2014 Vol. 27, No. 2
Display Method:
2014, 27(2): 133-141.
[Abstract]
[PDF 944KB]
Abstract:
The vegetation carrying capacity is mainly determined by soil moisture condition is an important basis for the reasonable forest managements in dryland regions. Since the evapotranspiration of forest is directly related to the leaf area index (LAI) and it accounts for the absolutely dominant proportion in the water output from forestland in arid areas, it is proposed to use the maximum LAI (LAImax) during a period of growing season as the quantitative indicator of the vegetation carrying capacity (LAIc). In order to promote the related technology progress, the LAI of stand canopy of 44 sample plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation were monitored using Plant Canopy Analyzer (LAI-2000) during the growing season in two small catchments of Xiangshuihe and Diediegou at Liupan Mountains located at northwest China. The seasonal variation of canopy LAI and the relation among the LAI and other normal stand structure parameters, such as stand basal area, canopy density, mean tree height and stand density were analyzed. The result showed that a power function existed between the LAImax and all the stand structure parameters mentioned above, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.84, 0.82, 0.56 and 0.47 respectively. It implies that the stand basal area, which is jointly determined by stand density and size of trees, is correlated with the canopy LAI at the best. Therefore, the power relation between the LAImax and basal area was coupled into a model which describes the relations among the stand average DBH, stand density and stand age, for describing the relation among LAImax, stand density and stand age. Then, the parameters in this model were fitted using the measured data from sample plots. The model precision test showed that the mean relative error between the simulated and field measured values of LAImax was 8.6% (0-20.4%). This implies that this fitted model can well describe the relation among the forest canopy LAI, forest age and forest density. Hence, this model was used to deduce a new model for calculating the stand density at any given tree age under any certain LAIc value. The result of this study could offer theoretical and technical reference for stand density regulation and multifunctional forest management based on vegetation carrying capacity.
The vegetation carrying capacity is mainly determined by soil moisture condition is an important basis for the reasonable forest managements in dryland regions. Since the evapotranspiration of forest is directly related to the leaf area index (LAI) and it accounts for the absolutely dominant proportion in the water output from forestland in arid areas, it is proposed to use the maximum LAI (LAImax) during a period of growing season as the quantitative indicator of the vegetation carrying capacity (LAIc). In order to promote the related technology progress, the LAI of stand canopy of 44 sample plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation were monitored using Plant Canopy Analyzer (LAI-2000) during the growing season in two small catchments of Xiangshuihe and Diediegou at Liupan Mountains located at northwest China. The seasonal variation of canopy LAI and the relation among the LAI and other normal stand structure parameters, such as stand basal area, canopy density, mean tree height and stand density were analyzed. The result showed that a power function existed between the LAImax and all the stand structure parameters mentioned above, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.84, 0.82, 0.56 and 0.47 respectively. It implies that the stand basal area, which is jointly determined by stand density and size of trees, is correlated with the canopy LAI at the best. Therefore, the power relation between the LAImax and basal area was coupled into a model which describes the relations among the stand average DBH, stand density and stand age, for describing the relation among LAImax, stand density and stand age. Then, the parameters in this model were fitted using the measured data from sample plots. The model precision test showed that the mean relative error between the simulated and field measured values of LAImax was 8.6% (0-20.4%). This implies that this fitted model can well describe the relation among the forest canopy LAI, forest age and forest density. Hence, this model was used to deduce a new model for calculating the stand density at any given tree age under any certain LAIc value. The result of this study could offer theoretical and technical reference for stand density regulation and multifunctional forest management based on vegetation carrying capacity.
2014, 27(2): 142-148.
Abstract:
Based on the biomass data of 60 sampling trees of Larix kaempferi in mountainous area of eastern Liaoning Province, the biomass of each component with different ages was analyzed. The compatible models for the biomass of whole tree and each component were established using non-linear error-in-variable modeling method. The results showed that the biomass ratio of needle, branch and bark dropped with stand age growth, but that of stem rose up with stand age growth. Based on the optimal model, the compatible models for whole tree, biomass and each component were established by three-step control programs, and the heteroscedasticity of the models for whole tree and components was eliminated with weighted regression. The determination coefficients of whole tree, above-ground, trunk, stem and bark biomass were higher than 0.9. The determination coefficients of root, crown, foliage and branch ranged from 0.7 to 0.9. From the model tested by independent samples, the sum of each component ratio was 1 and the model was totally compatible. The prediction precisions of root, crown, needle and branch were less than 90%, but the others were higher than 95%.
Based on the biomass data of 60 sampling trees of Larix kaempferi in mountainous area of eastern Liaoning Province, the biomass of each component with different ages was analyzed. The compatible models for the biomass of whole tree and each component were established using non-linear error-in-variable modeling method. The results showed that the biomass ratio of needle, branch and bark dropped with stand age growth, but that of stem rose up with stand age growth. Based on the optimal model, the compatible models for whole tree, biomass and each component were established by three-step control programs, and the heteroscedasticity of the models for whole tree and components was eliminated with weighted regression. The determination coefficients of whole tree, above-ground, trunk, stem and bark biomass were higher than 0.9. The determination coefficients of root, crown, foliage and branch ranged from 0.7 to 0.9. From the model tested by independent samples, the sum of each component ratio was 1 and the model was totally compatible. The prediction precisions of root, crown, needle and branch were less than 90%, but the others were higher than 95%.
2014, 27(2): 149-157.
Abstract:
The distribution pattern of mangrove species and its impact factors (pH, BS, SOM, S, TN, P, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sc, Sr, V, As, Ba, Cd, Cr) were analyzed with the method of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) at Qinglan Harbour, Hainan Province, China. There were total 18 plots in the study area. The mangrove species and soil factors in CCA analysis showed that the distribution of the mangrove plant species was related with the tidal flat elevation. With the increasing of the tidal flat elevation, the mangrove plant species gradually increased, and the mangrove community structure became more complex. Soil S, pH, TN, Al3+ and BS were the main soil chemical factors which affected the plant species distribution. S (-0.594 4) and pH (-0.532 0) were both significantly associated with the first axis. TN (0.512 5) was significantly associated with the second axis. Meanwhile, Al3+ (0.530 5) was significantly associated with the third axis. pH (-0.566 7) was significantly associated with the fourth axis. While, BS was significantly associated with all of the four axises. Soil trace elements (Fe3+, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr and As) had higher effects on the distribution of mangrove species. Fe3+, Cu, Mn, Cr were significantly correlated with the first axis, the correlation coefficient was -0.358 7, -0.352 6, -0.487 7 and 0.378 0, respectively. Soil Fe3+, Zn and As were significantly negatively correlated with the second axis, and the correlation coefficient was -0.358 8, -0.412 8 and -0.399 8, respectively. The correlation of the mangrove community and soil trace elements between Bamen Bay (group Ⅰ) and Bamen Bay outside (group Ⅱ) was clearly different, which showed that the differences of mangrove species composition between the two different plant community types. The third sample of group Ⅰ (Bamen Bay estuary) was the transition area between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ, which showed the transitional characteristics of mangrove plant communities.
The distribution pattern of mangrove species and its impact factors (pH, BS, SOM, S, TN, P, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sc, Sr, V, As, Ba, Cd, Cr) were analyzed with the method of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) at Qinglan Harbour, Hainan Province, China. There were total 18 plots in the study area. The mangrove species and soil factors in CCA analysis showed that the distribution of the mangrove plant species was related with the tidal flat elevation. With the increasing of the tidal flat elevation, the mangrove plant species gradually increased, and the mangrove community structure became more complex. Soil S, pH, TN, Al3+ and BS were the main soil chemical factors which affected the plant species distribution. S (-0.594 4) and pH (-0.532 0) were both significantly associated with the first axis. TN (0.512 5) was significantly associated with the second axis. Meanwhile, Al3+ (0.530 5) was significantly associated with the third axis. pH (-0.566 7) was significantly associated with the fourth axis. While, BS was significantly associated with all of the four axises. Soil trace elements (Fe3+, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr and As) had higher effects on the distribution of mangrove species. Fe3+, Cu, Mn, Cr were significantly correlated with the first axis, the correlation coefficient was -0.358 7, -0.352 6, -0.487 7 and 0.378 0, respectively. Soil Fe3+, Zn and As were significantly negatively correlated with the second axis, and the correlation coefficient was -0.358 8, -0.412 8 and -0.399 8, respectively. The correlation of the mangrove community and soil trace elements between Bamen Bay (group Ⅰ) and Bamen Bay outside (group Ⅱ) was clearly different, which showed that the differences of mangrove species composition between the two different plant community types. The third sample of group Ⅰ (Bamen Bay estuary) was the transition area between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ, which showed the transitional characteristics of mangrove plant communities.
2014, 27(2): 158-167.
Abstract:
This research cloned and analyzed the alcohol acyl-transferase gene AAT from peach, and detected the response of the gene to exogenous ethylene. Based on the peach genome published (Genome ID: ppa005625m), the specific primers were designed and the full-length of the gene was cloned using RACE PCR. The content of ester volatiles were determined by GC-MS from the storage peach fruits. The full-length of AAT was obtained with 1 486 bp and the open reading frame (ORF) was 1 353 bp. Bioinformation analysis indicated that this gene encoded 450 amino acids, containing three conserved domains LXXYYPLAGR, HXXXD and D(N)F(V)GWG of plant transferase gene, which belonging to PLN02481 super family. The gene was named as PpAAT2 and mapped in the 5th peach chromosome. BAC annotation presented that the gene was the mRNA transcription chain containing 2 exons separated by 1 introns with 3 447 bp. C mutated to G in PpAAT2 on seq 555 bp, resulting alanine to valine. PpAAT2 gene expressed in response to exogenous ethylene which promoted PpAAT2 gene expression level in 0 ℃ cold-stroage peach fruits. PpAAT2 gene expressed in leaves, flowers and ripe flesh, suggesting that the gene played a role in various physiological processes.
This research cloned and analyzed the alcohol acyl-transferase gene AAT from peach, and detected the response of the gene to exogenous ethylene. Based on the peach genome published (Genome ID: ppa005625m), the specific primers were designed and the full-length of the gene was cloned using RACE PCR. The content of ester volatiles were determined by GC-MS from the storage peach fruits. The full-length of AAT was obtained with 1 486 bp and the open reading frame (ORF) was 1 353 bp. Bioinformation analysis indicated that this gene encoded 450 amino acids, containing three conserved domains LXXYYPLAGR, HXXXD and D(N)F(V)GWG of plant transferase gene, which belonging to PLN02481 super family. The gene was named as PpAAT2 and mapped in the 5th peach chromosome. BAC annotation presented that the gene was the mRNA transcription chain containing 2 exons separated by 1 introns with 3 447 bp. C mutated to G in PpAAT2 on seq 555 bp, resulting alanine to valine. PpAAT2 gene expressed in response to exogenous ethylene which promoted PpAAT2 gene expression level in 0 ℃ cold-stroage peach fruits. PpAAT2 gene expressed in leaves, flowers and ripe flesh, suggesting that the gene played a role in various physiological processes.
2014, 27(2): 168-173.
Abstract:
Tropical clump woody bamboo (TCWB) is a kind of high-value forest tree, and China's Yunnan Provence is among the regions with the most tropical bamboos in the world. For a long time, however, the studies on systematic provenance selection has not been implemented for many TCWBs with large-scale cultivation in Yunnan. Therefore, many high-quality provenances still need a urgent excavation and protection. In this study, 39 typical natural or cultivated populations from four TCWBs in Yunnan, i.e., Dendrocalamus sinicus Chia et J. L. Sun, D. giganteus Munro, D. brandisii (Munro) Kurz and D. membranaceus Munro, were surveyed and analyzed with genetic differentiation at population level. Furthermore, combining with average diameter at the breast height (DBH) and weight of culms at population level, the best provenances of those four TCWBs were estimated. The results showed that the average DBH and weight of culms at population level were significantly different among populations of all the four TCWB. Meanwhile, a high level of genetic differentiation was detected among populations of three cultivated TCWBs, i.e., D. sinicus, D. giganteus and D. brandisii, with a high coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations (Gst) which was greater than 0.83. On the other hand, a low genetic differentiation (Gst=0.252 4) was found among populations of D. membranaceus. The results are of great significance for high-quality provenances selection for those four TCWBs.
Tropical clump woody bamboo (TCWB) is a kind of high-value forest tree, and China's Yunnan Provence is among the regions with the most tropical bamboos in the world. For a long time, however, the studies on systematic provenance selection has not been implemented for many TCWBs with large-scale cultivation in Yunnan. Therefore, many high-quality provenances still need a urgent excavation and protection. In this study, 39 typical natural or cultivated populations from four TCWBs in Yunnan, i.e., Dendrocalamus sinicus Chia et J. L. Sun, D. giganteus Munro, D. brandisii (Munro) Kurz and D. membranaceus Munro, were surveyed and analyzed with genetic differentiation at population level. Furthermore, combining with average diameter at the breast height (DBH) and weight of culms at population level, the best provenances of those four TCWBs were estimated. The results showed that the average DBH and weight of culms at population level were significantly different among populations of all the four TCWB. Meanwhile, a high level of genetic differentiation was detected among populations of three cultivated TCWBs, i.e., D. sinicus, D. giganteus and D. brandisii, with a high coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations (Gst) which was greater than 0.83. On the other hand, a low genetic differentiation (Gst=0.252 4) was found among populations of D. membranaceus. The results are of great significance for high-quality provenances selection for those four TCWBs.
2014, 27(2): 174-178.
Abstract:
To explore the infect effectiveness of Esteya vermicola conidia shed from the conidiogenous cells to pine wood nematodes, an infectivity test was conducted from different methods, different strains and different conidia concentrations. The results showed that although the conidia shed from the conidiogenous cells, they are still able to infect pinewood nematodes. In addition, the conidia had better effectiveness on pine wood nematodes by taking immersion method than other treatments. The strains CBS 115803 had higher infect effectiveness among 3 tested strains. The adherence and mortality rate fell with the decreasing of the initial conidia concentration. These results could be used as references for application conidia to control pine wood nematode and laid basis for further researches.
To explore the infect effectiveness of Esteya vermicola conidia shed from the conidiogenous cells to pine wood nematodes, an infectivity test was conducted from different methods, different strains and different conidia concentrations. The results showed that although the conidia shed from the conidiogenous cells, they are still able to infect pinewood nematodes. In addition, the conidia had better effectiveness on pine wood nematodes by taking immersion method than other treatments. The strains CBS 115803 had higher infect effectiveness among 3 tested strains. The adherence and mortality rate fell with the decreasing of the initial conidia concentration. These results could be used as references for application conidia to control pine wood nematode and laid basis for further researches.
2014, 27(2): 179-185.
Abstract:
Holcocerus hippophaecolust and H. vicarious are closely related species of Holcocerus (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). It is difficult to distinguish them based on morphological characters. This research aims to explore the genetic relationship between H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious from various populations based on partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) CO Ⅰ, CO Ⅱ and Cyt b genes. The genetic distance between H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious was only 0.009,0.001 and 0.062 for CO Ⅰ, CO Ⅱ and Cyt b, respectively, which were found close to the mean conspecific divergence and much lower than the mean congeneric genetic distance. The genetic distance estimated in this study showed highly genetic similarity between the two insect species. 6 of 24 total haplotypes are observed as shared haplotypes in 3 mtDNA genes of 2 insect species. Shared haplotypes happened among different populations suggest that the two species are not fully differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis of seven Cossidae species indicates that H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious formed complex instead of independent branches in all 3 phylogenetic trees. We discussed the possible evolutionary relationship between H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious based on our current results.
Holcocerus hippophaecolust and H. vicarious are closely related species of Holcocerus (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). It is difficult to distinguish them based on morphological characters. This research aims to explore the genetic relationship between H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious from various populations based on partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) CO Ⅰ, CO Ⅱ and Cyt b genes. The genetic distance between H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious was only 0.009,0.001 and 0.062 for CO Ⅰ, CO Ⅱ and Cyt b, respectively, which were found close to the mean conspecific divergence and much lower than the mean congeneric genetic distance. The genetic distance estimated in this study showed highly genetic similarity between the two insect species. 6 of 24 total haplotypes are observed as shared haplotypes in 3 mtDNA genes of 2 insect species. Shared haplotypes happened among different populations suggest that the two species are not fully differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis of seven Cossidae species indicates that H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious formed complex instead of independent branches in all 3 phylogenetic trees. We discussed the possible evolutionary relationship between H. hippophaecolust and H. vicarious based on our current results.
Effects of Na2SO4 Stress on Growth and Photosynthetic Physiology of Elaeagnus angustifolia Seedlings
2014, 27(2): 186-194.
Abstract:
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of salt stress (0, 60, 120 and 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4) on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings. The results showed that: (1) the plant growth was significantly inhibited by salt treatment. The tree height, number of branches, specific leaf area, total leaf area, leaf number per plant, and the biomass accumulation of stem, leaf, shoot and whole-plant of Na2SO4-stressed seedlings were all significantly lower than those of the control (no salt-stressed). With the salt concentration elevated, the above-mentioned growth parameters generally exhibited a decreasing trend, while the root-shoot ratio increased significantly from control's 0.153 1 to 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4-stressed seedlings' 0.348 7. (2) The photosynthetic capacity decreased by salt stress significantly. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 content (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of seedlings treated by 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4 were only 71.57%, 30.85%, 67.15% and 51.65% of the corresponding control, while the stomatal limitation value (Ls) and water use efficiency (WUE) of 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4-stressed seedlings were 1.91 and 1.38 times that of the control seedlings, respectively. With the salt stress aggravated, the Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr, and Ls and WUE generally exhibited a decreasing, and increasing trend, respectively. The decreased Pn of stressed seedlings was mainly attributed to stomatal restrictions. (3) The various growth parameters of height, total leaf area, leaf number per plant, specific leaf area, stem biomass, leaf biomass and whole-plant biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic parameters of Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr had all extremely significant and negative correlation with salt stress intensity. The total leaf area and leaf number per plant were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with leaf photosynthetic parameters. There was also significant or extremely significant correlation between parameters of growth and photosynthesis and parameters of seedling height and biomass accumulation.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of salt stress (0, 60, 120 and 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4) on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings. The results showed that: (1) the plant growth was significantly inhibited by salt treatment. The tree height, number of branches, specific leaf area, total leaf area, leaf number per plant, and the biomass accumulation of stem, leaf, shoot and whole-plant of Na2SO4-stressed seedlings were all significantly lower than those of the control (no salt-stressed). With the salt concentration elevated, the above-mentioned growth parameters generally exhibited a decreasing trend, while the root-shoot ratio increased significantly from control's 0.153 1 to 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4-stressed seedlings' 0.348 7. (2) The photosynthetic capacity decreased by salt stress significantly. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 content (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of seedlings treated by 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4 were only 71.57%, 30.85%, 67.15% and 51.65% of the corresponding control, while the stomatal limitation value (Ls) and water use efficiency (WUE) of 180 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4-stressed seedlings were 1.91 and 1.38 times that of the control seedlings, respectively. With the salt stress aggravated, the Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr, and Ls and WUE generally exhibited a decreasing, and increasing trend, respectively. The decreased Pn of stressed seedlings was mainly attributed to stomatal restrictions. (3) The various growth parameters of height, total leaf area, leaf number per plant, specific leaf area, stem biomass, leaf biomass and whole-plant biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic parameters of Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr had all extremely significant and negative correlation with salt stress intensity. The total leaf area and leaf number per plant were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with leaf photosynthetic parameters. There was also significant or extremely significant correlation between parameters of growth and photosynthesis and parameters of seedling height and biomass accumulation.
2014, 27(2): 195-200.
Abstract:
Take Minqin County, a typical desertified land distribution area in China, as the research object, the decision tree model based on expert knowledge and the analysis of typical features of different spectral features was established by usin 30 m Landsat TM5 and TM7 remote sensing image as the main data source. The unused lands such as gobi, sandy land, desert, and aeolian barren land were subdivided by using this model, and the overall classification accuracy reached 87.06%. The results of the study show that the decision tree classification method is more effective, and can provide technical support for managing and reusing the land in desertification regions.
Take Minqin County, a typical desertified land distribution area in China, as the research object, the decision tree model based on expert knowledge and the analysis of typical features of different spectral features was established by usin 30 m Landsat TM5 and TM7 remote sensing image as the main data source. The unused lands such as gobi, sandy land, desert, and aeolian barren land were subdivided by using this model, and the overall classification accuracy reached 87.06%. The results of the study show that the decision tree classification method is more effective, and can provide technical support for managing and reusing the land in desertification regions.
2014, 27(2): 201-207.
Abstract:
The genetic difference of four native Camellia meiocarpa varieties were studied based on their morphological characters and AFLP markers. The results showed that a relatively high level of genetic variation of fruit, leaf and flower traits was detected in the four varieties, and the variation coefficient (CV) of fresh fruit number per 500 g was the largest (76.91%), but that of unsaturated fatty acid was the smallest (3.31%). The fruit characters had higher variation than that of leaf and flower traits. The fruit size (fruit longitudinal diameter × fruit transverse diameter) had significantly or extremely significantly positive correlation with the leaf length, leaf circumference and corolla diameter. And the local variety Yichunbaipi had higher variation than that of the other three varieties. 25 pairs of AFLP primers were selected to amplify the genomic DNAs of the four C. meiocarpa varieties and C. oleifera. A total of 921 AFLP bands were obtained, in which 706 bands were polymorphic makers, and the percentage of polymorphism was 75.7%. The genetic similarity coefficient between the varieties Yangshi and Yichunbaipi was the largest (0.698 2), while that of the variety Longyan and C. oleifera was the smallest(0.558 1). Cluster analysis by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) showed that C. meiocarpa and C. oleifera could be well distinguished both by AFLP or morphological markers, but the cluster results based on AFLP makers for the four C. meiocarpa varieties were not fully consistent with that based on their morphological characters.
The genetic difference of four native Camellia meiocarpa varieties were studied based on their morphological characters and AFLP markers. The results showed that a relatively high level of genetic variation of fruit, leaf and flower traits was detected in the four varieties, and the variation coefficient (CV) of fresh fruit number per 500 g was the largest (76.91%), but that of unsaturated fatty acid was the smallest (3.31%). The fruit characters had higher variation than that of leaf and flower traits. The fruit size (fruit longitudinal diameter × fruit transverse diameter) had significantly or extremely significantly positive correlation with the leaf length, leaf circumference and corolla diameter. And the local variety Yichunbaipi had higher variation than that of the other three varieties. 25 pairs of AFLP primers were selected to amplify the genomic DNAs of the four C. meiocarpa varieties and C. oleifera. A total of 921 AFLP bands were obtained, in which 706 bands were polymorphic makers, and the percentage of polymorphism was 75.7%. The genetic similarity coefficient between the varieties Yangshi and Yichunbaipi was the largest (0.698 2), while that of the variety Longyan and C. oleifera was the smallest(0.558 1). Cluster analysis by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) showed that C. meiocarpa and C. oleifera could be well distinguished both by AFLP or morphological markers, but the cluster results based on AFLP makers for the four C. meiocarpa varieties were not fully consistent with that based on their morphological characters.
2014, 27(2): 208-212.
Abstract:
In order to promote the forest landscape construction, to prevent the forest visual environment from simplifying, the forest landscape visualization simulation technology and information classification and coding technology were studied. A new method for constructing forest visualization environment with a custom digital encoding was proposed. It is an attempt to build digital forest model. The results of simulation showed that the forest visualization environment constructed by tree coding had a good effect.
In order to promote the forest landscape construction, to prevent the forest visual environment from simplifying, the forest landscape visualization simulation technology and information classification and coding technology were studied. A new method for constructing forest visualization environment with a custom digital encoding was proposed. It is an attempt to build digital forest model. The results of simulation showed that the forest visualization environment constructed by tree coding had a good effect.
2014, 27(2): 213-218.
Abstract:
The stem, branch, leaf biomass of 63 sampling trees, and root biomass of 30 trees at Simao pine (Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis) natural forest were investigated in Simao district of Yunnan Province. Based on the model selected by ordinary least square (OLS), the models of the tree stem, branch, leaf biomass, aboveground biomass, root biomass and whole tree biomass were built by geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results showed that: (1) the values of the coefficient of determination (R2) of GWR were greater than that of OLS models, and the R2 of the GWR models were greater than 0.950 except the leaf biomass model. Akaike's information criterions (AIC) of GWR were less than that of OLS models, the absolute value of the mean relative error (EE) and the mean absolute relative error (RMA) were less than that of OLS model except the branch biomass model. So the fitting effect of GWR outperforms OLS models. (2) For individual tree biomass models, GWR overcame the heteroscedasticity of the OLS models at a certain extent.
The stem, branch, leaf biomass of 63 sampling trees, and root biomass of 30 trees at Simao pine (Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis) natural forest were investigated in Simao district of Yunnan Province. Based on the model selected by ordinary least square (OLS), the models of the tree stem, branch, leaf biomass, aboveground biomass, root biomass and whole tree biomass were built by geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results showed that: (1) the values of the coefficient of determination (R2) of GWR were greater than that of OLS models, and the R2 of the GWR models were greater than 0.950 except the leaf biomass model. Akaike's information criterions (AIC) of GWR were less than that of OLS models, the absolute value of the mean relative error (EE) and the mean absolute relative error (RMA) were less than that of OLS model except the branch biomass model. So the fitting effect of GWR outperforms OLS models. (2) For individual tree biomass models, GWR overcame the heteroscedasticity of the OLS models at a certain extent.
2014, 27(2): 219-224.
Abstract:
The T-DNA insertional mutants of Paecilomyces lilacinus were studied and the phenotypes were identified. It may contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanism of P. lilacinus and the clone genes related to pathogenicity. All of 14 mutants generated by T-DNA insertion were tested with PCR for their insertional sequence. The morphology, colony growing rate, spore production, conidia germination rate, dry weight of mycelium and pathogenicity against Meloidogyne incongnita of phenotypes of mutants were analyzed by comparing with wild-type strain 20-7. The results demonstrated that the genomes of these mutants contained the sequence of beta-tubulin gene and T-DNA had been integrated into wild-type genome of P. lilacinus. Compared with wild-type strain 20-7, the morphologies of these colonies changed at different degrees. The colony growing rate of 85.71% strains speeded up obviously, only the strain BN-11 slowed down its colony growing rate distinctly. The strain BN-11 and BN-12, accounting for 14.29% of the total, increased the spore production. 78.57% mutants changed their conidia germination rate significantly. Both the rates of mutants that dry weight of mycelium reduced and increased were 21.43%. One mutant with increased pathogenicity was obtained, and the pathogenicity of 11 mutants decreased enormously.
The T-DNA insertional mutants of Paecilomyces lilacinus were studied and the phenotypes were identified. It may contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanism of P. lilacinus and the clone genes related to pathogenicity. All of 14 mutants generated by T-DNA insertion were tested with PCR for their insertional sequence. The morphology, colony growing rate, spore production, conidia germination rate, dry weight of mycelium and pathogenicity against Meloidogyne incongnita of phenotypes of mutants were analyzed by comparing with wild-type strain 20-7. The results demonstrated that the genomes of these mutants contained the sequence of beta-tubulin gene and T-DNA had been integrated into wild-type genome of P. lilacinus. Compared with wild-type strain 20-7, the morphologies of these colonies changed at different degrees. The colony growing rate of 85.71% strains speeded up obviously, only the strain BN-11 slowed down its colony growing rate distinctly. The strain BN-11 and BN-12, accounting for 14.29% of the total, increased the spore production. 78.57% mutants changed their conidia germination rate significantly. Both the rates of mutants that dry weight of mycelium reduced and increased were 21.43%. One mutant with increased pathogenicity was obtained, and the pathogenicity of 11 mutants decreased enormously.
2014, 27(2): 225-232.
Abstract:
The germplasm resources of Jinzaoshi persimmon in Zhejiang Province were investigated, so as to probe the genetic diversity of Jinzaoshi persimmon from different regions. The genetic variation of collected germplams, including 37 Jinzaoshi and 3 local varieties, was analyzed by SSR molecular marker, together with phenotypic traits and fruit nutrients contents. The results showed Jinzaoshi persimmon possessed a rich diversity on morphology. The variable coefficient about 14 phenotypic characters ranged from 7.23% to 23.54%. The variable coefficient of sepal length and persimmon calyx length were the largest. The fruit shape index and leaf index had the least variation. The fruit nutrient contents ranged from 9.58% (soluble solid content) to 66.21% (tannin content). Twenty-one primers were used to amplify 381 SSR local in 40 test materials, with an average polymorphism rate of 92.89%. The cluster analysis conducted by UPGMA showed that the materials tested could be distinguished and divided into three major groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.74, which was similar to the relationship of PCoA analysis.
The germplasm resources of Jinzaoshi persimmon in Zhejiang Province were investigated, so as to probe the genetic diversity of Jinzaoshi persimmon from different regions. The genetic variation of collected germplams, including 37 Jinzaoshi and 3 local varieties, was analyzed by SSR molecular marker, together with phenotypic traits and fruit nutrients contents. The results showed Jinzaoshi persimmon possessed a rich diversity on morphology. The variable coefficient about 14 phenotypic characters ranged from 7.23% to 23.54%. The variable coefficient of sepal length and persimmon calyx length were the largest. The fruit shape index and leaf index had the least variation. The fruit nutrient contents ranged from 9.58% (soluble solid content) to 66.21% (tannin content). Twenty-one primers were used to amplify 381 SSR local in 40 test materials, with an average polymorphism rate of 92.89%. The cluster analysis conducted by UPGMA showed that the materials tested could be distinguished and divided into three major groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.74, which was similar to the relationship of PCoA analysis.
2014, 27(2): 233-239.
Abstract:
Plant lipid in oilseeds is generally stored in a dispersive and stable sub-cellular droplet "oil body". And oleosin protein, as the main structural protein of oil body, is responsible for its functional modification. Oleosin plays an important role in the process of oilseed maturation, dormancy and germination. In this study, five oleosin isoforms, named VfOLE1, VfOLE2, VfOLE3, VfOLE4, VfOLE5, were isolated from Vernicia fordii (tung tree). Quantitative real time PCR method was employed to identify the expression mode of oleosin gene of the 5 isoforms, and the results showed that the five VfOLEs were all expressed exclusively in the oilseeds. Furthermore, the rule of the five VfOLEs expression in the tung tree developing seeds was in accordance with those of tung oil and α-eleostearic acid accumulation. In addition, the VfOLE1 and VfOLE2 expression increased immediately and higher than those of the other VfOLEs in tung oil and α-eleostearic acid biosynthesis.
Plant lipid in oilseeds is generally stored in a dispersive and stable sub-cellular droplet "oil body". And oleosin protein, as the main structural protein of oil body, is responsible for its functional modification. Oleosin plays an important role in the process of oilseed maturation, dormancy and germination. In this study, five oleosin isoforms, named VfOLE1, VfOLE2, VfOLE3, VfOLE4, VfOLE5, were isolated from Vernicia fordii (tung tree). Quantitative real time PCR method was employed to identify the expression mode of oleosin gene of the 5 isoforms, and the results showed that the five VfOLEs were all expressed exclusively in the oilseeds. Furthermore, the rule of the five VfOLEs expression in the tung tree developing seeds was in accordance with those of tung oil and α-eleostearic acid accumulation. In addition, the VfOLE1 and VfOLE2 expression increased immediately and higher than those of the other VfOLEs in tung oil and α-eleostearic acid biosynthesis.
2014, 27(2): 240-245.
Abstract:
The spatial and temporal distribution of fine roots biomass was studied using the sequential soil coring method in a virgin broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest and a selection forest (40 years after commercial selective cutting) in Xiaoxing'anling Mountains, Northeast China. The results showed that in the growing season there was no significant difference between the virgin forest and selection forest on dead fine root biomass, living fine root biomass and annual average total fine root biomass (P>0.05), while the total fine root biomass and living biomass of fine roots had significant differences in June and September (PPPP>0.05).
The spatial and temporal distribution of fine roots biomass was studied using the sequential soil coring method in a virgin broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest and a selection forest (40 years after commercial selective cutting) in Xiaoxing'anling Mountains, Northeast China. The results showed that in the growing season there was no significant difference between the virgin forest and selection forest on dead fine root biomass, living fine root biomass and annual average total fine root biomass (P>0.05), while the total fine root biomass and living biomass of fine roots had significant differences in June and September (PPPP>0.05).
2014, 27(2): 246-249.
Abstract:
International registration for bamboo cultivars is processed in accordance with the international rules. The registration is of important work with international significance and scientific value. In order to ensure the standardization, accuracy, unification and easy operation of international registration for bamboo cultivars, based on the relevant provisions of the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and combined with bamboo traits and characteristics, the authors summarize and discuss the significance, principles and methods of international registration for bamboo cultivars, including nomenclature, description, publication, registration and establishment of the bamboo new cultivars.
International registration for bamboo cultivars is processed in accordance with the international rules. The registration is of important work with international significance and scientific value. In order to ensure the standardization, accuracy, unification and easy operation of international registration for bamboo cultivars, based on the relevant provisions of the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and combined with bamboo traits and characteristics, the authors summarize and discuss the significance, principles and methods of international registration for bamboo cultivars, including nomenclature, description, publication, registration and establishment of the bamboo new cultivars.
2014, 27(2): 250-258.
Abstract:
About 100 Acacia species have been introduced into China for their considerable economic value. However, many problems have emerged during the operation and management of seed orchard since their introduction. The fact that planters know little about Acacia reproductive biology would make things worse. Therefore, a deep knowledge to the reproductive biology of Acacia is urgently needed. In this paper, the advances in more than half a century's research, including floral morphology, characters and development of anther and pollen, anthesis and pollination, breeding system, were reviewed. And the reasons for low fruit and seed set were discussed as well. Advices for future's study were given in order to manage seed orchard.
About 100 Acacia species have been introduced into China for their considerable economic value. However, many problems have emerged during the operation and management of seed orchard since their introduction. The fact that planters know little about Acacia reproductive biology would make things worse. Therefore, a deep knowledge to the reproductive biology of Acacia is urgently needed. In this paper, the advances in more than half a century's research, including floral morphology, characters and development of anther and pollen, anthesis and pollination, breeding system, were reviewed. And the reasons for low fruit and seed set were discussed as well. Advices for future's study were given in order to manage seed orchard.
2014, 27(2): 259-264.
Abstract:
The current status of Paeonia lutea, a rare plant resource, was reviewed and its karyotype, taxonomic status, the role in the origin of cultivated varieties, the phylogenetic relationship, physiological characteristics and breeding were analyzed. The problems existed in current study were estimated and the research priority for the future were suggested.
The current status of Paeonia lutea, a rare plant resource, was reviewed and its karyotype, taxonomic status, the role in the origin of cultivated varieties, the phylogenetic relationship, physiological characteristics and breeding were analyzed. The problems existed in current study were estimated and the research priority for the future were suggested.
2014, 27(2): 265-269.
Abstract:
In order to study the photosynthetic characteristics of Dendrobium devonianum, the diurnal dynamics of photosynthesis and the response of photosynthetic rate to photosynthetic active radiation and CO2 were analyzed by LI-6400 portable photosynthesis analysis system under overshadow conditions. The results showed: (1) The diurnal variation of D. devonianum followed a double-peaks curve, there was obvious midday depression of photosynthesis. (2) The change rule of the response of photosynthetic rate to photosynthetic effective radiation and CO2 were similar, the critical points of light compensation and saturation of D. devonianum were 4.4 and 182.5 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively; the apparent quantum efficiency was 0.03 mol·mol-1. Its CO2 compensation point and saturation point were 162.5 and 1 240.25 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively; its carboxylation efficiency was 0.004. (3) D. devonianum, as the same as other Dendrobium plants, belong to shade plants, therefore, shading and temperature and humidity controlling are needed in the cultivation and management.
In order to study the photosynthetic characteristics of Dendrobium devonianum, the diurnal dynamics of photosynthesis and the response of photosynthetic rate to photosynthetic active radiation and CO2 were analyzed by LI-6400 portable photosynthesis analysis system under overshadow conditions. The results showed: (1) The diurnal variation of D. devonianum followed a double-peaks curve, there was obvious midday depression of photosynthesis. (2) The change rule of the response of photosynthetic rate to photosynthetic effective radiation and CO2 were similar, the critical points of light compensation and saturation of D. devonianum were 4.4 and 182.5 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively; the apparent quantum efficiency was 0.03 mol·mol-1. Its CO2 compensation point and saturation point were 162.5 and 1 240.25 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively; its carboxylation efficiency was 0.004. (3) D. devonianum, as the same as other Dendrobium plants, belong to shade plants, therefore, shading and temperature and humidity controlling are needed in the cultivation and management.
2014, 27(2): 270-276.
Abstract:
In order to explore the key site conditions affecting Eucommia fruit and leaf yield from an Eucommia Orchard-Like System, the fruit and leaf yields of Eucommia trees over 6 years after grafted were measured by the method of mean sample tree from permanent plots in Lingbao Eucommia Base, He'nan Province, China. Meanwhile, the harvest efficiency was calculated by means of measuring the real harvest of male flower and fruit to assess the productivity under such cultivation model. The male flower yield per tree, fruit yield per tree and leaf yield per tree differed statistically significant, and they were not positively correlated with the age of tree. In terms of site conditions, elevation and soil depth were main factors affecting fruit and leaf yield. The highest mean fruit and leaf yield per tree was achieved at the soil depth of 40-70 cm, followed by the soil depth > 70 cm and the lowest yield at the soil depth Eucommia tree over 8 years old in different permanent plots differed significantly, while there was no significant positively correlation between the above growth indexes and the age of tree. The mean tree height ranged from 5.36 m to 7.48 m.
In order to explore the key site conditions affecting Eucommia fruit and leaf yield from an Eucommia Orchard-Like System, the fruit and leaf yields of Eucommia trees over 6 years after grafted were measured by the method of mean sample tree from permanent plots in Lingbao Eucommia Base, He'nan Province, China. Meanwhile, the harvest efficiency was calculated by means of measuring the real harvest of male flower and fruit to assess the productivity under such cultivation model. The male flower yield per tree, fruit yield per tree and leaf yield per tree differed statistically significant, and they were not positively correlated with the age of tree. In terms of site conditions, elevation and soil depth were main factors affecting fruit and leaf yield. The highest mean fruit and leaf yield per tree was achieved at the soil depth of 40-70 cm, followed by the soil depth > 70 cm and the lowest yield at the soil depth Eucommia tree over 8 years old in different permanent plots differed significantly, while there was no significant positively correlation between the above growth indexes and the age of tree. The mean tree height ranged from 5.36 m to 7.48 m.
2014, 27(2): 277-283.
Abstract:
Paulownia wood is of great quality, but the wood stain is easily occurred after sawing. 29 Paulownia fortunei trees which have excellent growing properties were selected by properties of wood color, 5 indexes were used to compare and analyze the wood color, including psychometric lightness, red degree, yellow degree, color difference and Hunter whiteness. The result shows that the differences of each index among individuals reach to an extremely significant level. It is concluded that certain potentiality exists in excellent selection from individuals. The Cluster analysis of all individuals with the 5 indexes was did by median method, 5 individuals which prior clustered together: superior fortunei 4, superior fortunei 25, superior fortunei 5, superior fortunei 3 and superior fortunei 2 were selected, the selection rate is 17.24%. The Hunter whiteness and psychometric lightness values of individuals selected were significantly higher than other clusters, the color difference were significantly lower than other clusters, the red degree and yellow degree were in the middle, the average Hunter whiteness values of individuals selected reached to 75.060, the selection differential was 3.818, selection intensity was 1.297. These individuals have excellent color properties, superior stem form and no disease, can be widely applied in the production.
Paulownia wood is of great quality, but the wood stain is easily occurred after sawing. 29 Paulownia fortunei trees which have excellent growing properties were selected by properties of wood color, 5 indexes were used to compare and analyze the wood color, including psychometric lightness, red degree, yellow degree, color difference and Hunter whiteness. The result shows that the differences of each index among individuals reach to an extremely significant level. It is concluded that certain potentiality exists in excellent selection from individuals. The Cluster analysis of all individuals with the 5 indexes was did by median method, 5 individuals which prior clustered together: superior fortunei 4, superior fortunei 25, superior fortunei 5, superior fortunei 3 and superior fortunei 2 were selected, the selection rate is 17.24%. The Hunter whiteness and psychometric lightness values of individuals selected were significantly higher than other clusters, the color difference were significantly lower than other clusters, the red degree and yellow degree were in the middle, the average Hunter whiteness values of individuals selected reached to 75.060, the selection differential was 3.818, selection intensity was 1.297. These individuals have excellent color properties, superior stem form and no disease, can be widely applied in the production.
2014, 27(2): 284-289.
Abstract:
Aiming at meet the demand for poplar seedling in current nursery production, in this study, the stem cuttings of 1-year-old shoot and branch cuttings in middle and apical positions of 9 year-old P.×euramericana (Dode) Guineir cv.‘Neva’tree were used to conduct the propagation trial in nursery. The middle and base parts of stem and branch were taken as cuttings in this trial for comparison of survival and juvenile growth. The results showed that the survival, base diameter and height of cuttings followed the order of stem of 1-year-old shoot > branches in middle position of 9 year-old trees > branches in apical position of 9-year-old trees. The survival and growth of cuttings in space of 0.6 m×0.9 m were better than those of 0.5 m×0.6 m. The difference of sprout numbers in stool beds between the spaces of 0.5 m×1.2 m and 0.5 m×0.6 m was not significant but the base diameter and length of sprouts in space of 0.5 m×1.2 m were greater. The results further confirmed the rule that for propagation of‘Neva’, 1-year-old stem cutting survived and grew better than branch cuttings of the older trees and large planting space. It is recommended to establish fine stool bed to sprout stem cuttings with adaptable spaces in order to guarantee the quality of cuttings.
Aiming at meet the demand for poplar seedling in current nursery production, in this study, the stem cuttings of 1-year-old shoot and branch cuttings in middle and apical positions of 9 year-old P.×euramericana (Dode) Guineir cv.‘Neva’tree were used to conduct the propagation trial in nursery. The middle and base parts of stem and branch were taken as cuttings in this trial for comparison of survival and juvenile growth. The results showed that the survival, base diameter and height of cuttings followed the order of stem of 1-year-old shoot > branches in middle position of 9 year-old trees > branches in apical position of 9-year-old trees. The survival and growth of cuttings in space of 0.6 m×0.9 m were better than those of 0.5 m×0.6 m. The difference of sprout numbers in stool beds between the spaces of 0.5 m×1.2 m and 0.5 m×0.6 m was not significant but the base diameter and length of sprouts in space of 0.5 m×1.2 m were greater. The results further confirmed the rule that for propagation of‘Neva’, 1-year-old stem cutting survived and grew better than branch cuttings of the older trees and large planting space. It is recommended to establish fine stool bed to sprout stem cuttings with adaptable spaces in order to guarantee the quality of cuttings.
2014, 27(2): 290-294.
Abstract:
Melanotus cribricollis is one of the most important pest insects damaging bamboo shoots in South China, and there were not any reports about its monitoring techniques yet. The techniques of food bait trapping, light trapping and sex pheromone trapping of M. cribricollis larva or adults in fields were studied. The results showed that corn seed was the most effective attractant toward M. cribricollis larva, and in average, 2.38 wireworm were captured by each corn-seed bait, suggesting that corn seed could be used as food bait for wireworm monitoring. Observation on the seasonal activity of M. cribricollis wireworms indicated that there were two peaks, April to May and September to October. M. cribricollis adults swarming from the soil started from late April and ended at the end of August, and the peak was between the middle of June to the early July. These results provide a reference for effective control of bamboo wireworms.
Melanotus cribricollis is one of the most important pest insects damaging bamboo shoots in South China, and there were not any reports about its monitoring techniques yet. The techniques of food bait trapping, light trapping and sex pheromone trapping of M. cribricollis larva or adults in fields were studied. The results showed that corn seed was the most effective attractant toward M. cribricollis larva, and in average, 2.38 wireworm were captured by each corn-seed bait, suggesting that corn seed could be used as food bait for wireworm monitoring. Observation on the seasonal activity of M. cribricollis wireworms indicated that there were two peaks, April to May and September to October. M. cribricollis adults swarming from the soil started from late April and ended at the end of August, and the peak was between the middle of June to the early July. These results provide a reference for effective control of bamboo wireworms.
Subvmission Guidelines
Peer Review
Reviewer Online
Office Work
Email alert
RSS