly recorded from China,it was found on Quercus variabilis in Beijing.An illustrated description of this species was given based on the materials related.
A lignicolous fungus,Hydnochaete tabacina(Berk.& M.A.Curtis) Ryvarden,was newly recorded from China,it was found on Quercus variabilis in Beijing.An illustrated description of this species was given based on the materials related.
2006, 19(5): 672-675.
Abstract:
Different treatment propagation of wild plant Clematis canescens was tested.The result of germination percentage was 80% by vernalization treatment.The authors tested the burgeon cutting of the Clematis canescens treated with different concentration of hormones.On the medium of peat and pearlite in the ratio of 1∶1.The treatment of 200 mg·L-1 NAA + 200 mg·L-1 IBA was the best for rooting and it was inexpensive.
Different treatment propagation of wild plant Clematis canescens was tested.The result of germination percentage was 80% by vernalization treatment.The authors tested the burgeon cutting of the Clematis canescens treated with different concentration of hormones.On the medium of peat and pearlite in the ratio of 1∶1.The treatment of 200 mg·L-1 NAA + 200 mg·L-1 IBA was the best for rooting and it was inexpensive.
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