2010 Vol. 23, No. 3
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2010, 23(3): 319-325.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The full-length cDNA encoding C4H gene was cloned from 1-year-old moso bamboo seedings cDNAs using RT-PCR and RACE methods. The whole open reading frame C4H gene was 1 506 bp encoding 502 amino acids. The amino acid sequence shared high similarity with the corresponding genes in monocots Sorghum vulgare, Oryza sativa and Zea mays at 88%, 88% and 87% level, respectively. Real time quantitative PCR showed that expression of C4H was the highest in winter-shoot, moderate in top-spring shoot, mid-spring shoot, leaf, 3-year-old stem, root, leaf sheath, 2-year-old stem, whole spring shoot and 1-year-old stem, the lowest in base-shoot. This indicated that the cloned C4H was involved in the cell wall deposition during the development of vascular tissues, thus could be used in modulation of bamboo lignin biosynthesis through genetic engineering.
The full-length cDNA encoding C4H gene was cloned from 1-year-old moso bamboo seedings cDNAs using RT-PCR and RACE methods. The whole open reading frame C4H gene was 1 506 bp encoding 502 amino acids. The amino acid sequence shared high similarity with the corresponding genes in monocots Sorghum vulgare, Oryza sativa and Zea mays at 88%, 88% and 87% level, respectively. Real time quantitative PCR showed that expression of C4H was the highest in winter-shoot, moderate in top-spring shoot, mid-spring shoot, leaf, 3-year-old stem, root, leaf sheath, 2-year-old stem, whole spring shoot and 1-year-old stem, the lowest in base-shoot. This indicated that the cloned C4H was involved in the cell wall deposition during the development of vascular tissues, thus could be used in modulation of bamboo lignin biosynthesis through genetic engineering.
2010, 23(3): 326-329.
Abstract:
The seedling leaves grown in greenhouse were used as explants to study the effects of different concentrations of 6-BA and IBA added in MS media on the regeneration of adventitious shoots. Cultured in the dark condition for 60 days, it is found that the optimal hormone combination for callus induction and adventitious shoots induction is 6-BA 5 mg·L-1 and IBA 0.5 mg·L-1. The induction rate of adventitious shoots is as high as 75.8%. Based on the optimal combination, the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the regeneration of adventitious shoots was studied. The regeneration frequency of leaf-discs could reach to 90.9% and the average number of adventitious shoots was up to 4.6 when the concentration of GA3 was 0.05 mg·L-1.
The seedling leaves grown in greenhouse were used as explants to study the effects of different concentrations of 6-BA and IBA added in MS media on the regeneration of adventitious shoots. Cultured in the dark condition for 60 days, it is found that the optimal hormone combination for callus induction and adventitious shoots induction is 6-BA 5 mg·L-1 and IBA 0.5 mg·L-1. The induction rate of adventitious shoots is as high as 75.8%. Based on the optimal combination, the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the regeneration of adventitious shoots was studied. The regeneration frequency of leaf-discs could reach to 90.9% and the average number of adventitious shoots was up to 4.6 when the concentration of GA3 was 0.05 mg·L-1.
2010, 23(3): 330-335.
Abstract:
In order to find out the tolerance of shoot shriveling in different varieties of hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla×C. avellana) in Beijing, the authors investigated the shoot shriveling performance of 18 hybrid hazelnuts without frost protection in winter and classified them into 4 groups , according to the results of cluster analysis. The result showed that the group with strongest tolerance of shoot shriveling included 84-254, B-3, B-21,83-33, 84-72 and 81-9, followed by the group including 84-48, 81-23, 5-127, 84-237 and 84-1; 82-11, 84-545 and 84-226 fell into the third group with weaker tolerance, and the group with the weakest tolerance of shoot shriveling comprised 84-572, 84-402, 84-69 and 84-349. In Beijing, the period of water losing in hazelnut shoot is from the first ten days of February to the last ten days of February, and the shoot water content decreases to the lowest point by the last ten days of February. The study on the relation between shoot water content and shoot shriveling showed that the critical water capacity in different hybrid hazelnuts varied, but that of most varieties was between 35% and 30%. Shoot shriveling resulted from water losing, so there was a close relationship between them, but the critical water capacity of shoot shriveling was not the only factor causing the shriveling of the shoot.
In order to find out the tolerance of shoot shriveling in different varieties of hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla×C. avellana) in Beijing, the authors investigated the shoot shriveling performance of 18 hybrid hazelnuts without frost protection in winter and classified them into 4 groups , according to the results of cluster analysis. The result showed that the group with strongest tolerance of shoot shriveling included 84-254, B-3, B-21,83-33, 84-72 and 81-9, followed by the group including 84-48, 81-23, 5-127, 84-237 and 84-1; 82-11, 84-545 and 84-226 fell into the third group with weaker tolerance, and the group with the weakest tolerance of shoot shriveling comprised 84-572, 84-402, 84-69 and 84-349. In Beijing, the period of water losing in hazelnut shoot is from the first ten days of February to the last ten days of February, and the shoot water content decreases to the lowest point by the last ten days of February. The study on the relation between shoot water content and shoot shriveling showed that the critical water capacity in different hybrid hazelnuts varied, but that of most varieties was between 35% and 30%. Shoot shriveling resulted from water losing, so there was a close relationship between them, but the critical water capacity of shoot shriveling was not the only factor causing the shriveling of the shoot.
2010, 23(3): 336-341.
Abstract:
To improve the yield of microbial lipids, the lipids production was studied by using the fungus Mortierella isabellina. On the basis of the single factor experiment, the effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources and their concentrations, inoculum size, initial pH and inorganic ions on mycelium growth and accumulation of lipid yield in shaker culture was studied. The results showed that the optimal culture condition were as follows: glucose 100 g·L-1, yeast extract 3.0 g·L-1, inoculum size 20%, initial pH 5.0 - 6.0, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g·L-1, KH2PO4 2.0 g·L-1.Under the optimum culture condition, the biomass yield was 20.62 g·L-1, lipid content was 43.02%, the lipid yield was 8.87 g·L-1.
To improve the yield of microbial lipids, the lipids production was studied by using the fungus Mortierella isabellina. On the basis of the single factor experiment, the effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources and their concentrations, inoculum size, initial pH and inorganic ions on mycelium growth and accumulation of lipid yield in shaker culture was studied. The results showed that the optimal culture condition were as follows: glucose 100 g·L-1, yeast extract 3.0 g·L-1, inoculum size 20%, initial pH 5.0 - 6.0, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g·L-1, KH2PO4 2.0 g·L-1.Under the optimum culture condition, the biomass yield was 20.62 g·L-1, lipid content was 43.02%, the lipid yield was 8.87 g·L-1.
2010, 23(3): 342-348.
Abstract:
Based on the data of 60 standard sites of poplar plantations diameter which included Populus×euramericana cv.'Guarinento’ and Populus alba var.pyramidalis,8 diameter characteristics indicators were selected which included three weibull distribution parameters of diameter(location parameter(A), scale parameter(B), shape parameter(C)), average DBH(D/em>0), average DBH of poplar which was infected with canker(D1), average DBH of poplar which was uninfected with canker (D/em>2), the diameter of poplar which had the largest lesion canker (D/em>3), and the diameter of the poplar which had the smallest lesion canker (D/em>4). The relationship between 8 diameter characteristics indicators and disease index of canker(DI) was studied, the result showed that A, C, D/em>4 had a negative correlation with DI for Populus×euramericana cv. 'Guarinento’ and Populus alba var. pyramidalis;D/em>3 had a negative correlation with DI for Populus×euramericana cv. 'Guarinento’ only;B had a positive correlation with DI for Populus alba var. pyramidalis only.D/em>0,D/em>1, and D/em>2 had no significant correlation with DI. On the same poplar clone,the tree that had big DBH was more susceptible to canker disease than that had smaller DBH, and thinning of small diameter trees, which was infected with canker could control canker diseases.
Based on the data of 60 standard sites of poplar plantations diameter which included Populus×euramericana cv.'Guarinento’ and Populus alba var.pyramidalis,8 diameter characteristics indicators were selected which included three weibull distribution parameters of diameter(location parameter(A), scale parameter(B), shape parameter(C)), average DBH(D/em>0), average DBH of poplar which was infected with canker(D1), average DBH of poplar which was uninfected with canker (D/em>2), the diameter of poplar which had the largest lesion canker (D/em>3), and the diameter of the poplar which had the smallest lesion canker (D/em>4). The relationship between 8 diameter characteristics indicators and disease index of canker(DI) was studied, the result showed that A, C, D/em>4 had a negative correlation with DI for Populus×euramericana cv. 'Guarinento’ and Populus alba var. pyramidalis;D/em>3 had a negative correlation with DI for Populus×euramericana cv. 'Guarinento’ only;B had a positive correlation with DI for Populus alba var. pyramidalis only.D/em>0,D/em>1, and D/em>2 had no significant correlation with DI. On the same poplar clone,the tree that had big DBH was more susceptible to canker disease than that had smaller DBH, and thinning of small diameter trees, which was infected with canker could control canker diseases.
2010, 23(3): 349-354.
Abstract:
Applying RT-PCR and RACE method, 3 142 bp pepc gene was isolated from Jatropha curcas. The sequence analysis showes that the pepc gene including an open reading frame is 2 898 bp in length, and encodes a protein of 965 amino acid. Its amino acid sequence shares 94.94%, 92.46%, 90.60%, 90.50%, 90.50%, 88.33%, 84.61%, 82.44% identity with those of pepc from Ricinus communis, Gossypium hirsutum, Citrus sinensis, Glycine max, Arachis hypogaea, Nicotiana tabacum, Brassica napus, Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The pepc gene has been accepted by GenBank, and the accession number of gene sequence is EU069413. The deduced protein molecular weight of pepc is 110.6 kD, and belong to pepc1 in gene family and C3 form. Its stability, secondary structure, hydrophobicity profile were analysed, and the functional sites and characterized domains were confirmed.
Applying RT-PCR and RACE method, 3 142 bp pepc gene was isolated from Jatropha curcas. The sequence analysis showes that the pepc gene including an open reading frame is 2 898 bp in length, and encodes a protein of 965 amino acid. Its amino acid sequence shares 94.94%, 92.46%, 90.60%, 90.50%, 90.50%, 88.33%, 84.61%, 82.44% identity with those of pepc from Ricinus communis, Gossypium hirsutum, Citrus sinensis, Glycine max, Arachis hypogaea, Nicotiana tabacum, Brassica napus, Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The pepc gene has been accepted by GenBank, and the accession number of gene sequence is EU069413. The deduced protein molecular weight of pepc is 110.6 kD, and belong to pepc1 in gene family and C3 form. Its stability, secondary structure, hydrophobicity profile were analysed, and the functional sites and characterized domains were confirmed.
2010, 23(3): 355-361.
Abstract:
By analyzing the contents of biochemical substances in soil and different parts and indexes of poplar yellow seedling leaves, the cause of yellow and its influence on various enzymes within yellow leaves was studied. The results showed that high pH value and low Mg content in soil were the main factors causing the yellow of poplar seedlings in northern Jiangsu Province. The yellow had certain influences on the contents of chlorophyll, SOD, POD, MDA and PPO in seedlings, among which the contents of chlorophyll and POD dropped significantly with the yellow aggravation, decreased by 80.4% and 77.7% compared with the normal levels. The influence of yellow on the contents of biochemical substances in leaves on different parts of trees was varied. The MDA content in the leaves of lower part reached the maximum (16.45 μmol·g-1) at the yellow index of II, and decreased to 1.03 mol·g-1 when the yellow index was V, which decreased by 93.7%.
By analyzing the contents of biochemical substances in soil and different parts and indexes of poplar yellow seedling leaves, the cause of yellow and its influence on various enzymes within yellow leaves was studied. The results showed that high pH value and low Mg content in soil were the main factors causing the yellow of poplar seedlings in northern Jiangsu Province. The yellow had certain influences on the contents of chlorophyll, SOD, POD, MDA and PPO in seedlings, among which the contents of chlorophyll and POD dropped significantly with the yellow aggravation, decreased by 80.4% and 77.7% compared with the normal levels. The influence of yellow on the contents of biochemical substances in leaves on different parts of trees was varied. The MDA content in the leaves of lower part reached the maximum (16.45 μmol·g-1) at the yellow index of II, and decreased to 1.03 mol·g-1 when the yellow index was V, which decreased by 93.7%.
2010, 23(3): 362-367.
Abstract:
The authors studied the data of 4 permanent observation plots of spruce-fir forests in over-cutting forest area of Changbai Mountains, northeast China. These plots were continuously observed for 12 years from 1978 to 1990. In this paper, using the diameter and periodic annual increment data of main coniferous species,i.e. Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepic and Picea koraiensis, the transition probability model is established, and the average increment of diameter grade is predicted. Evaluated with the data of 1990, it is found that the practical application error of probabilistic model is small and the precision is high. The authors analyzed the mortality distribution of each species among 12 years from 1978 to 1990, the results show that Weibull function is suitable for modeling uneven-aged spruce-fir forests.
The authors studied the data of 4 permanent observation plots of spruce-fir forests in over-cutting forest area of Changbai Mountains, northeast China. These plots were continuously observed for 12 years from 1978 to 1990. In this paper, using the diameter and periodic annual increment data of main coniferous species,i.e. Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepic and Picea koraiensis, the transition probability model is established, and the average increment of diameter grade is predicted. Evaluated with the data of 1990, it is found that the practical application error of probabilistic model is small and the precision is high. The authors analyzed the mortality distribution of each species among 12 years from 1978 to 1990, the results show that Weibull function is suitable for modeling uneven-aged spruce-fir forests.
2010, 23(3): 368-374.
Abstract:
The variation in nitrogen utilization efficiency of 104 Populus nigra genotypes was studied by analyzing growth and physiological parameters under nitrogen fertilization or non-fertilization conditions. The results showed that the variation of nitrogen utilization efficiency among seedlings of varied Populus nigra genotypes were significant at different nitrogen supply. All seedlings with varied genotypes in this study were divided into four categories according to annual average individual volume increment in the two nitrogen treatments. These categories are high efficient in both nitrogen applications, efficient in high N application, efficient in low N application, and low efficient in both nitrogen applications. Eight genotypes were selected from each of the first two categories. These seedlings are high efficient to nitrogen utilization with excellent growth and productivities, therefore they are highly valuable for tree breeding. Comparison and analysis of the related parameters of nitrogen utilization efficiency showed that the the values of nitrogen response parameters including net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase activity, GS Activity, root dry weight, root volume and specific root area of seedlings within the first category were all higher than those within the second category, which reveal preliminarily the mechanism underlying nitrogen utilization of different Populus nigra genotypes.
The variation in nitrogen utilization efficiency of 104 Populus nigra genotypes was studied by analyzing growth and physiological parameters under nitrogen fertilization or non-fertilization conditions. The results showed that the variation of nitrogen utilization efficiency among seedlings of varied Populus nigra genotypes were significant at different nitrogen supply. All seedlings with varied genotypes in this study were divided into four categories according to annual average individual volume increment in the two nitrogen treatments. These categories are high efficient in both nitrogen applications, efficient in high N application, efficient in low N application, and low efficient in both nitrogen applications. Eight genotypes were selected from each of the first two categories. These seedlings are high efficient to nitrogen utilization with excellent growth and productivities, therefore they are highly valuable for tree breeding. Comparison and analysis of the related parameters of nitrogen utilization efficiency showed that the the values of nitrogen response parameters including net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase activity, GS Activity, root dry weight, root volume and specific root area of seedlings within the first category were all higher than those within the second category, which reveal preliminarily the mechanism underlying nitrogen utilization of different Populus nigra genotypes.
2010, 23(3): 375-381.
Abstract:
Based on the investigation data of main forest community in Sheshan National Forest Park of Shanghai, the main community types, the plant species diversity of forest communities and their succession were calculated and analyzed by measuring the community similarity and species diversity. The results showed that there were 7 types of forest community, Quercus albus forest, Phyllostachys edulis stand, Cinnamomum camphora forest, Celtis sinensis-Zelkova schneideriana mixed forest, Celtis sinensis-Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, Firmiana forest and Liquidambar formosana-Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, in Sheshan National Forest Park of Shanghai. The plant diversity of all the 7 types of forest community above mentioned was poorer than that in the neighbor area of Zhejiang Province. The deciduous species, such as Ulmaceae, Quercus, were the dominant tree species, while the evergreen tree species, such as Cinnamomum camphora, Phyllostachys edulis, Castanopsis sclerophylla and Ligustrum lucidum, were little in tree species composition. From the view point of forest succession trend, 3 types of forest, Quercus albus-dominated zonal forest, Phyllostachys edulis stand and evergreen-deciduous mixed forest of Lauraceae, Ulmaceae and Oleaceae plants, would be developed in Sheshan area in the future.
Based on the investigation data of main forest community in Sheshan National Forest Park of Shanghai, the main community types, the plant species diversity of forest communities and their succession were calculated and analyzed by measuring the community similarity and species diversity. The results showed that there were 7 types of forest community, Quercus albus forest, Phyllostachys edulis stand, Cinnamomum camphora forest, Celtis sinensis-Zelkova schneideriana mixed forest, Celtis sinensis-Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, Firmiana forest and Liquidambar formosana-Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, in Sheshan National Forest Park of Shanghai. The plant diversity of all the 7 types of forest community above mentioned was poorer than that in the neighbor area of Zhejiang Province. The deciduous species, such as Ulmaceae, Quercus, were the dominant tree species, while the evergreen tree species, such as Cinnamomum camphora, Phyllostachys edulis, Castanopsis sclerophylla and Ligustrum lucidum, were little in tree species composition. From the view point of forest succession trend, 3 types of forest, Quercus albus-dominated zonal forest, Phyllostachys edulis stand and evergreen-deciduous mixed forest of Lauraceae, Ulmaceae and Oleaceae plants, would be developed in Sheshan area in the future.
2010, 23(3): 382-386.
Abstract:
The interspecific hybridization between Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey. and Catalpa fargesii Bur. f. duclouxii (Dode) Gilmour was undertaken using conventional pollination approaches. The percentage of fruit set,fruit traits,thousand-grain seeds weight,the percentage of seeds with embryo,germination traits of seeds,and the height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the annual hybrid seedlings were all investigated and analyzed.The results showed that there was no significant differences in the percentage of fruit set among male parents,but significant differences existed among female parents;concerning fruit traits,no significant differences existed among male parents,only the length of fruit showed significant differences among female parents;there was no significant differences in seeds thousand-grain weight among male and female parents;the percentage of seeds with embryo,germination energy,germination rate were all showed significant or extremely significant differences among male and female parents.The height and DBH were extremely significant differences among mating combinations,for the best mating combination the tree height was 2.09 m, the DBH 1.38 cm,The potential of early selecting based on height and DBH of annual hybrid seedlings would be great.For the poorest mating combinations, the tree height was 1.69 m, the DBH 1.00 cm.
The interspecific hybridization between Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey. and Catalpa fargesii Bur. f. duclouxii (Dode) Gilmour was undertaken using conventional pollination approaches. The percentage of fruit set,fruit traits,thousand-grain seeds weight,the percentage of seeds with embryo,germination traits of seeds,and the height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the annual hybrid seedlings were all investigated and analyzed.The results showed that there was no significant differences in the percentage of fruit set among male parents,but significant differences existed among female parents;concerning fruit traits,no significant differences existed among male parents,only the length of fruit showed significant differences among female parents;there was no significant differences in seeds thousand-grain weight among male and female parents;the percentage of seeds with embryo,germination energy,germination rate were all showed significant or extremely significant differences among male and female parents.The height and DBH were extremely significant differences among mating combinations,for the best mating combination the tree height was 2.09 m, the DBH 1.38 cm,The potential of early selecting based on height and DBH of annual hybrid seedlings would be great.For the poorest mating combinations, the tree height was 1.69 m, the DBH 1.00 cm.
2010, 23(3): 387-392.
Abstract:
Using artificial sea water (8 g·kg-1 in salinity) as control treatment, the Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings were cultivated in fresh water with constant water level under full sun light for one year in Meizhou city, Guangdong to investigate the effect of fresh water on the growth and development of Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings. The result showed that the stem height, stem diameter, plumular axis diameter of the fresh water groups were significantly lower than those of the artificial sea water group,and the number of leaves of the fresh water groups were extra significantly less than that of the artificial sea water group; whereas no significant difference existed between two groups in such indexes as the plumular axis height, number of stem branches, leaf length, leaf width, ratio of leaf length to width, root length, root diameter and the number of roots cultivation; but the leaf area of the fresh water treatment was 18.11% higher than that of the artificial sea treatment, the differences had reached statistically significant level. At the 180th day, although the dry weight of root, stem and leaf and the total dry weight of fresh water treatment were respectively 12.50%, 18.40%, 16.48% and 16.32% lower than those of the artificial sea treatment, the differences had not reached statistically significant level; and both treatments demonstrated a trend of stem＞leaf＞root in biomass; At the 360th day, although the dry weight of root, stem and leaf and the total dry weight of fresh water treatment were respectively 33.88%,17.48%,28.30% and 26.51% lower than those of the artificial sea treatment, the differences had not reached statistically significcant level; and both treatments demonstrated a trend of leaf>stem>root in biomass. The 1-year-old seedling survival rates of both treatments were above 90%, and the seedlings in both treatments were able to flower, while the flowering date in fresh water treatment was 25 days later than the artificial sea treatment, but the former had 33.82% more flowering plants than that of the artificial treatment. In a conclusion, Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings could normally grow and flower in fresh water, although most of their morphological characteristics were significantly affected by fresh water.
Using artificial sea water (8 g·kg-1 in salinity) as control treatment, the Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings were cultivated in fresh water with constant water level under full sun light for one year in Meizhou city, Guangdong to investigate the effect of fresh water on the growth and development of Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings. The result showed that the stem height, stem diameter, plumular axis diameter of the fresh water groups were significantly lower than those of the artificial sea water group,and the number of leaves of the fresh water groups were extra significantly less than that of the artificial sea water group; whereas no significant difference existed between two groups in such indexes as the plumular axis height, number of stem branches, leaf length, leaf width, ratio of leaf length to width, root length, root diameter and the number of roots cultivation; but the leaf area of the fresh water treatment was 18.11% higher than that of the artificial sea treatment, the differences had reached statistically significant level. At the 180th day, although the dry weight of root, stem and leaf and the total dry weight of fresh water treatment were respectively 12.50%, 18.40%, 16.48% and 16.32% lower than those of the artificial sea treatment, the differences had not reached statistically significant level; and both treatments demonstrated a trend of stem＞leaf＞root in biomass; At the 360th day, although the dry weight of root, stem and leaf and the total dry weight of fresh water treatment were respectively 33.88%,17.48%,28.30% and 26.51% lower than those of the artificial sea treatment, the differences had not reached statistically significcant level; and both treatments demonstrated a trend of leaf>stem>root in biomass. The 1-year-old seedling survival rates of both treatments were above 90%, and the seedlings in both treatments were able to flower, while the flowering date in fresh water treatment was 25 days later than the artificial sea treatment, but the former had 33.82% more flowering plants than that of the artificial treatment. In a conclusion, Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings could normally grow and flower in fresh water, although most of their morphological characteristics were significantly affected by fresh water.
2010, 23(3): 393-398.
Abstract:
Based on SPOT 5 satellite image obtained on June 2004 and field investigation, the vegetation of Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve was analyzed through processing and correcting the images by using the ERDAS image processing software. 7 types of vegetation were identified. The spatial distribution and other relevant information of each vegetation type were obtained by using ArcGIS. The occurrence frequency of Guizhou Golden Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) in each vegetation type indicated that the broadleaf evergreen and deciduous mixed forests, the broadleaf evergreen forests were the main vegetations selected by the monkeys. The results of this research could provide a sound basis for reserve management and planning,preservation of the Guizhou Golden Monkey in this reserve.
Based on SPOT 5 satellite image obtained on June 2004 and field investigation, the vegetation of Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve was analyzed through processing and correcting the images by using the ERDAS image processing software. 7 types of vegetation were identified. The spatial distribution and other relevant information of each vegetation type were obtained by using ArcGIS. The occurrence frequency of Guizhou Golden Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) in each vegetation type indicated that the broadleaf evergreen and deciduous mixed forests, the broadleaf evergreen forests were the main vegetations selected by the monkeys. The results of this research could provide a sound basis for reserve management and planning,preservation of the Guizhou Golden Monkey in this reserve.
2010, 23(3): 399-404.
Abstract:
The authors planned the shaded fuelbreak in Weijiacun Forest Farm in Xishen of Beijing, studied the fire regime of this region, fuel distribution, main wind direction, slope, ridge, roads, and residences, and studied the influence of these factors on spatial pattern of shaded fuelbreak. The authors analyzed the suitable area of fuelbreak network controlled, and extracted the roads and open space in forest with the method of object-oriented classification. Three types of fuelbreak were planned: ridge fuelbreak, roads fuelbreak, and forest edge fuelbreak. The fuelbreak network divided the forest into different independent cells, and the average area of the cells was 41.24 hm2. The length of the network was 36 816 m,and the area of the network accounts for 7.35% of the region.
The authors planned the shaded fuelbreak in Weijiacun Forest Farm in Xishen of Beijing, studied the fire regime of this region, fuel distribution, main wind direction, slope, ridge, roads, and residences, and studied the influence of these factors on spatial pattern of shaded fuelbreak. The authors analyzed the suitable area of fuelbreak network controlled, and extracted the roads and open space in forest with the method of object-oriented classification. Three types of fuelbreak were planned: ridge fuelbreak, roads fuelbreak, and forest edge fuelbreak. The fuelbreak network divided the forest into different independent cells, and the average area of the cells was 41.24 hm2. The length of the network was 36 816 m,and the area of the network accounts for 7.35% of the region.
2010, 23(3): 405-410.
Abstract:
Taking Camellia oleifera clones, including high-yield varieties,moderate-yield varieties and common varieties, as materials and using the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system, the diurnal dynamics of net photosythetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate, and light response curves of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the shoot-growing stage of Camellia oleifera were compared and studied.The results showed that:(1) The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) presented a single peak curve and a double peak curve, the single peak curve existed in the high-yield and moderate-yield varieties, while the double peak curve existed in the common varieties,and the common varieties appeared an obvious midday depression.There were significantly differences of Pn among the three types of varieties,which provided references for high photosynthetic efficiency breeding of Camellia oleifera.(2)The diurnal variation curve of transpiration rate presented a single peak curve and the diurnal variation curve of WUE presented a U-shaped pattern.(3)The maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax) was 8.404-10.879 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 , light saturation point varied from 305 to 318 μmol·m-2·s-1 and light compensation point varied from 24 to 53 μmol·m-2·s-1. (4) Stomatal conductance(Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) and air relative humidity were the dominant factors influencing the Pn of high-yield varieties. However, the dominant factors were stomatal conductance(Cond) for moderate-yield varieties, and Cond and Ci for common varieties.
Taking Camellia oleifera clones, including high-yield varieties,moderate-yield varieties and common varieties, as materials and using the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system, the diurnal dynamics of net photosythetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate, and light response curves of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the shoot-growing stage of Camellia oleifera were compared and studied.The results showed that:(1) The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) presented a single peak curve and a double peak curve, the single peak curve existed in the high-yield and moderate-yield varieties, while the double peak curve existed in the common varieties,and the common varieties appeared an obvious midday depression.There were significantly differences of Pn among the three types of varieties,which provided references for high photosynthetic efficiency breeding of Camellia oleifera.(2)The diurnal variation curve of transpiration rate presented a single peak curve and the diurnal variation curve of WUE presented a U-shaped pattern.(3)The maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax) was 8.404-10.879 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 , light saturation point varied from 305 to 318 μmol·m-2·s-1 and light compensation point varied from 24 to 53 μmol·m-2·s-1. (4) Stomatal conductance(Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) and air relative humidity were the dominant factors influencing the Pn of high-yield varieties. However, the dominant factors were stomatal conductance(Cond) for moderate-yield varieties, and Cond and Ci for common varieties.
2010, 23(3): 411-416.
Abstract:
To understand the property and difference of the photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings and cutting stocks of Taxus yunnanensis, the response of net photosynthesis rate to light intensity and the diurnal variations of photosynthesis in the seedlings and the cutting stocks were measured with Licor-6400 in the two-year-old Taxus yunnanensis planted in fields.Moreover, the growth, the tree-form and the biomass of the seedlings and the cutting stocks were analyzed. The results showed that the growth, the biomass and the net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings excelled that of the cutting stocks. And the crown-width, the biomass and the net photosynthetic rate of seedlings was significantly higher than that of the cutting stocks. The diurnal variations of net photosynthetic rate in seedlings showed bimodal peaks curve, and had 'midday depression of photosynthesis’. The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of cutting stocks showed a single peak curve. Meanwhile, the capacity of accommodation about light and water circumstances of seedlings was higher than that of the cutting stocks. And the interval of light compensation point and light saturation point in seedlings was higher than that of the cutting stocks. The daily accumulation value of net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of seedlings were also higher than that of the cutting stocks.
To understand the property and difference of the photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings and cutting stocks of Taxus yunnanensis, the response of net photosynthesis rate to light intensity and the diurnal variations of photosynthesis in the seedlings and the cutting stocks were measured with Licor-6400 in the two-year-old Taxus yunnanensis planted in fields.Moreover, the growth, the tree-form and the biomass of the seedlings and the cutting stocks were analyzed. The results showed that the growth, the biomass and the net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings excelled that of the cutting stocks. And the crown-width, the biomass and the net photosynthetic rate of seedlings was significantly higher than that of the cutting stocks. The diurnal variations of net photosynthetic rate in seedlings showed bimodal peaks curve, and had 'midday depression of photosynthesis’. The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of cutting stocks showed a single peak curve. Meanwhile, the capacity of accommodation about light and water circumstances of seedlings was higher than that of the cutting stocks. And the interval of light compensation point and light saturation point in seedlings was higher than that of the cutting stocks. The daily accumulation value of net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of seedlings were also higher than that of the cutting stocks.
2010, 23(3): 417-424.
Abstract:
There are 233 species of seed plants in Ganjiahu Nature Reserve, belonging to 137 genera and 42 families; the largest family Chenopodiaceae (69 species) in this flora is also the largest family in halophytes flora in Xinjiang. There are totally 69 genera and 99 species of halophytes in Ganjiahu Nature Reserve, occupying 50.4% and 64.9% of the total number of genera and species respectively. At family level, besides cosmopolitan family, the temperate type and tropical to temperate type which contains 10 species respectively are the main elements. At genus level, the geographical components are mainly the Mediterranean, W. Asia to C. Asia distribution type and subtypes, containing 45 genera, occupying 39.8% of the total number of genera. At species level, the geographical components are mainly Temperate floristic elements (53.1%) and Old Mediterranean floristic elements (42.4%). C. Asia distribution type (27.0%), Temperate Asia distribution type(25.7%) and Old World Temperate distribution type(21.6%) are important in this flora. The basic characteristics of the flora are as follows: Dominant family is prominent in the nature reserve; The genera with single species and few species occupied high percentage of the total number; The flora is various in floristic elements; There are some ancient floristic elements; Endemic characteristics of species are not obvious; The flora is of typical halophyte and typical temperate arid desert characteristics; 11 rare and endangered species of national or provincial level and 3 species which are regarded as probably disappeared species from Xinjiang are found in the nature reserve, all of these species have important protective values.
There are 233 species of seed plants in Ganjiahu Nature Reserve, belonging to 137 genera and 42 families; the largest family Chenopodiaceae (69 species) in this flora is also the largest family in halophytes flora in Xinjiang. There are totally 69 genera and 99 species of halophytes in Ganjiahu Nature Reserve, occupying 50.4% and 64.9% of the total number of genera and species respectively. At family level, besides cosmopolitan family, the temperate type and tropical to temperate type which contains 10 species respectively are the main elements. At genus level, the geographical components are mainly the Mediterranean, W. Asia to C. Asia distribution type and subtypes, containing 45 genera, occupying 39.8% of the total number of genera. At species level, the geographical components are mainly Temperate floristic elements (53.1%) and Old Mediterranean floristic elements (42.4%). C. Asia distribution type (27.0%), Temperate Asia distribution type(25.7%) and Old World Temperate distribution type(21.6%) are important in this flora. The basic characteristics of the flora are as follows: Dominant family is prominent in the nature reserve; The genera with single species and few species occupied high percentage of the total number; The flora is various in floristic elements; There are some ancient floristic elements; Endemic characteristics of species are not obvious; The flora is of typical halophyte and typical temperate arid desert characteristics; 11 rare and endangered species of national or provincial level and 3 species which are regarded as probably disappeared species from Xinjiang are found in the nature reserve, all of these species have important protective values.
2010, 23(3): 425-429.
Abstract:
The gross caloric value of five Salix and six Populus clones harvested in summer and winter were determined to explore the change of gross caloric value on one-year-old poplar and willow bark and trunk in the two seasons. And the gross caloric value change on the whole tree of one-year-old willow clones after several harvests were also discussed. The results show that the gross caloric value of different fractions of willow and poplar are not the same. However, the gross caloric values of the bark, trunk and the whole tree in winter were higher than those in summer; the variation of five willow clones were consistent with each other, the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with one-year-old root in winter＞the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with two-year-old root in winter＞the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with three-year-old root in winter,the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with one-year-old root in winter and that of one-year-old trunk with two-year-old root in winter among different willow clones reached significant level at P=0.01, the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with three-year-old root in winter among different willow clones reached significant level at P=0.05, the gross caloric value of shrub willow were higher than that of tree willow; Concerning six poplar clones, the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with one-year-old root in winter was bigger than that in summer, the gross caloric value among different of poplar clones did not reach significant level and was similar. The whole tree gross caloric value of one-year-old willow clones was higher than those of poplar clones.
The gross caloric value of five Salix and six Populus clones harvested in summer and winter were determined to explore the change of gross caloric value on one-year-old poplar and willow bark and trunk in the two seasons. And the gross caloric value change on the whole tree of one-year-old willow clones after several harvests were also discussed. The results show that the gross caloric value of different fractions of willow and poplar are not the same. However, the gross caloric values of the bark, trunk and the whole tree in winter were higher than those in summer; the variation of five willow clones were consistent with each other, the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with one-year-old root in winter＞the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with two-year-old root in winter＞the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with three-year-old root in winter,the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with one-year-old root in winter and that of one-year-old trunk with two-year-old root in winter among different willow clones reached significant level at P=0.01, the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with three-year-old root in winter among different willow clones reached significant level at P=0.05, the gross caloric value of shrub willow were higher than that of tree willow; Concerning six poplar clones, the gross caloric value of one-year-old trunk with one-year-old root in winter was bigger than that in summer, the gross caloric value among different of poplar clones did not reach significant level and was similar. The whole tree gross caloric value of one-year-old willow clones was higher than those of poplar clones.
2010, 23(3): 430-434.
Abstract:
By using the techniques of aceto-carmine squash, iodine potassium iodide squash and paraffin section, an extensive and cytological observation was conducted on the pollen development of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro. The results showed that the whole developmental process could be primarily divided into eight stages, i.e. microspore mother cell formation stage, microspore mother cell meiosis stage, early microspore stage, middle microspore stage, late microspore stage, early bicellular pollen stage, late bicellular pollen stage and mature pollen stage. The major characteristics of every stage are reported. It was showed that the cytokinesis of the microspore mother cells in meiosis was successive and the microspore tetrads were isobilateral or tetrahedral. The mature pollen grains were three-celled and mono-aperturate.
By using the techniques of aceto-carmine squash, iodine potassium iodide squash and paraffin section, an extensive and cytological observation was conducted on the pollen development of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro. The results showed that the whole developmental process could be primarily divided into eight stages, i.e. microspore mother cell formation stage, microspore mother cell meiosis stage, early microspore stage, middle microspore stage, late microspore stage, early bicellular pollen stage, late bicellular pollen stage and mature pollen stage. The major characteristics of every stage are reported. It was showed that the cytokinesis of the microspore mother cells in meiosis was successive and the microspore tetrads were isobilateral or tetrahedral. The mature pollen grains were three-celled and mono-aperturate.
2010, 23(3): 435-439.
Abstract:
Three Armeniaca species were investigated in 20 provinces of China, including Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei, et al., from 2008 to 2009.The results are as follows:(1)Armeniaca sibirica is distributed in most areas of north China (N37°17'-N50°24', E105°56'-E130°20'). It concentrates in the southeast of Inner Mongolia, the west of Liaoning, the north of Hebei, and the individual apricot kernel yield is 59.30-730.20 g. The front of leaves have long tines which increase along with the increasing of the longitude and decreasing of the latitude. (2)The A. mandshurica is dispersed in the northeast of China. The individual apricot kernel yield is 304.23-1 586.80 g. It is arbor with thick bark phloem. Its fruit stem is comparatively long.(3)The A. vulgaris var. ansu distribution area is exhibited as wide strip of northeast-southwest trend, bestriding two key heat zone of middle temperature and warm temperature over northeast, northwest, north China and southwest areas (except for Tibetan Plateau with elevation over 4 000 m). The A. vulgaris var. ansu distribution is not centralized mostly. The individual apricot kernel yield is 130.00-2 574.50 g. The size of leaves is related to the geographic distribution. In view of actuality of the Armeniaca resource in China, some recommendations of its rational exploitation and utilization are put forward.
Three Armeniaca species were investigated in 20 provinces of China, including Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei, et al., from 2008 to 2009.The results are as follows:(1)Armeniaca sibirica is distributed in most areas of north China (N37°17'-N50°24', E105°56'-E130°20'). It concentrates in the southeast of Inner Mongolia, the west of Liaoning, the north of Hebei, and the individual apricot kernel yield is 59.30-730.20 g. The front of leaves have long tines which increase along with the increasing of the longitude and decreasing of the latitude. (2)The A. mandshurica is dispersed in the northeast of China. The individual apricot kernel yield is 304.23-1 586.80 g. It is arbor with thick bark phloem. Its fruit stem is comparatively long.(3)The A. vulgaris var. ansu distribution area is exhibited as wide strip of northeast-southwest trend, bestriding two key heat zone of middle temperature and warm temperature over northeast, northwest, north China and southwest areas (except for Tibetan Plateau with elevation over 4 000 m). The A. vulgaris var. ansu distribution is not centralized mostly. The individual apricot kernel yield is 130.00-2 574.50 g. The size of leaves is related to the geographic distribution. In view of actuality of the Armeniaca resource in China, some recommendations of its rational exploitation and utilization are put forward.
2010, 23(3): 440-442.
Abstract:
New recorded geographical distribution of three wetland herbaceous plants were found in Anhui Province. These species are Elatine triandra Schkuhr. of Elatinaceae, Carex capricornis Meinsh. of Cyperaceae, and Thesium refractum Mey. of Santalaceae. The specimens are preserved in the Herbarium of Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF).
New recorded geographical distribution of three wetland herbaceous plants were found in Anhui Province. These species are Elatine triandra Schkuhr. of Elatinaceae, Carex capricornis Meinsh. of Cyperaceae, and Thesium refractum Mey. of Santalaceae. The specimens are preserved in the Herbarium of Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF).
2010, 23(3): 443-447.
Abstract:
In order to find out the properties, and improve the levels of cultivating and high value-added processing and utilizing for Chinese rattan resources, the Daemonorops margaritae, a Chinas native rattan species was chosen as the research material, the relationship between the fiber characteristics and the growth and development was analyzed with the method of biological anatomy. The results showed that the fiber diameter was 12.041 μm, lumen diameter 6.350 μm, length 990.476 μm, length-width ratio 86.23, double-wall thickness 5.691 μm and wall thickness-lumen ratio 1.05. The fiber had thick wall and small lumen, and the size was different at different positions. The fiber was longer and with minimum diameter at coretex, while the reverse conclusion was at middle height and middle layer between core and coretex of the cane. The wall thickness decreases, and lumen diameter increased with the cane height increasing at axial, i.e. with age of the cane decreasing.
In order to find out the properties, and improve the levels of cultivating and high value-added processing and utilizing for Chinese rattan resources, the Daemonorops margaritae, a Chinas native rattan species was chosen as the research material, the relationship between the fiber characteristics and the growth and development was analyzed with the method of biological anatomy. The results showed that the fiber diameter was 12.041 μm, lumen diameter 6.350 μm, length 990.476 μm, length-width ratio 86.23, double-wall thickness 5.691 μm and wall thickness-lumen ratio 1.05. The fiber had thick wall and small lumen, and the size was different at different positions. The fiber was longer and with minimum diameter at coretex, while the reverse conclusion was at middle height and middle layer between core and coretex of the cane. The wall thickness decreases, and lumen diameter increased with the cane height increasing at axial, i.e. with age of the cane decreasing.
2010, 23(3): 448-452.
Abstract:
Diurnal changes of photosynthesis of Pinus yunnanensis and its influencing factors were studied in dry season. The results indicated that in the dry season, the diurnal course of photosynthesis of P. yunnanensis occurred regularly with the environmental factors change. The curve of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) had a diurnal change with one-peak curve, the peak of Pn occurred at 14:00 and the peak of Tr appeared at 15:00. There was no "midday depression of photosynthesis". The different meteorological factors influencing the photosynthesis were different. The photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was the ecological factor directly effecting on the Pn and stomatal conductance (Cond) of P. yunnanensis, the main factors affecting Tr were temperature leaf (Tl) and CO2 . The course of air humidity on the dry season were lower, and its effects on photosynthesis was not significant, which showes that the P.yunnanensis has a strong physiological adaptability on dry season.
Diurnal changes of photosynthesis of Pinus yunnanensis and its influencing factors were studied in dry season. The results indicated that in the dry season, the diurnal course of photosynthesis of P. yunnanensis occurred regularly with the environmental factors change. The curve of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) had a diurnal change with one-peak curve, the peak of Pn occurred at 14:00 and the peak of Tr appeared at 15:00. There was no "midday depression of photosynthesis". The different meteorological factors influencing the photosynthesis were different. The photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was the ecological factor directly effecting on the Pn and stomatal conductance (Cond) of P. yunnanensis, the main factors affecting Tr were temperature leaf (Tl) and CO2 . The course of air humidity on the dry season were lower, and its effects on photosynthesis was not significant, which showes that the P.yunnanensis has a strong physiological adaptability on dry season.
2010, 23(3): 453-456.
Abstract:
The Castanopsis sclerophylla seed length, seed diameter, seed length× seed diameter, seed length/seed diameter and hundred grain weight from nine areas were studied. The results showed that extremely significant difference were found in seed characters of C. sclerophylla from different areas. The most coefficient of variation is hundred grain weight and the least is seed length/seed diameter. Correlation analysis showed that the seed length and seed diameter had the significant positive correlation with hundred grain weight; seed became bigger and heavier as latitude became lower, the annual average temperature and frost free period become longer; the hundred grain weight had significant positive correlation with rainfall, seed length/seed diameter had significant negative correlation with the rainfall, And clustering analysis showed that phenotypic variation was basicaly continuous variation with the geography, which was consistent with the result of relevant analysis.
The Castanopsis sclerophylla seed length, seed diameter, seed length× seed diameter, seed length/seed diameter and hundred grain weight from nine areas were studied. The results showed that extremely significant difference were found in seed characters of C. sclerophylla from different areas. The most coefficient of variation is hundred grain weight and the least is seed length/seed diameter. Correlation analysis showed that the seed length and seed diameter had the significant positive correlation with hundred grain weight; seed became bigger and heavier as latitude became lower, the annual average temperature and frost free period become longer; the hundred grain weight had significant positive correlation with rainfall, seed length/seed diameter had significant negative correlation with the rainfall, And clustering analysis showed that phenotypic variation was basicaly continuous variation with the geography, which was consistent with the result of relevant analysis.
2010, 23(3): 457-461.
Abstract:
The length, width, thickness, length/width ratio and 100-seed weight of Magnolia officinalis seeds from 15 natural distribution regions in China were measured and their germination rates were tested. The results showed that there were significant differences among seeds from different region in seed characters and 100-seed weight. Correlation analysis between seed characters and geographical climatic factors showed that the main variation was of geographical locations. The annual mean temperature, annual precipitation and frost-free period were the leading ecological factors restricting the seed variation. The results of test showed that there were significant differences in germination rates among different seed sources. The seeds from Ningqiang had the highest germination rate, while that from Kaixian the minimum. The seeds from Jingning, Wuyishan and Longsheng had high germination potential. According to cluster analysis on 5 trait-location mean values including seed size and quality and geographical climatic factors, the Magnolia officinalis from 15 natural distribution regions could be divided into 2 provenance regions, i.e. south-east M. officinalis provenance region and north-west provenance region.
The length, width, thickness, length/width ratio and 100-seed weight of Magnolia officinalis seeds from 15 natural distribution regions in China were measured and their germination rates were tested. The results showed that there were significant differences among seeds from different region in seed characters and 100-seed weight. Correlation analysis between seed characters and geographical climatic factors showed that the main variation was of geographical locations. The annual mean temperature, annual precipitation and frost-free period were the leading ecological factors restricting the seed variation. The results of test showed that there were significant differences in germination rates among different seed sources. The seeds from Ningqiang had the highest germination rate, while that from Kaixian the minimum. The seeds from Jingning, Wuyishan and Longsheng had high germination potential. According to cluster analysis on 5 trait-location mean values including seed size and quality and geographical climatic factors, the Magnolia officinalis from 15 natural distribution regions could be divided into 2 provenance regions, i.e. south-east M. officinalis provenance region and north-west provenance region.
2010, 23(3): 462-466.
Abstract:
The research adopts open sampling method and TCT-GC/MS (Thermodesorption Cold Trap-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometery) apparatus to collect and analyze the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) of Platycladus orientalis forest, with the intention of researching the compounds and diurnal variation of VOCs of P. orientalis forest in natural state in Beijing Western Hills in spring. The results are as follows: (1) There are 160 kinds (11 categories) of volatile organic compounds, containing Alkyl Hydrocarbon, Ketone, Alcohol, Acid, Aldehyde, Alkene, Ester, Aromatic hydrocarbon, Ether, Hydroxybenzene and Amide. The content of Alkyl Hydrocarbon, Ketone, Acid and Aldehyde occupy a greater percentage among all compounds. (2) The diurnal variation curve of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) is characterized as "one peak at 11:00(36.44%) and one vale at 3:00(12.76%)". Generally, the concentration at daytime is higher than that of night, and higher in morning than in afternoon, with the maximum at noon. (3) The change of Alkyl Hydrocarbon concentration is greater in the morning and about midday, less in the afternoon and night. The diurnal variation curve of Ketone concentration appears as "three peaks and three vales". 1:00, 5:00—7:00 and 11:00 are peak time, 3:00, 9:00 and 17:00 are vale time. As to Acid, its concentration appears two obvious phases: the higher phase is from 9:00 to 17:00, with the maximum at 11:00, and the lower phase is from 19:00 to 7:00, with the minimum at 5:00. Concerning Aldehyde concentration, 17:00 and 19:00 are the higher phases and also has obvious difference with other time, while the lower phrase has no obvious difference with each other. (4) Alkene is the most important compound to human health. Its concentration appears as "one peak" at 15:00, which has obvious difference with other time. Totally, its content at daytime is higher than that at night, and higher in afternoon than in morning.
The research adopts open sampling method and TCT-GC/MS (Thermodesorption Cold Trap-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometery) apparatus to collect and analyze the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) of Platycladus orientalis forest, with the intention of researching the compounds and diurnal variation of VOCs of P. orientalis forest in natural state in Beijing Western Hills in spring. The results are as follows: (1) There are 160 kinds (11 categories) of volatile organic compounds, containing Alkyl Hydrocarbon, Ketone, Alcohol, Acid, Aldehyde, Alkene, Ester, Aromatic hydrocarbon, Ether, Hydroxybenzene and Amide. The content of Alkyl Hydrocarbon, Ketone, Acid and Aldehyde occupy a greater percentage among all compounds. (2) The diurnal variation curve of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) is characterized as "one peak at 11:00(36.44%) and one vale at 3:00(12.76%)". Generally, the concentration at daytime is higher than that of night, and higher in morning than in afternoon, with the maximum at noon. (3) The change of Alkyl Hydrocarbon concentration is greater in the morning and about midday, less in the afternoon and night. The diurnal variation curve of Ketone concentration appears as "three peaks and three vales". 1:00, 5:00—7:00 and 11:00 are peak time, 3:00, 9:00 and 17:00 are vale time. As to Acid, its concentration appears two obvious phases: the higher phase is from 9:00 to 17:00, with the maximum at 11:00, and the lower phase is from 19:00 to 7:00, with the minimum at 5:00. Concerning Aldehyde concentration, 17:00 and 19:00 are the higher phases and also has obvious difference with other time, while the lower phrase has no obvious difference with each other. (4) Alkene is the most important compound to human health. Its concentration appears as "one peak" at 15:00, which has obvious difference with other time. Totally, its content at daytime is higher than that at night, and higher in afternoon than in morning.
2010, 23(3): 467-471.
Abstract:
The growth dynamics of root system and aboveground of the grafted seedlings of different Camellia oleifera cultivars are studied by skeleton method and root scanning. The results of 8-months’ observation on grafted seedlings of 5 C. oleifera cultivars showed that: the growth of aerial parts and root of the C. oleifera seedlings were not entirely in sync, during the time of low temperature from November to February, the root system still in sustained growth though the aerial parts of the 5 cultivars grew slowly. Remarkable differences were existed in root length, root surface area, root volume, root biomass and other indicators after 11-months’ growth. The mean value of total length of root-system was up to 243.3 cm and 143.4 cm for the minimum, the mean value of total root surface area was up to 50.2 cm2 and 31.7 cm2 for the minimum, the mean value of root volume of the C. oleifera seedlings was up to 0.843 cm3 and 0.578 cm3 for the minimum which lived 11 months after grafting. All the root length, root surface area, root volume of the 5 cultivars have remarkable differences.
The growth dynamics of root system and aboveground of the grafted seedlings of different Camellia oleifera cultivars are studied by skeleton method and root scanning. The results of 8-months’ observation on grafted seedlings of 5 C. oleifera cultivars showed that: the growth of aerial parts and root of the C. oleifera seedlings were not entirely in sync, during the time of low temperature from November to February, the root system still in sustained growth though the aerial parts of the 5 cultivars grew slowly. Remarkable differences were existed in root length, root surface area, root volume, root biomass and other indicators after 11-months’ growth. The mean value of total length of root-system was up to 243.3 cm and 143.4 cm for the minimum, the mean value of total root surface area was up to 50.2 cm2 and 31.7 cm2 for the minimum, the mean value of root volume of the C. oleifera seedlings was up to 0.843 cm3 and 0.578 cm3 for the minimum which lived 11 months after grafting. All the root length, root surface area, root volume of the 5 cultivars have remarkable differences.
2010, 23(3): 472-477.
Abstract:
This article reviewed the research status of the plantation density control techniques based on domestic literature, and discussed the technical issues on plantation density control in the arid and semi-arid region. Nowadays, more studies focused on modeling study, but with less mechanism; more on the pure plantation with similar ages and site conditions, rather than mixed forests; and more on the fast-growing timber plantation in South, but less on the plantation in arid and semi-arid regions. It was imperative to study the density control techniques which focused on the water factors, such as the techniques of water production function in the arid and semi-arid regions. The traditional density control techniques aimed to attain the highest production by relating the system density and production. The density control techniques based on water production function set the point of entry with the water factors, complied with the principle of water supporting capacity. The timely density control based on the amount of available water in the plantation ecosystem could ensure the best balance among the economic, ecological and social benefits of forests. It would be also beneficial to avoid from or reduce the problems of soil degradation, soil drying and groundwater decreasing caused by improper afforestation, and more suitable for the density management of plantation in the arid and semi-arid region.
This article reviewed the research status of the plantation density control techniques based on domestic literature, and discussed the technical issues on plantation density control in the arid and semi-arid region. Nowadays, more studies focused on modeling study, but with less mechanism; more on the pure plantation with similar ages and site conditions, rather than mixed forests; and more on the fast-growing timber plantation in South, but less on the plantation in arid and semi-arid regions. It was imperative to study the density control techniques which focused on the water factors, such as the techniques of water production function in the arid and semi-arid regions. The traditional density control techniques aimed to attain the highest production by relating the system density and production. The density control techniques based on water production function set the point of entry with the water factors, complied with the principle of water supporting capacity. The timely density control based on the amount of available water in the plantation ecosystem could ensure the best balance among the economic, ecological and social benefits of forests. It would be also beneficial to avoid from or reduce the problems of soil degradation, soil drying and groundwater decreasing caused by improper afforestation, and more suitable for the density management of plantation in the arid and semi-arid region.
2010, 23(3): 478-480.
Abstract:
Rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) is an important predator of Dendroctonus valens which is an invasive alien pest attacking pine trees in China. It was first introduced into China in 2000 and mass rearing techniques had been developed by the authors since then. This paper dealed with the study on the developmental threshold temperature and the effective accumulated temperature of R. grandis. The result showed that the developmental threshold temperatures of egg, larva and pupae were 3.59±2.92 ℃, 1.96±0.73 ℃ and 9.27±1.19 ℃ respectively, and the effective accumulated temperatures were 98.32±16.26 degree-day, 296.94±12.45 degree-day and 449.67±53.19 degree-day respectively. Therefore, the total effective accumulated temperature from egg to pupa was 844.93 degree-day.
Rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) is an important predator of Dendroctonus valens which is an invasive alien pest attacking pine trees in China. It was first introduced into China in 2000 and mass rearing techniques had been developed by the authors since then. This paper dealed with the study on the developmental threshold temperature and the effective accumulated temperature of R. grandis. The result showed that the developmental threshold temperatures of egg, larva and pupae were 3.59±2.92 ℃, 1.96±0.73 ℃ and 9.27±1.19 ℃ respectively, and the effective accumulated temperatures were 98.32±16.26 degree-day, 296.94±12.45 degree-day and 449.67±53.19 degree-day respectively. Therefore, the total effective accumulated temperature from egg to pupa was 844.93 degree-day.
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