2010 Vol. 23, No. 6
Display Method:
Using Measurement Error Modeling Method to Establish Compatible Single-Tree Biomass Equations System
2010, 23(6): 797-803.
[Abstract]
[PDF 184KB]
Abstract:
A system of equations for total biomass and the components must be compatible or additive, that is, the predicted values from the component biomass equations should add up to the predicted value from the total biomass equation. Based on the above-ground biomass data of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) of southern China, the compatible systems of single-tree biomass equations for total above-ground biomass and the four components (stem wood, stem bark, branch, and foliage) were established using the error-in-variable modeling method in this paper. Firstly, starting from the analysis of properties of the component proportions to total biomass, two alternative approaches, controlling jointly from level to level by ratio functions and controlling directly under total biomass by proportion functions, were presented to design the compatible system of biomass equations based on the above-ground biomass which could be estimated independently apart from the system or estimated simultaneously in the system. It was showed that the approach controlling jointly by ratio functions was same effective as the one controlling directly by proportion functions, and the method that total above-ground biomass being estimated independently had almost the same prediction precision as that being estimated simultaneously. Secondly, the goodness-of-fit between biomass models with one variable and two or three variables were compared, and the results showed that the standard error of estimate (SEE) and mean prediction error (MPE) would decreased with increasing explainable variables, but the contribution to prediction precision was not high. Finally, the properties of the proportions of four components to total above-ground biomass were analyzed, and the results showed that the proportion of stem wood would increased with growing diameter, the proportions of stem bark and foliage would decreased with growing diameter, and the proportion of branches might be relatively stable. From the compatible system of biomass equations established in this paper, the prediction precision of total above-ground biomass estimate was higher than 95%, and the precision of foliage biomass estimate was the lowest but higher than 85%.
A system of equations for total biomass and the components must be compatible or additive, that is, the predicted values from the component biomass equations should add up to the predicted value from the total biomass equation. Based on the above-ground biomass data of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) of southern China, the compatible systems of single-tree biomass equations for total above-ground biomass and the four components (stem wood, stem bark, branch, and foliage) were established using the error-in-variable modeling method in this paper. Firstly, starting from the analysis of properties of the component proportions to total biomass, two alternative approaches, controlling jointly from level to level by ratio functions and controlling directly under total biomass by proportion functions, were presented to design the compatible system of biomass equations based on the above-ground biomass which could be estimated independently apart from the system or estimated simultaneously in the system. It was showed that the approach controlling jointly by ratio functions was same effective as the one controlling directly by proportion functions, and the method that total above-ground biomass being estimated independently had almost the same prediction precision as that being estimated simultaneously. Secondly, the goodness-of-fit between biomass models with one variable and two or three variables were compared, and the results showed that the standard error of estimate (SEE) and mean prediction error (MPE) would decreased with increasing explainable variables, but the contribution to prediction precision was not high. Finally, the properties of the proportions of four components to total above-ground biomass were analyzed, and the results showed that the proportion of stem wood would increased with growing diameter, the proportions of stem bark and foliage would decreased with growing diameter, and the proportion of branches might be relatively stable. From the compatible system of biomass equations established in this paper, the prediction precision of total above-ground biomass estimate was higher than 95%, and the precision of foliage biomass estimate was the lowest but higher than 85%.
2010, 23(6): 804-808.
Abstract:
25-year-old Masson's pine (Pinus massoniana) trials including 46 open-pollinated families located at Hua'an county in Fujian province were used to reveal the variation among families in growth, stem-form qualities and wood basic density, and select superior families suitable for producing pulp wood and building timber, respectively. The results indicated that there existed significant differences among families in growth, stem fullness and wood basic density. The variation was relative larger for growth and stem straightness than the other traits. The coefficients of variation of stem fullness and wood basic density were below 10%. It was found that growth, stem form and wood basic density were under moderate to weak family genetic control, and family heritability ranged from 0.23 to 0.46. Among test traits, the family heritability of wood basic density was the largest which reached 0.46. Genetic correlation suggested that the stem fullness could be concurrently improved by selecting the fast-growing families. However, the wood basic density and stem straightness were not influenced by growth. 24 and 6 superior families were selected for pulpwood and sawn timber, respectively. Both of the mean wood dry matter accumulation and DBH growth were 1.16 times that of the control.
25-year-old Masson's pine (Pinus massoniana) trials including 46 open-pollinated families located at Hua'an county in Fujian province were used to reveal the variation among families in growth, stem-form qualities and wood basic density, and select superior families suitable for producing pulp wood and building timber, respectively. The results indicated that there existed significant differences among families in growth, stem fullness and wood basic density. The variation was relative larger for growth and stem straightness than the other traits. The coefficients of variation of stem fullness and wood basic density were below 10%. It was found that growth, stem form and wood basic density were under moderate to weak family genetic control, and family heritability ranged from 0.23 to 0.46. Among test traits, the family heritability of wood basic density was the largest which reached 0.46. Genetic correlation suggested that the stem fullness could be concurrently improved by selecting the fast-growing families. However, the wood basic density and stem straightness were not influenced by growth. 24 and 6 superior families were selected for pulpwood and sawn timber, respectively. Both of the mean wood dry matter accumulation and DBH growth were 1.16 times that of the control.
2010, 23(6): 809-814.
Abstract:
The 21- to 36-year-old plantations of six precious timber species including Ormosia hosiei, Keteleeria cyclolepis, Bretschneidera sinensis, Phoebe bournei, Machilus pauhoi, and Paramecia lotungensis, which locate in Longquan and Qingyuan of Zhejiang province were selected to study the variation in growth, stem form and wood basic density. Of the six tested species, O.hosiei exhibits larger height and DBH increment, longer fast-growing period in diameter, medium wood basic density and smaller radial variation, and its annual ring width varies from 0.8 1.2 cm, whereas the heartwood proportion by ring width and area being 60.57% and 37.47% respectively. Considering the stem forking characteristic of O.hosiei, timely pruning and wiping away the buds, and appropriate fertilizing at two years after planting are necessary to produce high grade trunk wood with better stem straightness and higher heartwood proportion. The other five species exhibited less stem forking and more straight stem. Ph. bournei is famous for its excellent wood quality with medium wood density, strong growth potential, stable annual increment and narrower crown, indicating that it is more suitable for cultivating as long-period and big-diameter timber, although its growth rate is relatively slow. B.sinensis is more suitable for cultivating as good technological wood, as it exhibits medium growth rate, lower density but smaller radial variation; P.lotungensis is also an excellent precious timber specie with higher wood density and radial uniformity, though its growth rate is medium. K.cyclolepis is a coniferous tree, with fast growth rate in early period and slow rate in late, and its wood density is medium. It is proposed that the fast growing period could be prolonged and radial uniformity of wood density be improved through the enhanced cultivation management. M.pauhoi exhibits medium growth rate, lower density and wood mucous, indicating that it is unsuitable for cultivating as precious timber trees.
The 21- to 36-year-old plantations of six precious timber species including Ormosia hosiei, Keteleeria cyclolepis, Bretschneidera sinensis, Phoebe bournei, Machilus pauhoi, and Paramecia lotungensis, which locate in Longquan and Qingyuan of Zhejiang province were selected to study the variation in growth, stem form and wood basic density. Of the six tested species, O.hosiei exhibits larger height and DBH increment, longer fast-growing period in diameter, medium wood basic density and smaller radial variation, and its annual ring width varies from 0.8 1.2 cm, whereas the heartwood proportion by ring width and area being 60.57% and 37.47% respectively. Considering the stem forking characteristic of O.hosiei, timely pruning and wiping away the buds, and appropriate fertilizing at two years after planting are necessary to produce high grade trunk wood with better stem straightness and higher heartwood proportion. The other five species exhibited less stem forking and more straight stem. Ph. bournei is famous for its excellent wood quality with medium wood density, strong growth potential, stable annual increment and narrower crown, indicating that it is more suitable for cultivating as long-period and big-diameter timber, although its growth rate is relatively slow. B.sinensis is more suitable for cultivating as good technological wood, as it exhibits medium growth rate, lower density but smaller radial variation; P.lotungensis is also an excellent precious timber specie with higher wood density and radial uniformity, though its growth rate is medium. K.cyclolepis is a coniferous tree, with fast growth rate in early period and slow rate in late, and its wood density is medium. It is proposed that the fast growing period could be prolonged and radial uniformity of wood density be improved through the enhanced cultivation management. M.pauhoi exhibits medium growth rate, lower density and wood mucous, indicating that it is unsuitable for cultivating as precious timber trees.
2010, 23(6): 815-822.
Abstract:
A comprehensive evaluation and feedback system on forest tenure reform in China's collective-owned forestry regions are developed. The forest resource change in Shaowu County of Fujian Province before and after forest tenure reform is analyzed based on GPS, RS and GIS techniques. And also, the social-economic development change, forest tenure reform evaluation and policy desire from forestry farmers in the county are surveyed using a large-scale inquiry and simple random sampling. A principal component analysis model is developed and the effects of forest tenure reform on forestry farmer's family income are investigated.
A comprehensive evaluation and feedback system on forest tenure reform in China's collective-owned forestry regions are developed. The forest resource change in Shaowu County of Fujian Province before and after forest tenure reform is analyzed based on GPS, RS and GIS techniques. And also, the social-economic development change, forest tenure reform evaluation and policy desire from forestry farmers in the county are surveyed using a large-scale inquiry and simple random sampling. A principal component analysis model is developed and the effects of forest tenure reform on forestry farmer's family income are investigated.
2010, 23(6): 823-827.
Abstract:
Universal primers were used to amply wsp gene from Metaphycus ericeri DNA by PCR, and the product was used as templates for the following nested PCR amplification using the specific primers for A and B groups of Wolbachia. The results showed that, M.ericeri was infected by both A and B group of Wolbachia. The sequences were named as wMeeriA, wMeeriB and wMeeri, and the length were 554, 439 and 599 bp, respectively. Wolbachia in M.ericeri were classified as A-Wolbachia and Con group of B-Wolbachia by phylogenetic analysis of wsp genes. Sequences obtained from this study have been submitted to GenBank and the accession numbers assigned were HQ161162, HQ161163 and HQ161164.
Universal primers were used to amply wsp gene from Metaphycus ericeri DNA by PCR, and the product was used as templates for the following nested PCR amplification using the specific primers for A and B groups of Wolbachia. The results showed that, M.ericeri was infected by both A and B group of Wolbachia. The sequences were named as wMeeriA, wMeeriB and wMeeri, and the length were 554, 439 and 599 bp, respectively. Wolbachia in M.ericeri were classified as A-Wolbachia and Con group of B-Wolbachia by phylogenetic analysis of wsp genes. Sequences obtained from this study have been submitted to GenBank and the accession numbers assigned were HQ161162, HQ161163 and HQ161164.
2010, 23(6): 828-832.
Abstract:
Natural regeneration is important on forest management and it's reflecting the trend of forest development. The quadrat method is used to study the natural regeneration density and species diversity of seedling trees under five different shrub forest transformation models on Xiaolongshan, the result show that natural regenerations under the five shrub forest transformation models are good, the number of seedling with the height class lower than 50 cm is relative less and the preserving rate of seedling with height class greater than 50 cm is higher; the dominant regeneration species is Quercus aliena for all of the five shrub forest transformation models. The natural regeneration tree species abundance of transformed Larix kaempferi stand with overall shrub cutting (Model 3) is the highest and that of transformed Pinus tabulaeformis stand with overall shrub cutting (Model 2) is the lowest; the tree species diversities of the transform models with zonal shrub cutting (Model 4 and Model 5) and transformed Pinus armandii stand with overall shrub cutting (Model 1) are higher, the distribution of tree species in stand was uniform and the concentration tendency was lower. The natural regeneration ability of Pinus armandii is stronger than that of Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix kaempferi and the transform model with zonal shrub cutting is beneficial to Pinus armandii's natural regeneration.
Natural regeneration is important on forest management and it's reflecting the trend of forest development. The quadrat method is used to study the natural regeneration density and species diversity of seedling trees under five different shrub forest transformation models on Xiaolongshan, the result show that natural regenerations under the five shrub forest transformation models are good, the number of seedling with the height class lower than 50 cm is relative less and the preserving rate of seedling with height class greater than 50 cm is higher; the dominant regeneration species is Quercus aliena for all of the five shrub forest transformation models. The natural regeneration tree species abundance of transformed Larix kaempferi stand with overall shrub cutting (Model 3) is the highest and that of transformed Pinus tabulaeformis stand with overall shrub cutting (Model 2) is the lowest; the tree species diversities of the transform models with zonal shrub cutting (Model 4 and Model 5) and transformed Pinus armandii stand with overall shrub cutting (Model 1) are higher, the distribution of tree species in stand was uniform and the concentration tendency was lower. The natural regeneration ability of Pinus armandii is stronger than that of Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix kaempferi and the transform model with zonal shrub cutting is beneficial to Pinus armandii's natural regeneration.
2010, 23(6): 833-838.
Abstract:
The changes of endogenous hormones in the new leaves of Cattleya during the flower-bud differentiation phase with 3 temperature treatments were determined by ELISA. The results indicated that:(1) The flower-bud differentiation was significantly accelerated under the treatment of 25 ℃/20 ℃, which was normal under treatment of 30 ℃/25 ℃ and inhibited under treatment of 35 ℃/30 ℃;(2) The contents of GA3, ZR, and ABA were promoted while IAA was inhibited under the treatments of 25 ℃/20 ℃ and 30 ℃/25 ℃. It was opposite under the treatment of 35 ℃/30 ℃. The low contents of GA3, ZR, ABA and high content of IAA were not good for flower-bud differentiation;(3) The rates of GA3/IAA and GA3/ZR kept stable under the treatment of 35 ℃/30 ℃ which was not good for flower-bud differentiation. Lower rates of IAA/ZR and IAA/ABA was required to keep the flower-bud differentiation continuing.
The changes of endogenous hormones in the new leaves of Cattleya during the flower-bud differentiation phase with 3 temperature treatments were determined by ELISA. The results indicated that:(1) The flower-bud differentiation was significantly accelerated under the treatment of 25 ℃/20 ℃, which was normal under treatment of 30 ℃/25 ℃ and inhibited under treatment of 35 ℃/30 ℃;(2) The contents of GA3, ZR, and ABA were promoted while IAA was inhibited under the treatments of 25 ℃/20 ℃ and 30 ℃/25 ℃. It was opposite under the treatment of 35 ℃/30 ℃. The low contents of GA3, ZR, ABA and high content of IAA were not good for flower-bud differentiation;(3) The rates of GA3/IAA and GA3/ZR kept stable under the treatment of 35 ℃/30 ℃ which was not good for flower-bud differentiation. Lower rates of IAA/ZR and IAA/ABA was required to keep the flower-bud differentiation continuing.
2010, 23(6): 839-845.
Abstract:
ANOVA was used to analyze the 6 year's and 11 years' growth data of the Pinus massoniana (pine) plantation mixed with Castanopsis hystrix, Michelia macclurei, Mytilaria laosensis or Cuninghamia lancelata respectively. The result showed that:(1)The differences of tree height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) of mixed pine plantation were not significant among treatments at the age of 6, and the mean H and DBH were respectively 4.6—4.9 m and 6.0—7.4 cm, of which the growth was very poor in mixed stand with Mytilaria laosensis and the differences of DBH and accumulated stock of mixed pine plantation were significant at 11-year-old stands, among which the pure pine stand (the controlled treatment) with 12.6 cm in DBH and 121.05 m3·hm-2 in accumulated stock is the best for tree growth, however, the pine stand mixed with Mytilaria laosensis is the worst with 8.7 cm in DBH and 43.18 m3·hm-2 in accumulated stock.(2)At the age of 11, the mean H for 4 different species in relevant mixed stands respectively were 14.3 m for Mytilaria laosensis, 10.2 m for Castanopsis hystrix, 9.9 m for Michelia macclurei, 9.1 m for Cuninghamia lancelata and 8.1 m for Pine. The pine trees in stand mixed with. Mytilaria laosensis and the Castanopsis hystrix trees in pine-Castanopsis hystrix mixed stand mixed should be thinned to a suitable density. (3)Two mixed stands with composition of P.massoniana×Castanopsis hystrix, and P.massoniana×Michelia macclurei are suitable to grow valuable big diameter timber for broadleaf species, and Mytilaria laosensis is recommended to plant as pure plantation with the best initiative density of 1 000—1 600 trees hm-2.
ANOVA was used to analyze the 6 year's and 11 years' growth data of the Pinus massoniana (pine) plantation mixed with Castanopsis hystrix, Michelia macclurei, Mytilaria laosensis or Cuninghamia lancelata respectively. The result showed that:(1)The differences of tree height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) of mixed pine plantation were not significant among treatments at the age of 6, and the mean H and DBH were respectively 4.6—4.9 m and 6.0—7.4 cm, of which the growth was very poor in mixed stand with Mytilaria laosensis and the differences of DBH and accumulated stock of mixed pine plantation were significant at 11-year-old stands, among which the pure pine stand (the controlled treatment) with 12.6 cm in DBH and 121.05 m3·hm-2 in accumulated stock is the best for tree growth, however, the pine stand mixed with Mytilaria laosensis is the worst with 8.7 cm in DBH and 43.18 m3·hm-2 in accumulated stock.(2)At the age of 11, the mean H for 4 different species in relevant mixed stands respectively were 14.3 m for Mytilaria laosensis, 10.2 m for Castanopsis hystrix, 9.9 m for Michelia macclurei, 9.1 m for Cuninghamia lancelata and 8.1 m for Pine. The pine trees in stand mixed with. Mytilaria laosensis and the Castanopsis hystrix trees in pine-Castanopsis hystrix mixed stand mixed should be thinned to a suitable density. (3)Two mixed stands with composition of P.massoniana×Castanopsis hystrix, and P.massoniana×Michelia macclurei are suitable to grow valuable big diameter timber for broadleaf species, and Mytilaria laosensis is recommended to plant as pure plantation with the best initiative density of 1 000—1 600 trees hm-2.
2010, 23(6): 845-849.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the effects of community succession on soil organic carbon (SOC) in north subtropical areas. The results showed that: (1) In the succession of evergreen broad-leaved forest, the SOC content decreased and gradually kept a constant level with the increasing of soil depths; the SOC content increased continuously during the secondary forest succession; On the soil profiles, the increasing degree of SOC showed fluctuation; the SOC content of two different succession courses raised by 56.30% (P＜0.05). (2) The changing trend of SOC storage was almost the same as that of SOC content: on the whole, it decreased with soil depth, and appeared fluctuation in 60—70 cm; the SOC storage also increased in the community succession. On the soil profiles, the increasing degree of SOC storage showed fluctuation; the SOC storage in 0—80 cm soil layer raised by 56.01%. (3) As a whole, the SOC storage in this region was relatively low, with a mean value of 79.13 t·hm-2, and the percentage of SOC storage in 0—40 cm soil layer was higher than that of the other forest areas, which was more than 70%. (4) In two restoration stages, the SOC content had a significant correlation with total nitrogen and available N, P, K, Ca and Mg, so it is necessary to enhance the protection of forests in north subtropical areas, which would be beneficial for the forest succession and enhance the C sequestration of forest ecosystems.
This paper deals with the effects of community succession on soil organic carbon (SOC) in north subtropical areas. The results showed that: (1) In the succession of evergreen broad-leaved forest, the SOC content decreased and gradually kept a constant level with the increasing of soil depths; the SOC content increased continuously during the secondary forest succession; On the soil profiles, the increasing degree of SOC showed fluctuation; the SOC content of two different succession courses raised by 56.30% (P＜0.05). (2) The changing trend of SOC storage was almost the same as that of SOC content: on the whole, it decreased with soil depth, and appeared fluctuation in 60—70 cm; the SOC storage also increased in the community succession. On the soil profiles, the increasing degree of SOC storage showed fluctuation; the SOC storage in 0—80 cm soil layer raised by 56.01%. (3) As a whole, the SOC storage in this region was relatively low, with a mean value of 79.13 t·hm-2, and the percentage of SOC storage in 0—40 cm soil layer was higher than that of the other forest areas, which was more than 70%. (4) In two restoration stages, the SOC content had a significant correlation with total nitrogen and available N, P, K, Ca and Mg, so it is necessary to enhance the protection of forests in north subtropical areas, which would be beneficial for the forest succession and enhance the C sequestration of forest ecosystems.
2010, 23(6): 850-855.
Abstract:
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)was used to analyze the genetic diversity of 2 diferent populations of Qiongzhuea tumidnoda.Ten primer pairs with higher polymorphic were selected from EcoRI／MseI primers, Total of 680 loci of the Qiongzhuea tumidnoda genome were examined for molecular variation and 662 loci were polymorphic(97.20%). PopGen32 data processing software gave out that the rate of polymorphism were 89.86% and 91.95%; the number of alleles were 1.898 6 and 1.919 5; the effective number of alleles were 1.585 0 and 1.568 3; the average genetic identities within 6 populations was 0.332 1; the average genetic identities within the 2 populations was 0.394 9; Shannon information index was 0.575 4.The genetic differentiation coefficient among the 2 populations was 0.148 8.The gene flow among the 2 populations was 2.861 0.The average genetic identity was 0.821 9 and the average genetic distance was 0.196 1.The 2 populations were divided according to the UPGMA cluster analysis.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)was used to analyze the genetic diversity of 2 diferent populations of Qiongzhuea tumidnoda.Ten primer pairs with higher polymorphic were selected from EcoRI／MseI primers, Total of 680 loci of the Qiongzhuea tumidnoda genome were examined for molecular variation and 662 loci were polymorphic(97.20%). PopGen32 data processing software gave out that the rate of polymorphism were 89.86% and 91.95%; the number of alleles were 1.898 6 and 1.919 5; the effective number of alleles were 1.585 0 and 1.568 3; the average genetic identities within 6 populations was 0.332 1; the average genetic identities within the 2 populations was 0.394 9; Shannon information index was 0.575 4.The genetic differentiation coefficient among the 2 populations was 0.148 8.The gene flow among the 2 populations was 2.861 0.The average genetic identity was 0.821 9 and the average genetic distance was 0.196 1.The 2 populations were divided according to the UPGMA cluster analysis.
2010, 23(6): 856-861.
Abstract:
The contents of tannin and gallic acid of 14 Chinese gallnut samples from different producing areas were determined by hide powder method and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The results showed that the tannin contents ranged from 61.59% to 68.30% and the mean content was 64.49%. Gallic acid content ranged from 70.35% to 77.61% and the mean content was 73.92%. The wall thickness of galls ranged from 1.55 to 2.01 mm, and density ranged from 0.16 to 0.33 g·mL-1. Correlation analysis indicated that the tannin contents had a positive significant correlation with the gallic acid contents, but the tannin and gallic acid contents had no significant correlations with the wall thickness and density, respectively. Meanwhile, both of the tannin and gallic acid content had a negative significant correlation with mean month temperatures of April to August and had no significant correlations with the relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration respectively. It is suggested that temperature was an important factor affecting the quality of Chinese gallnut. The cluster analysis showed that 14 Chinese gallnut samples could be divided into 3 quality groups which stood for excellent, moderate and common categories.
The contents of tannin and gallic acid of 14 Chinese gallnut samples from different producing areas were determined by hide powder method and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The results showed that the tannin contents ranged from 61.59% to 68.30% and the mean content was 64.49%. Gallic acid content ranged from 70.35% to 77.61% and the mean content was 73.92%. The wall thickness of galls ranged from 1.55 to 2.01 mm, and density ranged from 0.16 to 0.33 g·mL-1. Correlation analysis indicated that the tannin contents had a positive significant correlation with the gallic acid contents, but the tannin and gallic acid contents had no significant correlations with the wall thickness and density, respectively. Meanwhile, both of the tannin and gallic acid content had a negative significant correlation with mean month temperatures of April to August and had no significant correlations with the relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration respectively. It is suggested that temperature was an important factor affecting the quality of Chinese gallnut. The cluster analysis showed that 14 Chinese gallnut samples could be divided into 3 quality groups which stood for excellent, moderate and common categories.
2010, 23(6): 862-865.
Abstract:
The cold resistance of four Magnoliaceae species in Guizhou Province was studied by means of comparing the related physiological indices including TL50, MDA content and SOD activity under cold stress caused by gradient of low-temperature treatment in order to provide theoretical reference for the landscaping application of these native species. The results showed that the TL50 of each species was different, the lowest TL50 was -17.07 ℃ with Parakmeria lotungensis, while the highest TL50 was -6.38 ℃ with Tsoongiodron odorum. The first MDA peak value of each species all appeared above the TL50, and that of Tsoongiodron odorum appeared at the relatively highest temperature, whereas the first MDA peak value of Parakmeria lotungensis occurred at the relatively lowest temperature. The SOD activity of Tsoongiodron odorum substantially increased at the temperature between 5 ℃ and 4 ℃, but then decreased gradually after the temperature was lower than -4 ℃; The SOD activity of the rest three tree species changed less with the temperature variation. The cold resistance of the four species was ranked in the order as Parakmeria lotungensis＞Michelia chapensis＞Michelia crassipes＞Tsoongiodron odorum in the light of above indices.
The cold resistance of four Magnoliaceae species in Guizhou Province was studied by means of comparing the related physiological indices including TL50, MDA content and SOD activity under cold stress caused by gradient of low-temperature treatment in order to provide theoretical reference for the landscaping application of these native species. The results showed that the TL50 of each species was different, the lowest TL50 was -17.07 ℃ with Parakmeria lotungensis, while the highest TL50 was -6.38 ℃ with Tsoongiodron odorum. The first MDA peak value of each species all appeared above the TL50, and that of Tsoongiodron odorum appeared at the relatively highest temperature, whereas the first MDA peak value of Parakmeria lotungensis occurred at the relatively lowest temperature. The SOD activity of Tsoongiodron odorum substantially increased at the temperature between 5 ℃ and 4 ℃, but then decreased gradually after the temperature was lower than -4 ℃; The SOD activity of the rest three tree species changed less with the temperature variation. The cold resistance of the four species was ranked in the order as Parakmeria lotungensis＞Michelia chapensis＞Michelia crassipes＞Tsoongiodron odorum in the light of above indices.
2010, 23(6): 866-871.
Abstract:
The distribution of biological soil crust under Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us Sandy land is studied by means of line transect sampling, and the pattern of biological soil crust and its driving factors are analyzed. The results show that the thickness of biological soil crust under Artemisia ordosica is uneven. The maximum thickness, 0.84 cm, occurs at the position of 20 cm from the basal root. Outward from the position, the thickness of biological soil crust reduces in ring by a rate of 0.07cm every 10 cm. The radius of biological soil crust is longer southeastward than that in the other three directions, while that northwestward is shorter. The biological soil crust is the thickest southeastward and thinnest northwestward. The analysis shows a significant correlation between the distribution of litterfall and biological soil crusts under Artemisia ordosica, suggesting litterfall is an important factor to accelerate the development of biological soil crust. The pattern of litterfall is controlled by the local wind regime and the canopy shape of Artemisia ordosica.
The distribution of biological soil crust under Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us Sandy land is studied by means of line transect sampling, and the pattern of biological soil crust and its driving factors are analyzed. The results show that the thickness of biological soil crust under Artemisia ordosica is uneven. The maximum thickness, 0.84 cm, occurs at the position of 20 cm from the basal root. Outward from the position, the thickness of biological soil crust reduces in ring by a rate of 0.07cm every 10 cm. The radius of biological soil crust is longer southeastward than that in the other three directions, while that northwestward is shorter. The biological soil crust is the thickest southeastward and thinnest northwestward. The analysis shows a significant correlation between the distribution of litterfall and biological soil crusts under Artemisia ordosica, suggesting litterfall is an important factor to accelerate the development of biological soil crust. The pattern of litterfall is controlled by the local wind regime and the canopy shape of Artemisia ordosica.
2010, 23(6): 872-876.
Abstract:
In order to study the effects of different disturbance degree on the plant characteristic values and species diversity, quadrat method was used to investigate plant growth during the growing season (Jun. and Aug. ) from 2007 to 2009 in three sample plots with different disturbance degree in the fencing area of Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The result shows that the plant characteristic values in the external fencing area with light disturbance are high but the community species diversity is relatively low, whereas in the non-fencing area with the highest disturbance degree, the species diversity is high and plant characteristic values are low. In the core zone of the fencing area with no disturbance, the species diversity is high and the plant characteristic values are between the other two areas, but the species diversity in this community is gradually decreased with prolonging the enclosure time.
In order to study the effects of different disturbance degree on the plant characteristic values and species diversity, quadrat method was used to investigate plant growth during the growing season (Jun. and Aug. ) from 2007 to 2009 in three sample plots with different disturbance degree in the fencing area of Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The result shows that the plant characteristic values in the external fencing area with light disturbance are high but the community species diversity is relatively low, whereas in the non-fencing area with the highest disturbance degree, the species diversity is high and plant characteristic values are low. In the core zone of the fencing area with no disturbance, the species diversity is high and the plant characteristic values are between the other two areas, but the species diversity in this community is gradually decreased with prolonging the enclosure time.
2010, 23(6): 877-882.
Abstract:
The embryogenesis ratios and the chromosome numbers during subculture among sixteen embryogenic cell lines derived from immature zygote of Larix spp. were compared. The results showed a negative correlation between the ability of somatic embryogenesis and the times of subculture, with embryogenesis ratios of 335.6 per gram in the 7th and 268.2 per gram in the 22nd subculture time; and a positive correlation between the embryogenesis ratios and the genetic stability, with chromosome variation ratio of 5.4% in the 7th and 40.0% in the 22nd subculture time. The ability and highly quality of somatic embryogenesis were different among cell lines, however, the most efficient embryogenic cell lines contain the most stability chromosome numbers, with embryogenesis ratio of 416.1 per gram and chromosome variation ratio of 0% in the cell line a214 after subculturing for 25times.
The embryogenesis ratios and the chromosome numbers during subculture among sixteen embryogenic cell lines derived from immature zygote of Larix spp. were compared. The results showed a negative correlation between the ability of somatic embryogenesis and the times of subculture, with embryogenesis ratios of 335.6 per gram in the 7th and 268.2 per gram in the 22nd subculture time; and a positive correlation between the embryogenesis ratios and the genetic stability, with chromosome variation ratio of 5.4% in the 7th and 40.0% in the 22nd subculture time. The ability and highly quality of somatic embryogenesis were different among cell lines, however, the most efficient embryogenic cell lines contain the most stability chromosome numbers, with embryogenesis ratio of 416.1 per gram and chromosome variation ratio of 0% in the cell line a214 after subculturing for 25times.
2010, 23(6): 883-888.
Abstract:
The seedling growth, root architecture, root-penetrating of Magnolia denudata Desr. planted in root-pruning bags for three years were compared to that grown in field by root investigation. The result showed: There was no difference in seedlings growth between M. denudata grown in field and planted in root-pruning bags, while the result of root architecture showed difference, the absorption root (root tips diameter ranged from 0—2 mm) and leading root tips (root tips diameter ranged from 0 mm to 2 mm, 2 mm to 5 mm of M.denudata grown in root-pruning bags had more root tips, root surface area, and root volume. M. denudata planted in root-pruning bags have larger root surface area and root volume which was from the containers' wall of 0—14 cm in horizontal direction and from the top of 21—33 cm in vertical direction, while the amount of root tips is 71.5% of all the root tips. The root-pruning bags used for three years have been worn out so that some roots penetrated the wall of bags.The roots penetrating the bags were that with the diameters below 1 mm and more than 10 mm.
The seedling growth, root architecture, root-penetrating of Magnolia denudata Desr. planted in root-pruning bags for three years were compared to that grown in field by root investigation. The result showed: There was no difference in seedlings growth between M. denudata grown in field and planted in root-pruning bags, while the result of root architecture showed difference, the absorption root (root tips diameter ranged from 0—2 mm) and leading root tips (root tips diameter ranged from 0 mm to 2 mm, 2 mm to 5 mm of M.denudata grown in root-pruning bags had more root tips, root surface area, and root volume. M. denudata planted in root-pruning bags have larger root surface area and root volume which was from the containers' wall of 0—14 cm in horizontal direction and from the top of 21—33 cm in vertical direction, while the amount of root tips is 71.5% of all the root tips. The root-pruning bags used for three years have been worn out so that some roots penetrated the wall of bags.The roots penetrating the bags were that with the diameters below 1 mm and more than 10 mm.
2010, 23(6): 889-894.
Abstract:
The soil enzyme activities of different soil layers at different seasons in pure and mixed stands of Robinia pseudoacacia and Ailanthus altissima were studied. The results indicated that there were differences among different stands on soil enzyme activities at different season and soil layers, it's also shown that the distributions of the soil enzyme activities in different soil layers had some regularity, totally, the soil enzyme activities decreased gradually with the soil layer depth decreasing. Also, the tree growth and the soil enzyme activity of mixed stand were all better than that of the pure stands.
The soil enzyme activities of different soil layers at different seasons in pure and mixed stands of Robinia pseudoacacia and Ailanthus altissima were studied. The results indicated that there were differences among different stands on soil enzyme activities at different season and soil layers, it's also shown that the distributions of the soil enzyme activities in different soil layers had some regularity, totally, the soil enzyme activities decreased gradually with the soil layer depth decreasing. Also, the tree growth and the soil enzyme activity of mixed stand were all better than that of the pure stands.
2010, 23(6): 895-904.
Abstract:
Conifer bark beetles are able not only to recognize, but also to avoid non-host habitats, non-host species and unsuitable hosts by semiochemicals. Green leaf volatiles (GLV), especially C6-alcohols from the leaves and C8-alcohols from bark of non-host angiosperm trees may represent non-host odor signals, and play important roles in the host searching process of conifer-inhabiting bark beetle. The study bases of GLV and avoidance of non-host volatiles, the factors affecting tree volatile emissions, collection, analysis and bioassay methods of non-host volatiles, ecological and evolutionary significance of non-host volatiles were summarized. The bark beetle searching for suitable host was not the result of a single factor but multiple signals. Non-host volatiles could be used in the management of conifer-inhabiting bark beetle.
Conifer bark beetles are able not only to recognize, but also to avoid non-host habitats, non-host species and unsuitable hosts by semiochemicals. Green leaf volatiles (GLV), especially C6-alcohols from the leaves and C8-alcohols from bark of non-host angiosperm trees may represent non-host odor signals, and play important roles in the host searching process of conifer-inhabiting bark beetle. The study bases of GLV and avoidance of non-host volatiles, the factors affecting tree volatile emissions, collection, analysis and bioassay methods of non-host volatiles, ecological and evolutionary significance of non-host volatiles were summarized. The bark beetle searching for suitable host was not the result of a single factor but multiple signals. Non-host volatiles could be used in the management of conifer-inhabiting bark beetle.
2010, 23(6): 905-909.
Abstract:
The morphology of mature male cones was observed and the impact of climate was studied. The collecting days of mature pollen at Chun'an County, Zhejiang Province, was during the 3-5-days period from the end of Mach to the beginning of April in normal temperature years, which would be 3-5 days later in low temperature years and 3-5 days earlier in high temperature years. The male cones at lower elevation blossom 6-8 days earlier than those at the elevation of 120-550 m. Therefore, it is practical to prolong reasonably the collecting period of pollen.
The morphology of mature male cones was observed and the impact of climate was studied. The collecting days of mature pollen at Chun'an County, Zhejiang Province, was during the 3-5-days period from the end of Mach to the beginning of April in normal temperature years, which would be 3-5 days later in low temperature years and 3-5 days earlier in high temperature years. The male cones at lower elevation blossom 6-8 days earlier than those at the elevation of 120-550 m. Therefore, it is practical to prolong reasonably the collecting period of pollen.
2010, 23(6): 910-913.
Abstract:
Effects of substrates, type of auxin, treatment concentration and time on rooting ability of Acacia mangium were systematically studied, and the change trend of rooting ability over time were analyzed. The results obtained from the experiment indicated that the substrate of yellow subsoil could improve the rooting rate of the cuttings significantly. IBA was superior to other auxins in increase the number of mean roots and the longest root length. And general rooting effect for different treatments was evaluated based on subordinate function values analysis. The optimized combinations were the cutting treated by IBA 400 mg·L-1 soaked for 2 hours. Callus were occurred in 5 d after cutting, and higher rooting period occurred in 10—15 d and 25—30 d after cutting.
Effects of substrates, type of auxin, treatment concentration and time on rooting ability of Acacia mangium were systematically studied, and the change trend of rooting ability over time were analyzed. The results obtained from the experiment indicated that the substrate of yellow subsoil could improve the rooting rate of the cuttings significantly. IBA was superior to other auxins in increase the number of mean roots and the longest root length. And general rooting effect for different treatments was evaluated based on subordinate function values analysis. The optimized combinations were the cutting treated by IBA 400 mg·L-1 soaked for 2 hours. Callus were occurred in 5 d after cutting, and higher rooting period occurred in 10—15 d and 25—30 d after cutting.
2010, 23(6): 914-919.
Abstract:
The rapid propagation technology of Dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus was studied by investigating the effects of some factors such as selection of explant, phytohormone, culture method etc. The results show that: The best month for explant collection of D. minor var. amoenus is May and June. The best position for explant collection is middle-upper part knot of semi-lignification branch. The clump shoot could be induced in medium with 3/4MS+BA 4 mg·L-1+KT 1 mg·L-1+CW 100 mL·L-1. The optimal medium for subculture of D. minor var. amoenus is 3/4MS+BA 2 mg·L-1+KT 1 mg·L-1+CW 100 mL·L-1. Liquid medium is beneficial for improving growth condition and proliferation rate of clump shoot. The medium 1/5MS+IBA 8 mg·L-1+ NAA 4.5 mg·L-1 + KT 0.1mg·L-1 is a relative suitable rooting medium for D. minor var. amoenus, with the rooting method of synchronized treatment first and then rooting. The survival rate of seedlings could be higher than 90% in substrate of fine river sand∶peat soil=3∶ 1.
The rapid propagation technology of Dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus was studied by investigating the effects of some factors such as selection of explant, phytohormone, culture method etc. The results show that: The best month for explant collection of D. minor var. amoenus is May and June. The best position for explant collection is middle-upper part knot of semi-lignification branch. The clump shoot could be induced in medium with 3/4MS+BA 4 mg·L-1+KT 1 mg·L-1+CW 100 mL·L-1. The optimal medium for subculture of D. minor var. amoenus is 3/4MS+BA 2 mg·L-1+KT 1 mg·L-1+CW 100 mL·L-1. Liquid medium is beneficial for improving growth condition and proliferation rate of clump shoot. The medium 1/5MS+IBA 8 mg·L-1+ NAA 4.5 mg·L-1 + KT 0.1mg·L-1 is a relative suitable rooting medium for D. minor var. amoenus, with the rooting method of synchronized treatment first and then rooting. The survival rate of seedlings could be higher than 90% in substrate of fine river sand∶peat soil=3∶ 1.
2010, 23(6): 920-923.
Abstract:
Differences in drought tolerance were studied among three strains of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clones (one-year-old micropropagated K2, K3 clones and a common diploid clone CK) under simulated natural drought conditions. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design. The following physiological variables were examined, biomass and allocation, photosynthetic characteristics, i.e. net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEI), and long-term water use efficiency (WUEL). Results showed that the K2 and K3 had greater biomass, with the K3 displaying favorable ratio of root biomass to shoot and leaf biomass. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) declined along with Gs, Ci and the ratio intercellular/ambient (Ci/Ca), under increasing drought stress. The decline in photosynthesis was mainly due to stomatal limitation. The K2 and K3 showed higher WUE and Pn than the CK. There were significant differences of drought level on WUEL, and the WUEL of K2 and K3 was greater than that of CK. Evaluation based overall physiological characteristics indicates the K2 and K3 are more drought tolerant, which are well adapted to the drought-stricken area of Northwest China.
Differences in drought tolerance were studied among three strains of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clones (one-year-old micropropagated K2, K3 clones and a common diploid clone CK) under simulated natural drought conditions. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design. The following physiological variables were examined, biomass and allocation, photosynthetic characteristics, i.e. net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEI), and long-term water use efficiency (WUEL). Results showed that the K2 and K3 had greater biomass, with the K3 displaying favorable ratio of root biomass to shoot and leaf biomass. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) declined along with Gs, Ci and the ratio intercellular/ambient (Ci/Ca), under increasing drought stress. The decline in photosynthesis was mainly due to stomatal limitation. The K2 and K3 showed higher WUE and Pn than the CK. There were significant differences of drought level on WUEL, and the WUEL of K2 and K3 was greater than that of CK. Evaluation based overall physiological characteristics indicates the K2 and K3 are more drought tolerant, which are well adapted to the drought-stricken area of Northwest China.
2010, 23(6): 924-927.
Abstract:
The effects of pot host (Kuhnia rosmarinifolia) configuration on the growth of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) seedlings were studied by container culture experiment using split plot design. ANOVA results showed that the configuration time of pot host affected the height (pp=0.038), biomass (p=0.039) as well as haustoria amount (p=0.016) of S. album seedlings significantly after 5 months’ growth, while statistically differences were not found for the quality index (p=0.120). The amount of K. rosmarinifolia as well as the interaction between amount and configuration time did not show significant differences on the above indices. Earlier configuration of the pot host was good for the growth of S. album, and it was the best when disposing the pot host in the same time with the transplantation of S. album seedlings from seed bed to containers. In consideration of nursery practices, the ideal pot host amount was 2 or 3, under such a configuration model, the growth of S. album seedlings achieved the best performance for most indices, including an average height of 29.43 cm, an average ground diameter of 0.41cm, an average biomass of 3.06 g, an average haustoria number of 151, and an average quality index of 0.402 after 5 months growth.
The effects of pot host (Kuhnia rosmarinifolia) configuration on the growth of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) seedlings were studied by container culture experiment using split plot design. ANOVA results showed that the configuration time of pot host affected the height (pp=0.038), biomass (p=0.039) as well as haustoria amount (p=0.016) of S. album seedlings significantly after 5 months’ growth, while statistically differences were not found for the quality index (p=0.120). The amount of K. rosmarinifolia as well as the interaction between amount and configuration time did not show significant differences on the above indices. Earlier configuration of the pot host was good for the growth of S. album, and it was the best when disposing the pot host in the same time with the transplantation of S. album seedlings from seed bed to containers. In consideration of nursery practices, the ideal pot host amount was 2 or 3, under such a configuration model, the growth of S. album seedlings achieved the best performance for most indices, including an average height of 29.43 cm, an average ground diameter of 0.41cm, an average biomass of 3.06 g, an average haustoria number of 151, and an average quality index of 0.402 after 5 months growth.
Subvmission Guidelines
Peer Review
Reviewer Online
Office Work
Email alert
RSS