2015 Vol. 28, No. 4
Display Method:
2015, 28(4): 451-456.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
In order to estimate the differences among Pinus tabulaeformis families and to select elite family, 82 P. tabulaeformis families with the age of 22 were used to analysis the genetic variation of their growth traits, including the genetic correlation, the phenotype correlation, the genetic variance and environmental variance, the genetic variation coefficient and phenotype variation coefficient, and the heritability. The estimation parameters of early selection were the height and diameters at breast height (DBH). The height of trees was measured at the 5-10th year and the 22nd year, while the DBH was measured at the 22nd year. The results showed that increments of height and volume were very different among P. tabulaeformis families. Integrated with selection efficiency, accuracy percentage and mistake percentage, family selection of P. tabulaeformis might be carried out at the early stage; the first selection should be at the 9th year. In addition, on the basis of volume breeding value, twenty four families were selected at the 22nd year, whose actual gains of volume were 36.54%, 8.92% and 18.63% higher compared with 3 controls respectively. Total 61 individuals derived from 25 families were selected as the second-generation elite trees by combined selection, and the expected genetic gains of progeny test stands were 57.74%, 25.81% and 37.03%, respectively. The selected elite families and trees were superior breeding materials of P. tabulaeformis for plantation establishment on a large scale.
In order to estimate the differences among Pinus tabulaeformis families and to select elite family, 82 P. tabulaeformis families with the age of 22 were used to analysis the genetic variation of their growth traits, including the genetic correlation, the phenotype correlation, the genetic variance and environmental variance, the genetic variation coefficient and phenotype variation coefficient, and the heritability. The estimation parameters of early selection were the height and diameters at breast height (DBH). The height of trees was measured at the 5-10th year and the 22nd year, while the DBH was measured at the 22nd year. The results showed that increments of height and volume were very different among P. tabulaeformis families. Integrated with selection efficiency, accuracy percentage and mistake percentage, family selection of P. tabulaeformis might be carried out at the early stage; the first selection should be at the 9th year. In addition, on the basis of volume breeding value, twenty four families were selected at the 22nd year, whose actual gains of volume were 36.54%, 8.92% and 18.63% higher compared with 3 controls respectively. Total 61 individuals derived from 25 families were selected as the second-generation elite trees by combined selection, and the expected genetic gains of progeny test stands were 57.74%, 25.81% and 37.03%, respectively. The selected elite families and trees were superior breeding materials of P. tabulaeformis for plantation establishment on a large scale.
2015, 28(4): 457-463.
Abstract:
In order to study the effect of plant growth regulators on the healing progress of the nurse seed grafted unions of Camellia oleifera, an orthogonal experiment of GGR6, IBA, Brassinolide, different concentration and application method (leaching medium, dunking root, and spraying leaves) on the nurse seed grafted seedlings of C. oleifera was carried out. The paraffin sections and microscopic observation system were used to measure the area of the callus and grafted union and get the healing rate, then the healing progress was made to be measurable. The results showed that the application of plant growth regulators significantly promoted the healing progress, the form of the callus and the connection of stock and scion. The average healing rate of different treatment was 28.01% higher than that of the control group, and the time required for the grafted union to be healed was 15 days less than the control group. The effect of different concentrations and application methods of plant growth regulators on the healing progress and survival rate was significantly different, among these treatments, the best was 0.03 g·L-1 GGR6, 0.2 g·L-1 IBA and 0.14 mL·L-1 0.28 mL·L-1 Brassinolide mixed liquid to leach medium 1.42 L per 500 mL.
In order to study the effect of plant growth regulators on the healing progress of the nurse seed grafted unions of Camellia oleifera, an orthogonal experiment of GGR6, IBA, Brassinolide, different concentration and application method (leaching medium, dunking root, and spraying leaves) on the nurse seed grafted seedlings of C. oleifera was carried out. The paraffin sections and microscopic observation system were used to measure the area of the callus and grafted union and get the healing rate, then the healing progress was made to be measurable. The results showed that the application of plant growth regulators significantly promoted the healing progress, the form of the callus and the connection of stock and scion. The average healing rate of different treatment was 28.01% higher than that of the control group, and the time required for the grafted union to be healed was 15 days less than the control group. The effect of different concentrations and application methods of plant growth regulators on the healing progress and survival rate was significantly different, among these treatments, the best was 0.03 g·L-1 GGR6, 0.2 g·L-1 IBA and 0.14 mL·L-1 0.28 mL·L-1 Brassinolide mixed liquid to leach medium 1.42 L per 500 mL.
2015, 28(4): 464-472.
Abstract:
In order to find analysis and assessment methods of phenotypic selection of officinal neem superior trees, and to empirically evaluate the officinal neem resources and to finally provide evidences and guidance in officinal neem breeding, 12 characters correlated with quality and yield in 32 primarily selected superior trees and control were tested. The results are as follows: among characters, at least one was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with another. Accumulative contribution rate of 4 common factors (with latent root >1) was 83.53%, their contribution rate was 31.33% (the first PC, seed shape), 22.98% (the second PC, azadirachtin content), 15.11% (the third PC, seed yield), 14.10% (the fourth PC, ratio of azadirachtin ingredient), respectively. And typical example of variables in analysis and assessment of phenotypic selection were: kernel weight (0.995 11), seed weight (0.956 76), seed length (0.780 12), content of azadirachtin A+B (0.866 67), content of azadirachtin B (0.819 34), content of azadirachtin A (0.680 84), ground diameter (0.939 04), seed yield per tree (0.722 82), ratio of azadirachtin B to A (-0.833 60). Mantel test showed that cluster analysis could reveal the phenotypic differences of 33 trees (r=0.81, p=1.00). Cluster groups could be categorized as: type of high azadirachtin content, type of full size of seeds and kernels, type of larger tree and high seed yield, and type of normal. Criterion of comprehensive assessment of primarily selected superior trees: "Superior" (with score ≥ 0.59), "Medium" (with score -0.190.59), "Poor" (with score ≤-0.19). According to this criterion, primarily selected superior trees were divided into 4 "Superior", 16"Medium", and 12"Poor" trees. With factor analysis and cluster analysis, analysis and assessment of phenotypic selection of officinal neem superior trees can be directly and easily performed and judged, the results could provide evidences and guidance in officinal neem breeding.
In order to find analysis and assessment methods of phenotypic selection of officinal neem superior trees, and to empirically evaluate the officinal neem resources and to finally provide evidences and guidance in officinal neem breeding, 12 characters correlated with quality and yield in 32 primarily selected superior trees and control were tested. The results are as follows: among characters, at least one was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with another. Accumulative contribution rate of 4 common factors (with latent root >1) was 83.53%, their contribution rate was 31.33% (the first PC, seed shape), 22.98% (the second PC, azadirachtin content), 15.11% (the third PC, seed yield), 14.10% (the fourth PC, ratio of azadirachtin ingredient), respectively. And typical example of variables in analysis and assessment of phenotypic selection were: kernel weight (0.995 11), seed weight (0.956 76), seed length (0.780 12), content of azadirachtin A+B (0.866 67), content of azadirachtin B (0.819 34), content of azadirachtin A (0.680 84), ground diameter (0.939 04), seed yield per tree (0.722 82), ratio of azadirachtin B to A (-0.833 60). Mantel test showed that cluster analysis could reveal the phenotypic differences of 33 trees (r=0.81, p=1.00). Cluster groups could be categorized as: type of high azadirachtin content, type of full size of seeds and kernels, type of larger tree and high seed yield, and type of normal. Criterion of comprehensive assessment of primarily selected superior trees: "Superior" (with score ≥ 0.59), "Medium" (with score -0.190.59), "Poor" (with score ≤-0.19). According to this criterion, primarily selected superior trees were divided into 4 "Superior", 16"Medium", and 12"Poor" trees. With factor analysis and cluster analysis, analysis and assessment of phenotypic selection of officinal neem superior trees can be directly and easily performed and judged, the results could provide evidences and guidance in officinal neem breeding.
2015, 28(4): 473-478.
Abstract:
Based on investigation data of the naturally-distributed Cephalotaxus oliveri communities in Yunnan, Guizhou and Jiangxi provinces, the niche breadth, niche overlap, chi-square test, association coefficient (AC) and interspecific covariation based on 2×2 contingency table were used to analyze the interspecific relationship of dominant populations of C. oliveri communities. The results showed that the important value and the niche of breadth of C. oliveri in the communities were the highest. Relevant analysis results of important value and index of Levins showed the greater the important value, the greater the niche breadth of populations. The Schooner index showed that for 92.63% of the species, no or weak niche overlap were found, and the niche overlap was smaller between C. oliveri and other dominant populations. In chi-square test, species pairs of neutral connection were 64.74%, especially interspecific association between C. oliveri and other dominant populations. The ratio of species pairs of the positive and negative association coefficient between all dominant populations in community was 0.91. In the same way, the species pairs of negative interspecific covariation were more than that of positive interspecific covariation. C. oliveri and fir showed significant negative interspecific covariation, with the rest of the population, no significantly covariance correlation. The lager utilizing competition did not exist between populations in the community. Bbecause C. oliveri was appropriated valleys or stream sides and less external distractions, so its community stability was relative higher.
Based on investigation data of the naturally-distributed Cephalotaxus oliveri communities in Yunnan, Guizhou and Jiangxi provinces, the niche breadth, niche overlap, chi-square test, association coefficient (AC) and interspecific covariation based on 2×2 contingency table were used to analyze the interspecific relationship of dominant populations of C. oliveri communities. The results showed that the important value and the niche of breadth of C. oliveri in the communities were the highest. Relevant analysis results of important value and index of Levins showed the greater the important value, the greater the niche breadth of populations. The Schooner index showed that for 92.63% of the species, no or weak niche overlap were found, and the niche overlap was smaller between C. oliveri and other dominant populations. In chi-square test, species pairs of neutral connection were 64.74%, especially interspecific association between C. oliveri and other dominant populations. The ratio of species pairs of the positive and negative association coefficient between all dominant populations in community was 0.91. In the same way, the species pairs of negative interspecific covariation were more than that of positive interspecific covariation. C. oliveri and fir showed significant negative interspecific covariation, with the rest of the population, no significantly covariance correlation. The lager utilizing competition did not exist between populations in the community. Bbecause C. oliveri was appropriated valleys or stream sides and less external distractions, so its community stability was relative higher.
2015, 28(4): 479-487.
Abstract:
The nearby farmland surface atmospheric motion forms the unique kinetic and thermodynamic effects by the special structure of shelterbelt. The unique effects contribute to the surrounding material and energy exchange process, so the selection of coordinate rotation method is the key to improve the accuracy of shelterbelts flux. This paper focuses on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over the farmland shelterbelts in North China from March 9 to May 7 in 2012, the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, and Planar Fit-PF) on the turbulent fluxes were analyzed with the key parameters of the turbulence characteristics and energy closure rate. It showed that: (1) The planar fit method utilizing many runs data to get the rotation angle of the x-z plane was from -2.5° to -3.0° when the calculation period was less than 15 days, and the angle almost kept invariant when the calculation period was more than 15 days. The rotation angle of the y-z plane was 0.15° during the experiments. The rotation angle of x-z plane with double rotation method was mainly determined by original horizontal wind. The change of the rotation angle was relatively large. (2) The composed velocities corrected by the two methods were almost the same; but the vertical velocities corrected by the two methods were different, and the vertical velocity corrected by double rotation methods was zero and that corrected by planar fit method was close to zero but unequal to zero. When the wind speed was large, it needed to consider the impact of selecting coordinate rotation method of the results. (3) It reflected the true vertical velocity after correction by planar fit method. The friction velocity corrected by the planar fit method was almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from double rotation method were 105% of the corresponding result without correction. The relative differences of friction velocities corrected by the two methods were investigated. The result showed that the stress correction error caused by double rotation method increased with the decreasing of velocity because of the mean velocity and the lateral stress sampling errors; (4) The heat and latent fluxes corrected by double rotation method were 106% and 104% of the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from Planar fit method were almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction. (5) The energy closure rate of shelterbelt corrected by the planar fit method was improved by 17% compared with the corresponding results without correction, and that derived from double rotation method was improved by 30% compared with the corresponding result without correction. In a word, the errors and uncertainties caused by the tilting observation device could be corrected with the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods. The double rotation method was suitable for the observation period with situation of underlying changed rapidly, and the planar fit method was suitable for observation period that the observing system and its surrounding environment was relatively stable throughout the measurement process.
The nearby farmland surface atmospheric motion forms the unique kinetic and thermodynamic effects by the special structure of shelterbelt. The unique effects contribute to the surrounding material and energy exchange process, so the selection of coordinate rotation method is the key to improve the accuracy of shelterbelts flux. This paper focuses on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over the farmland shelterbelts in North China from March 9 to May 7 in 2012, the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, and Planar Fit-PF) on the turbulent fluxes were analyzed with the key parameters of the turbulence characteristics and energy closure rate. It showed that: (1) The planar fit method utilizing many runs data to get the rotation angle of the x-z plane was from -2.5° to -3.0° when the calculation period was less than 15 days, and the angle almost kept invariant when the calculation period was more than 15 days. The rotation angle of the y-z plane was 0.15° during the experiments. The rotation angle of x-z plane with double rotation method was mainly determined by original horizontal wind. The change of the rotation angle was relatively large. (2) The composed velocities corrected by the two methods were almost the same; but the vertical velocities corrected by the two methods were different, and the vertical velocity corrected by double rotation methods was zero and that corrected by planar fit method was close to zero but unequal to zero. When the wind speed was large, it needed to consider the impact of selecting coordinate rotation method of the results. (3) It reflected the true vertical velocity after correction by planar fit method. The friction velocity corrected by the planar fit method was almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from double rotation method were 105% of the corresponding result without correction. The relative differences of friction velocities corrected by the two methods were investigated. The result showed that the stress correction error caused by double rotation method increased with the decreasing of velocity because of the mean velocity and the lateral stress sampling errors; (4) The heat and latent fluxes corrected by double rotation method were 106% and 104% of the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from Planar fit method were almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction. (5) The energy closure rate of shelterbelt corrected by the planar fit method was improved by 17% compared with the corresponding results without correction, and that derived from double rotation method was improved by 30% compared with the corresponding result without correction. In a word, the errors and uncertainties caused by the tilting observation device could be corrected with the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods. The double rotation method was suitable for the observation period with situation of underlying changed rapidly, and the planar fit method was suitable for observation period that the observing system and its surrounding environment was relatively stable throughout the measurement process.
2015, 28(4): 488-496.
Abstract:
Twenty-four unigene sequences shared high homology with bHLH transcription factor protein involved in plant anthocyanin biosynthesis were obtained from previous-constructed tree peony (Paeonia lutea) petal transcriptome database and named as PlbHLH1~24. By amino acid sequence comparing and phylogenetic tree analysis, it showed that PlbHLH3 was considered to be related to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, contained a 2 040 bp ORF encoding 679 amino acid residues with typical bHLH structural domain; the predicted protein sequence of PlbHLH3 also shared high similarity with other bHLH transcription factor that related to anthocyanin biosynthesis such as VvMYC1 and MdbHLH3. Relative Real-Time PCR analysis indicated that PlbHLH3 expressed in different tissues of P. lutea and P. delavayi, the expression in carpel, anther and petal was significantly higher than that in sepal and leaf; PlbHLH3 reached the highest abundance at early stage of P. lutea,. For P. delavayi, the PlbHLH3 reached the lowest level at early stage, and was significantly or extremely significantly lower than that in other four stages. In conclusion, it is inferred that PlbHLH3 might associate with the regulatory of anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. lutea and this would provide the basis for insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying tree peony yellow flower pigmentation.
Twenty-four unigene sequences shared high homology with bHLH transcription factor protein involved in plant anthocyanin biosynthesis were obtained from previous-constructed tree peony (Paeonia lutea) petal transcriptome database and named as PlbHLH1~24. By amino acid sequence comparing and phylogenetic tree analysis, it showed that PlbHLH3 was considered to be related to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, contained a 2 040 bp ORF encoding 679 amino acid residues with typical bHLH structural domain; the predicted protein sequence of PlbHLH3 also shared high similarity with other bHLH transcription factor that related to anthocyanin biosynthesis such as VvMYC1 and MdbHLH3. Relative Real-Time PCR analysis indicated that PlbHLH3 expressed in different tissues of P. lutea and P. delavayi, the expression in carpel, anther and petal was significantly higher than that in sepal and leaf; PlbHLH3 reached the highest abundance at early stage of P. lutea,. For P. delavayi, the PlbHLH3 reached the lowest level at early stage, and was significantly or extremely significantly lower than that in other four stages. In conclusion, it is inferred that PlbHLH3 might associate with the regulatory of anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. lutea and this would provide the basis for insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying tree peony yellow flower pigmentation.
2015, 28(4): 497-501.
Abstract:
The female gametophyte development in Cattleya was studied by the method of paraffin cut. The results showed that the placental growth and ovule development did not initiate until pollination. After successful pollination, the ovule primordium begins to grow. The ovule is anatropous with 2 integuments and one-layered nucellus around the megaspore mother cel1. The mature embryo sac consists of 8 nuclei. The interval between pollination and the mature embryo sac is about l12 days. The advanced development of out integument might be a reason causing the abortion of embryo.
The female gametophyte development in Cattleya was studied by the method of paraffin cut. The results showed that the placental growth and ovule development did not initiate until pollination. After successful pollination, the ovule primordium begins to grow. The ovule is anatropous with 2 integuments and one-layered nucellus around the megaspore mother cel1. The mature embryo sac consists of 8 nuclei. The interval between pollination and the mature embryo sac is about l12 days. The advanced development of out integument might be a reason causing the abortion of embryo.
2015, 28(4): 502-507.
Abstract:
This paper is to study the effect of the waterlogging on biomass allocation and allometric pattern of rhizome and root system in Phyllostachys rivalis. The biomass of 1-year-old bamboo rhizome and root was investigated in a pot experiment with treatments of artificial irrigation and waterlogging for three and six months. The response, adaptative strategy of biomass allocation in rhizome and root of Ph. rivalis under long-term waterlogging conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the growth of roots was inhibited under waterlogging conditions and the allocation proportion of Ph. rivalis biomass was in the order of rhizome >root. Compared to the CK, the biomass of root and the ratio of root biomass to total biomass decreased significantly, the ratio of rhizome biomass to total biomass increased in the TR. It would grow lots of rhizome and root with the extension of waterlogging time and the biomass increased significantly. But no obvious impact of waterlogging on the proportion of rhizome biomass, root biomass or waterlogged rhizome in total biomass. The relationship between rhizome biomass and root biomass of Ph. rivalis accorded with positive power function in TR and CK. But the growth index in TR was higher than that in CK. By this research it showed that Ph. rivalis has ecological plasticity and regulatory on material distribution and growth of rhizome and root. And it could adapt to the waterlogging conditions gradually through reasonable distribution of biomass and allometric accommodation. This research could provide references for its application in vegetation restoration of wetland and areas of fluctuating water tables.
This paper is to study the effect of the waterlogging on biomass allocation and allometric pattern of rhizome and root system in Phyllostachys rivalis. The biomass of 1-year-old bamboo rhizome and root was investigated in a pot experiment with treatments of artificial irrigation and waterlogging for three and six months. The response, adaptative strategy of biomass allocation in rhizome and root of Ph. rivalis under long-term waterlogging conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the growth of roots was inhibited under waterlogging conditions and the allocation proportion of Ph. rivalis biomass was in the order of rhizome >root. Compared to the CK, the biomass of root and the ratio of root biomass to total biomass decreased significantly, the ratio of rhizome biomass to total biomass increased in the TR. It would grow lots of rhizome and root with the extension of waterlogging time and the biomass increased significantly. But no obvious impact of waterlogging on the proportion of rhizome biomass, root biomass or waterlogged rhizome in total biomass. The relationship between rhizome biomass and root biomass of Ph. rivalis accorded with positive power function in TR and CK. But the growth index in TR was higher than that in CK. By this research it showed that Ph. rivalis has ecological plasticity and regulatory on material distribution and growth of rhizome and root. And it could adapt to the waterlogging conditions gradually through reasonable distribution of biomass and allometric accommodation. This research could provide references for its application in vegetation restoration of wetland and areas of fluctuating water tables.
2015, 28(4): 508-517.
Abstract:
An investigation was conducted in a 1.5 hm2 permanent plot in the windthrow area of Picea asperata and Abies nephrolepis forest in Xiaoxing'an Mountains to measure the microclimatic factors of photosynthetic photo flux density(PPFD), relative air humidity(RH), the soil temperature of surface(TS0), the depth of 5 cm (TS5) and 10 cm (TS10), soil water content at the depth of 07.6 cm (SWC1), 012 cm(SWC2) and 020 cm(SWC3) on 35 pairs of pit and mound microsites (mound top, mound face, pit bottom, pit wall) from June to September in 2013. The intact site (intact forest floor undisturbed by uprooting) was set up as the controls. The monthly variations of the microclimatic factors on 5 different microsites and the impacts of PPFD, RH, and SWC on TS were compared. The results showed that: from July to September, both mean monthly PPFD and TS0 in pit and mound microstes ranked in the decreasing order of July > August > September, but the monthly mean RH, TS5 and TS10 decreased in the order of August > July > September, the monthly mean SWC decreased in the order of August > September > July; from July to the August, the monthly mean PPFD was listed in the decreasing order of mound top > mound face > pit bottom > intact forest floor, but in September, it changed in the order of mound top > mound face > intact forest floor > pit bottom > pit wall; from July to September, the monthly mean TS0 decreased in the order of mound top > mound face > intact forest floor > pit wall > pit bottom, but that of TS5 and TS10 were in the order of mound top > mound face > pit wall > intact forest floor> pit bottom, both the monthly mean RH and SWC was in the order of pit bottom > pit wall > intact forest floor > mound face > mound top; in July, the PPFD at mound top was the highest (736.1 μmol·m-2·s-1) and the lowest in intact forest floor (25.46 μmol·m-2·s-1), the TS at mound top was the highest (26.29 ℃) and the lowest in pit bottom (5.13℃); the SWC in shallow soil layer was larger than that in deep soil layer, the SWC was the highest in pit bottom (51.58%) on August. The correlation between PPFD in the same microsite and TS in shallow soil layer was larger than in deep soil layer. There was positive correlation between TS0 and PPFD, but negative correlation between TS0 and RH, respectively.
An investigation was conducted in a 1.5 hm2 permanent plot in the windthrow area of Picea asperata and Abies nephrolepis forest in Xiaoxing'an Mountains to measure the microclimatic factors of photosynthetic photo flux density(PPFD), relative air humidity(RH), the soil temperature of surface(TS0), the depth of 5 cm (TS5) and 10 cm (TS10), soil water content at the depth of 07.6 cm (SWC1), 012 cm(SWC2) and 020 cm(SWC3) on 35 pairs of pit and mound microsites (mound top, mound face, pit bottom, pit wall) from June to September in 2013. The intact site (intact forest floor undisturbed by uprooting) was set up as the controls. The monthly variations of the microclimatic factors on 5 different microsites and the impacts of PPFD, RH, and SWC on TS were compared. The results showed that: from July to September, both mean monthly PPFD and TS0 in pit and mound microstes ranked in the decreasing order of July > August > September, but the monthly mean RH, TS5 and TS10 decreased in the order of August > July > September, the monthly mean SWC decreased in the order of August > September > July; from July to the August, the monthly mean PPFD was listed in the decreasing order of mound top > mound face > pit bottom > intact forest floor, but in September, it changed in the order of mound top > mound face > intact forest floor > pit bottom > pit wall; from July to September, the monthly mean TS0 decreased in the order of mound top > mound face > intact forest floor > pit wall > pit bottom, but that of TS5 and TS10 were in the order of mound top > mound face > pit wall > intact forest floor> pit bottom, both the monthly mean RH and SWC was in the order of pit bottom > pit wall > intact forest floor > mound face > mound top; in July, the PPFD at mound top was the highest (736.1 μmol·m-2·s-1) and the lowest in intact forest floor (25.46 μmol·m-2·s-1), the TS at mound top was the highest (26.29 ℃) and the lowest in pit bottom (5.13℃); the SWC in shallow soil layer was larger than that in deep soil layer, the SWC was the highest in pit bottom (51.58%) on August. The correlation between PPFD in the same microsite and TS in shallow soil layer was larger than in deep soil layer. There was positive correlation between TS0 and PPFD, but negative correlation between TS0 and RH, respectively.
2015, 28(4): 518-523.
Abstract:
Taking ‘PCNA Youhou’ persimmon grafted on the root-stocks of Diospyros glaucifolia, D. lotus, D. oleifera, D. kaki of ‘537’,‘514’ As test material, the annual dynamic change of growth, activity of membrane lipid antioxidant enzymes, content of malomdiadehyde and chlorophyll of different grafted persimmon during seedling period were studied. The results were used to evaluate the graft compatibility of different grafted persimmon. It was indicated that:(1) The growth rate of D. glaucifolia, D. kaki of ‘537’,‘514’ grafted seedlings was higher than that of D. lotus, D. oleifera grafted seedlings. (2) The contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were the least in D. oleifera grafted seedlings and it tended to show early aging.(3) The contents of malomdiadehyde was higher than that of the other grafted seedlings, especially when the root-stocks was D. oleifera during the later stage of growth. While its activity of antioxidant enzymes was lower than that of the others in the early growth stage and higher during the later stage of growth, and the adaptation between stocks and scion was weak. (4) Analyzing the growth and physiology indicators of the grafted persimmon by principal component and membership function analysis, it turned out that the affinity order was: D. glaucifolia >D. kaki of ‘537’ > D. kaki of ‘514’ > D. lotus > D. oleifera. Combining the annual dynamic change of indicators, the results showed that the D. glaucifolia, D. kaki of ‘537’, and ‘514’ were suitable to ‘PCNA Youhou’, while the D. oleifera was not.
Taking ‘PCNA Youhou’ persimmon grafted on the root-stocks of Diospyros glaucifolia, D. lotus, D. oleifera, D. kaki of ‘537’,‘514’ As test material, the annual dynamic change of growth, activity of membrane lipid antioxidant enzymes, content of malomdiadehyde and chlorophyll of different grafted persimmon during seedling period were studied. The results were used to evaluate the graft compatibility of different grafted persimmon. It was indicated that:(1) The growth rate of D. glaucifolia, D. kaki of ‘537’,‘514’ grafted seedlings was higher than that of D. lotus, D. oleifera grafted seedlings. (2) The contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were the least in D. oleifera grafted seedlings and it tended to show early aging.(3) The contents of malomdiadehyde was higher than that of the other grafted seedlings, especially when the root-stocks was D. oleifera during the later stage of growth. While its activity of antioxidant enzymes was lower than that of the others in the early growth stage and higher during the later stage of growth, and the adaptation between stocks and scion was weak. (4) Analyzing the growth and physiology indicators of the grafted persimmon by principal component and membership function analysis, it turned out that the affinity order was: D. glaucifolia >D. kaki of ‘537’ > D. kaki of ‘514’ > D. lotus > D. oleifera. Combining the annual dynamic change of indicators, the results showed that the D. glaucifolia, D. kaki of ‘537’, and ‘514’ were suitable to ‘PCNA Youhou’, while the D. oleifera was not.
2015, 28(4): 524-530.
Abstract:
In a 9-to 11-year-old Live oak (Quercus virginiana) plantation with density of 1 200 trees per hectare, which located at the sandy saline soil of Shangyu District, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, the fallen seeds from 3542 trees randomly selected were periodically collected and weighted from October to January for three years. The variation and stability of annual seed yield, fall-off rhythm, seed size and form characteristic of same trees were studied. The mean seed yields per tree in 2012, 2013 and 2014 were 2.32 (0.00~8.51) kg, 1.38 (0.03~5.61) kg and 2.92 (0.40~6.58) kg, respectively. The process from beginning to closing of seed dropping for a plantation lasted as long as 80~100 days, and they were highly coincident with Logistic model. The 69.79%~82.56% of annual seed yield were fallen within 40 days from first 10 days of November to that of December. The seed yield of the 26 trees showed extreme variation among individual trees and years (P≤ 0.001 3), and the annual variation coefficient of individual seed yield ranged from 9.78% to 138.76%. The early and late orders of initial, peak, and closing period of seed dropping displayed notable differences among individual trees and years (P≤ 0.000 5), and higher year correlations (r=0.42~0.67). The 100-seed-weight, seed width, seed length and form index (length/width) showed significant differences among trees (P≤ 0.000 4), but not between years. The yearly correlations were higher (r=0.64~0.87), and the seed form was the most stable character. The researches indicated that the Live oak plantation aged about 10 had fairly high seed production capacity, but the differences of seed yield among individual trees were huge, and unstable year correlations. Variations of seed fall-off period and seed size were extremely rich and with high year stability.Through long-term observation, some types of mother tree with relatively stable high or low yielding, and early-or late-maturing could be recognized and selected.
In a 9-to 11-year-old Live oak (Quercus virginiana) plantation with density of 1 200 trees per hectare, which located at the sandy saline soil of Shangyu District, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, the fallen seeds from 3542 trees randomly selected were periodically collected and weighted from October to January for three years. The variation and stability of annual seed yield, fall-off rhythm, seed size and form characteristic of same trees were studied. The mean seed yields per tree in 2012, 2013 and 2014 were 2.32 (0.00~8.51) kg, 1.38 (0.03~5.61) kg and 2.92 (0.40~6.58) kg, respectively. The process from beginning to closing of seed dropping for a plantation lasted as long as 80~100 days, and they were highly coincident with Logistic model. The 69.79%~82.56% of annual seed yield were fallen within 40 days from first 10 days of November to that of December. The seed yield of the 26 trees showed extreme variation among individual trees and years (P≤ 0.001 3), and the annual variation coefficient of individual seed yield ranged from 9.78% to 138.76%. The early and late orders of initial, peak, and closing period of seed dropping displayed notable differences among individual trees and years (P≤ 0.000 5), and higher year correlations (r=0.42~0.67). The 100-seed-weight, seed width, seed length and form index (length/width) showed significant differences among trees (P≤ 0.000 4), but not between years. The yearly correlations were higher (r=0.64~0.87), and the seed form was the most stable character. The researches indicated that the Live oak plantation aged about 10 had fairly high seed production capacity, but the differences of seed yield among individual trees were huge, and unstable year correlations. Variations of seed fall-off period and seed size were extremely rich and with high year stability.Through long-term observation, some types of mother tree with relatively stable high or low yielding, and early-or late-maturing could be recognized and selected.
2015, 28(4): 531-537.
Abstract:
Using univariate distribution, bivariate distribution, forest spatial structure index and distance, the structural characteristics of two typically natural forests located at Xiaolongshan of Gansu Province were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The average mingling value of Pinus tabuliformis natural forest was 0.397 and badly mixed, while Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest's was 0.797 and well segregated. The DBH dominances of P. tabuliformis and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata were 0.507 and 0.485 separately, the state of each forest belonged to medium. The average uniform angle index values of them were 0.511 and 0.508 respectively, both were random distribution. (2) In P. tabuliformis and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forests, most trees with same mingling class or dominance degree were randomly distributed, and the trees with same mingling class or distribution pattern were basically equal at different dominance degrees. The main difference was that in P. tabuliformis natural forests, the trees with same dominance degree or distribution pattern were almost surrounded by the same species while In Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest, they were well mixed. (3) In both P. tabuliformis and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest, the forest spatial structure index (FSSI) were 0.526 and 0.739 respectively, forest spatial structure distance (FSSD) were 0.788 and 0.576 separately, the spatial structure of the latter was better than that of the former obviously. The FSSI and FSSD had a very significant linear relationship, FSSD= -1.481 5×FSSI+1.625 7, R2=0.990 6 (P < 0.01), and strong consistency in terms of expression stand spatial structure. It can be concluded that the bivariate distribution, forest spatial structure index and distance can be used to quantitatively analyze the forest microstructure distribution characteristics from two different levels, and provide a new way to accurate structure adjustment for Xiaolongshan.
Using univariate distribution, bivariate distribution, forest spatial structure index and distance, the structural characteristics of two typically natural forests located at Xiaolongshan of Gansu Province were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The average mingling value of Pinus tabuliformis natural forest was 0.397 and badly mixed, while Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest's was 0.797 and well segregated. The DBH dominances of P. tabuliformis and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata were 0.507 and 0.485 separately, the state of each forest belonged to medium. The average uniform angle index values of them were 0.511 and 0.508 respectively, both were random distribution. (2) In P. tabuliformis and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forests, most trees with same mingling class or dominance degree were randomly distributed, and the trees with same mingling class or distribution pattern were basically equal at different dominance degrees. The main difference was that in P. tabuliformis natural forests, the trees with same dominance degree or distribution pattern were almost surrounded by the same species while In Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest, they were well mixed. (3) In both P. tabuliformis and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest, the forest spatial structure index (FSSI) were 0.526 and 0.739 respectively, forest spatial structure distance (FSSD) were 0.788 and 0.576 separately, the spatial structure of the latter was better than that of the former obviously. The FSSI and FSSD had a very significant linear relationship, FSSD= -1.481 5×FSSI+1.625 7, R2=0.990 6 (P < 0.01), and strong consistency in terms of expression stand spatial structure. It can be concluded that the bivariate distribution, forest spatial structure index and distance can be used to quantitatively analyze the forest microstructure distribution characteristics from two different levels, and provide a new way to accurate structure adjustment for Xiaolongshan.
2015, 28(4): 538-542.
Abstract:
Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.), an endemic tree species in China's subtropical area, is one of the most important fast-growing tree species for timber production in southern China. Based on the periodic data of the Chinese fir in Jiangxi province, three stand basal area models (Korf-based model, Richards-based model, and Hossfeld-based model) were developed using generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA). The results showed that Richards-based model was the best for modeling the stand basal area of Chinese fir in the study. Additionally, Bayesian method and Classical method (nonlinear least squares method) were used to estimate the Richards-based model. Although the precision of Bayesian method was nearly equal to that of the classical method, the model reliability using Bayesian method was better than using classical method.
Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.), an endemic tree species in China's subtropical area, is one of the most important fast-growing tree species for timber production in southern China. Based on the periodic data of the Chinese fir in Jiangxi province, three stand basal area models (Korf-based model, Richards-based model, and Hossfeld-based model) were developed using generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA). The results showed that Richards-based model was the best for modeling the stand basal area of Chinese fir in the study. Additionally, Bayesian method and Classical method (nonlinear least squares method) were used to estimate the Richards-based model. Although the precision of Bayesian method was nearly equal to that of the classical method, the model reliability using Bayesian method was better than using classical method.
2015, 28(4): 543-550.
Abstract:
The ice storm in 2008 had serious impact on forest ecosystems in Nanling Mountain. Almost all kinds of plantations and natural forests were subjected to varying degrees of influence. By investigating the understory saplings of different communities in the Nanling Arboretum 4 years after the storm occurred to depict the sapling biodiversity and its distribution patterns. The results showed that the seed germinating and root sucker sprouting made each community structure emerged a more significant stratification. There were significant differences of reserved seedlings and saplings among different communities: 8 870 per hm2 in deciduous broad-leaved forest (DBF), 7 160 per hm2 in evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF) and 5 920 per hm2 in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (MF). The diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of understory saplings focused broad-leaved mixed forest(MF).The diameter at breast height(DBH)distribution of understory saplings focused in 0.6—1.8 cm, and had a maximal DBH of 1.0 cm. While DBH ranged from 1.8—3.0 cm, the sapling amount of EBF was slightly different from that of DBH and MF, the former was more than the latter. there were few understory saplings with DBH between 3.0—5.0 cm in these communities, which presents that the community structure had no significant stratification and the ice storm contributed to the regeneration and succession of different communities.Using of data processing software SPSS 21.0 to analysis the difference and correlation of biodiversity index between conopy trees and understory splings, there was no significant difference of biodiversity index among different community canopy trees, but the understory splings. The sapling species richness(S) was significantly higher than tree species, and the Pielou index(J)of understory saplings and canopy tree species was basically between 0.5—0.6, which had no significant differences. The canopy species composition and uniformity of distribution affected the distribution of understory saplings.The variance mean ratio(V/m) was applied to measure the distribution pattern of the dominant species of understory saplings in different communities. The results indicated that all of dominant sapling species of each community appeared aggregated distribution. Among them saplings through seeds(by some canopy species spreading) germinating and root suckering occurred often gather greater strength. Neolitsea chui (K=18.584) and Daphniphyllum calycinum (K=9.792 5) approach Poisson distribution in DBF which Choerospondias axillaris as the dominant species. The interspecific association of Choerospondias axillaris and Neolitsea chui could be obtained by interspecific link analysis.
The ice storm in 2008 had serious impact on forest ecosystems in Nanling Mountain. Almost all kinds of plantations and natural forests were subjected to varying degrees of influence. By investigating the understory saplings of different communities in the Nanling Arboretum 4 years after the storm occurred to depict the sapling biodiversity and its distribution patterns. The results showed that the seed germinating and root sucker sprouting made each community structure emerged a more significant stratification. There were significant differences of reserved seedlings and saplings among different communities: 8 870 per hm2 in deciduous broad-leaved forest (DBF), 7 160 per hm2 in evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF) and 5 920 per hm2 in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (MF). The diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of understory saplings focused broad-leaved mixed forest(MF).The diameter at breast height(DBH)distribution of understory saplings focused in 0.6—1.8 cm, and had a maximal DBH of 1.0 cm. While DBH ranged from 1.8—3.0 cm, the sapling amount of EBF was slightly different from that of DBH and MF, the former was more than the latter. there were few understory saplings with DBH between 3.0—5.0 cm in these communities, which presents that the community structure had no significant stratification and the ice storm contributed to the regeneration and succession of different communities.Using of data processing software SPSS 21.0 to analysis the difference and correlation of biodiversity index between conopy trees and understory splings, there was no significant difference of biodiversity index among different community canopy trees, but the understory splings. The sapling species richness(S) was significantly higher than tree species, and the Pielou index(J)of understory saplings and canopy tree species was basically between 0.5—0.6, which had no significant differences. The canopy species composition and uniformity of distribution affected the distribution of understory saplings.The variance mean ratio(V/m) was applied to measure the distribution pattern of the dominant species of understory saplings in different communities. The results indicated that all of dominant sapling species of each community appeared aggregated distribution. Among them saplings through seeds(by some canopy species spreading) germinating and root suckering occurred often gather greater strength. Neolitsea chui (K=18.584) and Daphniphyllum calycinum (K=9.792 5) approach Poisson distribution in DBF which Choerospondias axillaris as the dominant species. The interspecific association of Choerospondias axillaris and Neolitsea chui could be obtained by interspecific link analysis.
2015, 28(4): 551-556.
Abstract:
The biomass production model and distribution model were improved based on 3-PG model theory, so as the individual tree growth model could be established to achieve the growth forecast of the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) stand. In this study, the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) were used to evaluate and compare the results of the model simulation and field data. It showed that the average analog precisions of DBH and H of the improved model were respectively 95.57% and 91.16%, significantly higher than that of the 3-PG model, whose precisions were 89.4% and 85.18%. The simulation accuracy of the improved simulation model was significantly higher and the simulation results were better.
The biomass production model and distribution model were improved based on 3-PG model theory, so as the individual tree growth model could be established to achieve the growth forecast of the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) stand. In this study, the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) were used to evaluate and compare the results of the model simulation and field data. It showed that the average analog precisions of DBH and H of the improved model were respectively 95.57% and 91.16%, significantly higher than that of the 3-PG model, whose precisions were 89.4% and 85.18%. The simulation accuracy of the improved simulation model was significantly higher and the simulation results were better.
2015, 28(4): 557-564.
Abstract:
The structures of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forests in Dayekou watershed on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains were studied along the altitude from 2 500~3 300 m, and the values were calculated with sub-segment elevation (per 100 m a. s. l.). The results are as follows. (1) The forest density was high while the trees were relatively small in the study area. The forest density, DBH, H and crown diameter of stands were 1 550 ± 628 trees·hm-2, 13.9 ± 6.2 cm, 8.1 ± 3.7 m and 3.3 ± 1.7 m, respectively. With the elevation increasing, the forest density, the average DBH and the crown diameter decreased. The average H showed a "unimodal" change. (2) The saplings (DBH 5~12.5cm) and middle trees (DBH 12.5~22.5cm) were predominant in the forests, and the height of trees were about 6~12 m. With the elevation increasing, the percentage of seedlings (DBH≤5 cm) in forest showed a basic stability, the percentage of saplings decreased slightly, the percentage of middle trees showed a "unimodal" change, which peaked at 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l., the percentage of big trees (DBH>22.5 cm) increased. The percentage of the stands (H≤6 m) showed a "V" shaped change, which the minimum value appeared at 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l.. The percentages of the stands (H: 6~12 m) and the stands (H >12 m) showed "unimodal" changes, peaking at 2 600~2 700 m and 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l., respectively. (3) The ratio of height to diameter ranged from 0.45~0.73 and the breast-height basal area ranged from 7.86~33.32 m2· hm-2, with the elevation increasing, both of them showed a "unimodal" change, which peaked at 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l.. Analysis shows that the stand density, moisture and temperature conditions were leading to the differentiation of the growth in tree diameter and height. The middle segment elevation (2 800~2 900 m a. s. l.) is the most suitable area for Qinghai spruce forests distribution in this area.
The structures of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forests in Dayekou watershed on the northern slope of Qilian Mountains were studied along the altitude from 2 500~3 300 m, and the values were calculated with sub-segment elevation (per 100 m a. s. l.). The results are as follows. (1) The forest density was high while the trees were relatively small in the study area. The forest density, DBH, H and crown diameter of stands were 1 550 ± 628 trees·hm-2, 13.9 ± 6.2 cm, 8.1 ± 3.7 m and 3.3 ± 1.7 m, respectively. With the elevation increasing, the forest density, the average DBH and the crown diameter decreased. The average H showed a "unimodal" change. (2) The saplings (DBH 5~12.5cm) and middle trees (DBH 12.5~22.5cm) were predominant in the forests, and the height of trees were about 6~12 m. With the elevation increasing, the percentage of seedlings (DBH≤5 cm) in forest showed a basic stability, the percentage of saplings decreased slightly, the percentage of middle trees showed a "unimodal" change, which peaked at 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l., the percentage of big trees (DBH>22.5 cm) increased. The percentage of the stands (H≤6 m) showed a "V" shaped change, which the minimum value appeared at 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l.. The percentages of the stands (H: 6~12 m) and the stands (H >12 m) showed "unimodal" changes, peaking at 2 600~2 700 m and 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l., respectively. (3) The ratio of height to diameter ranged from 0.45~0.73 and the breast-height basal area ranged from 7.86~33.32 m2· hm-2, with the elevation increasing, both of them showed a "unimodal" change, which peaked at 2 800~2 900 m a. s. l.. Analysis shows that the stand density, moisture and temperature conditions were leading to the differentiation of the growth in tree diameter and height. The middle segment elevation (2 800~2 900 m a. s. l.) is the most suitable area for Qinghai spruce forests distribution in this area.
2015, 28(4): 565-569.
Abstract:
Taking willow clones SH31 as trial material, the distribution and changes of photosynthetic characteristics of Na+, K+, Ca2+ in roots, stems and leaves were studied in the condition of hemi-inhibitory sodium chloride solution. The results are as follows: under the stress of 0.6% sodium chloride solution, willow clones SH31 appeared strong salt tolerance. In the condition of hemi-inhibitory sodium chloride solution, concentration of Na+ increased in roots during the first 16 days and part of Na+ was intercepted to transport to the leaves. In the condition of hemi-inhibitory sodium chloride solution, the content of K+ decreased in roots and stems, however it increased in leaves. It can still maintain high level K+ in leaves. There was no significant difference of content of Ca2+ in roots, stems and leaves between treatment and control. In this condition, the net photosynthetic rate of SH31 reduced during the first 7 days and then remained stable. The transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased during the first 7 days and then increased. However, there was no significant difference of the concentration of CO2 between treatment and control. The root selective absorption of Na+ and maintaining large amount of K+, Ca2+ and high level of photosynthesis should be the important mechanism of salt tolerance in SH31.
Taking willow clones SH31 as trial material, the distribution and changes of photosynthetic characteristics of Na+, K+, Ca2+ in roots, stems and leaves were studied in the condition of hemi-inhibitory sodium chloride solution. The results are as follows: under the stress of 0.6% sodium chloride solution, willow clones SH31 appeared strong salt tolerance. In the condition of hemi-inhibitory sodium chloride solution, concentration of Na+ increased in roots during the first 16 days and part of Na+ was intercepted to transport to the leaves. In the condition of hemi-inhibitory sodium chloride solution, the content of K+ decreased in roots and stems, however it increased in leaves. It can still maintain high level K+ in leaves. There was no significant difference of content of Ca2+ in roots, stems and leaves between treatment and control. In this condition, the net photosynthetic rate of SH31 reduced during the first 7 days and then remained stable. The transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased during the first 7 days and then increased. However, there was no significant difference of the concentration of CO2 between treatment and control. The root selective absorption of Na+ and maintaining large amount of K+, Ca2+ and high level of photosynthesis should be the important mechanism of salt tolerance in SH31.
2015, 28(4): 570-576.
Abstract:
Anthocyanin is a kind of secondary products during the process of flavonoid metabolizing and determine the colors of flowers, fruits and seeds. With the research on flavonoids biosynthesis, many structural genes synthesized anthocyanins of various plants have been cloned, and the previous studies showed that the structural genes were activated by transcription factors (MYB, bHLH and WD40) with complex interaction patterns. In this paper, MYB transcription factors, bHLH transcription factors and WD40 repeat protein involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and their roles in the regulation of structural gene expression and anthocyanin synthesis are reviewed.
Anthocyanin is a kind of secondary products during the process of flavonoid metabolizing and determine the colors of flowers, fruits and seeds. With the research on flavonoids biosynthesis, many structural genes synthesized anthocyanins of various plants have been cloned, and the previous studies showed that the structural genes were activated by transcription factors (MYB, bHLH and WD40) with complex interaction patterns. In this paper, MYB transcription factors, bHLH transcription factors and WD40 repeat protein involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and their roles in the regulation of structural gene expression and anthocyanin synthesis are reviewed.
2015, 28(4): 577-581.
Abstract:
9 mycorrhizal fungi, including 4 ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) and 5 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), were used to explore their effect on seedling growth of Mytilaria laosensis. The study shows that M. laosensis is one of the species with both VAM and ECM. Mycorrhizal infection rate of all ECM inoculation methods reached level 3, and that of AMF infection rate was 88%-93%, of which AM91 became the highest. In different periods, different inoculation treatment expressed different effects on seedling growth. At the end of the experiment, the height, ground diameter, underground dry mass and upper ground dry mass of seedling inoculated with PX0801 and 9006 respectively increased by 71%, 45%, 128%, 184%, and 65%, 54%,150%, 208%, which exhibited the best overall effect. Coinoculated seedlings with AM90036, AM3008 and AM91 had advantages over uninoculated ones in all the tested growth indicators, which suggest to significantly promote the growth of M.laosensis. The results obtained provide reference for mycorrhizal fungi application on M. laosensis.
9 mycorrhizal fungi, including 4 ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) and 5 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), were used to explore their effect on seedling growth of Mytilaria laosensis. The study shows that M. laosensis is one of the species with both VAM and ECM. Mycorrhizal infection rate of all ECM inoculation methods reached level 3, and that of AMF infection rate was 88%-93%, of which AM91 became the highest. In different periods, different inoculation treatment expressed different effects on seedling growth. At the end of the experiment, the height, ground diameter, underground dry mass and upper ground dry mass of seedling inoculated with PX0801 and 9006 respectively increased by 71%, 45%, 128%, 184%, and 65%, 54%,150%, 208%, which exhibited the best overall effect. Coinoculated seedlings with AM90036, AM3008 and AM91 had advantages over uninoculated ones in all the tested growth indicators, which suggest to significantly promote the growth of M.laosensis. The results obtained provide reference for mycorrhizal fungi application on M. laosensis.
2015, 28(4): 582-587.
Abstract:
Euonymus evergreen hybrid(1#, 2#, 3#) and their parents (Euonymus japonicus‘Zhuzi’, E. kiautschovicus) were studied to test whether their cold resistance were stronger than their parents in the winter. The result showed The semi-lethal temperatures (LT50) were assessed separately by electrolyte leakage, the result showed that the LT50 of 1#, 2#, 3#, E. japonicus‘Zhuzi’ and E. kiautschovicus were 36℃, 32.1℃, -28.5℃, -26.9℃, and -28℃ respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) in 3# were higher than that of the others, but there was no significant difference among the other varieties. The contents of proline in leaves of E. japonicus‘Zhuzi’ were higher than that of Euonymus evergreen hybrids and E. kiautschovicus. The present study indicates that the hybrid evergreen euonymus and their parents had different mechanisms of cold-resistance.
Euonymus evergreen hybrid(1#, 2#, 3#) and their parents (Euonymus japonicus‘Zhuzi’, E. kiautschovicus) were studied to test whether their cold resistance were stronger than their parents in the winter. The result showed The semi-lethal temperatures (LT50) were assessed separately by electrolyte leakage, the result showed that the LT50 of 1#, 2#, 3#, E. japonicus‘Zhuzi’ and E. kiautschovicus were 36℃, 32.1℃, -28.5℃, -26.9℃, and -28℃ respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) in 3# were higher than that of the others, but there was no significant difference among the other varieties. The contents of proline in leaves of E. japonicus‘Zhuzi’ were higher than that of Euonymus evergreen hybrids and E. kiautschovicus. The present study indicates that the hybrid evergreen euonymus and their parents had different mechanisms of cold-resistance.
2015, 28(4): 588-592.
Abstract:
The Asian long-horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis is a polyphagous xylophage native to Asia. This beetle is the most serious pest in the Three-north Areas of China. Dastarcus helophoroides plays an important role in biological control of the Asian long-horned beetle. In order to determine the probability of introducing this natural enemy to control A. glabripennis in the northwest of China, the overwintering survival of D. helophoroides in north China is a most important issue which should be understood. The overwintering place and survival of D. helophoroides were investigated respectively. The supercooling points of overwintering and laboratory strains of this parasitic beetle were assayed. The results indicated that most of this parasitic beetle chose the long-horned beetle pupa cell and the gallery as their overwintering place. A small proportion of them completed their overwintering process beneath the bark. Over 50% proportion of this beetle can complete the overwintering process successfully. Furthermore, the cold tolerance of overwintering strain was much stronger than that of the laboratory strain. These findings suggested that D. helophoroides can successfully accomplish the overwintering process in northwest of China. This might provide a support for introducing D. helophoroides to control the Asian long-horned beetle in these places.
The Asian long-horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis is a polyphagous xylophage native to Asia. This beetle is the most serious pest in the Three-north Areas of China. Dastarcus helophoroides plays an important role in biological control of the Asian long-horned beetle. In order to determine the probability of introducing this natural enemy to control A. glabripennis in the northwest of China, the overwintering survival of D. helophoroides in north China is a most important issue which should be understood. The overwintering place and survival of D. helophoroides were investigated respectively. The supercooling points of overwintering and laboratory strains of this parasitic beetle were assayed. The results indicated that most of this parasitic beetle chose the long-horned beetle pupa cell and the gallery as their overwintering place. A small proportion of them completed their overwintering process beneath the bark. Over 50% proportion of this beetle can complete the overwintering process successfully. Furthermore, the cold tolerance of overwintering strain was much stronger than that of the laboratory strain. These findings suggested that D. helophoroides can successfully accomplish the overwintering process in northwest of China. This might provide a support for introducing D. helophoroides to control the Asian long-horned beetle in these places.
2015, 28(4): 593-596.
Abstract:
In this study, the transgenic poplar (Populus × euramericana‘Guariento’) harboring five exogenous genes (SacB, Vgb, BtCry3A, OC-I and JERF36#) and the control plants were selected, comparing the wood property variation of 5-year-old trees, and trying to understand whether the transgenic of exogenous genes produce unintended effects. The results showed that the transgenic of exogenous genes caused a wide range of variation in non-target wood properties, the variations were found not only between transgenic and wild-type lines, but also among transgenic lines. Compared with the control, the transgenic lines, the contents of holocellulose and cellulose increased, the total lignin and acid soluble lignin decreased, the fiber length, the fiber width, the microfibril angle and the acid insoluble lignin varied uncertainly. It is concluded that the introduced exogenous gene could generate unintended effects on corresponding non-target target traits.
In this study, the transgenic poplar (Populus × euramericana‘Guariento’) harboring five exogenous genes (SacB, Vgb, BtCry3A, OC-I and JERF36#) and the control plants were selected, comparing the wood property variation of 5-year-old trees, and trying to understand whether the transgenic of exogenous genes produce unintended effects. The results showed that the transgenic of exogenous genes caused a wide range of variation in non-target wood properties, the variations were found not only between transgenic and wild-type lines, but also among transgenic lines. Compared with the control, the transgenic lines, the contents of holocellulose and cellulose increased, the total lignin and acid soluble lignin decreased, the fiber length, the fiber width, the microfibril angle and the acid insoluble lignin varied uncertainly. It is concluded that the introduced exogenous gene could generate unintended effects on corresponding non-target target traits.
2015, 28(4): 597-603.
Abstract:
This research compared the transcriptomes of four different tissues of Pinus koraiensis by using RNA-seq technique and a lot of differentially expressed unigenes were obtained. A total of 21.3 GB of data was obtained and 41 476 expressed unigenes were received after assembling. Through GO and COG classification, the commented and transcribed sequences were classified into 24 or 56 functional categories, which referred to many biochemical processes such as material and energy metabolism, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and defense reaction. Through pathway enrichment analysis, the pathways associated with grease synthetic fatty acid biosynthetic and terpenoids synthesis were found. Two unigenes of metabolic pathways in KEGG database were compared and 16 key enzyme genes of fatty acid synthesis in other species homologous and 34 key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were obtained. By high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics research, a large number of Pinus koraiensis transcriptome unigenes was obtained. This research provides references for the research on the genes related to secondary metabolites synthesis in Pinus koraiensis.
This research compared the transcriptomes of four different tissues of Pinus koraiensis by using RNA-seq technique and a lot of differentially expressed unigenes were obtained. A total of 21.3 GB of data was obtained and 41 476 expressed unigenes were received after assembling. Through GO and COG classification, the commented and transcribed sequences were classified into 24 or 56 functional categories, which referred to many biochemical processes such as material and energy metabolism, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and defense reaction. Through pathway enrichment analysis, the pathways associated with grease synthetic fatty acid biosynthetic and terpenoids synthesis were found. Two unigenes of metabolic pathways in KEGG database were compared and 16 key enzyme genes of fatty acid synthesis in other species homologous and 34 key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were obtained. By high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics research, a large number of Pinus koraiensis transcriptome unigenes was obtained. This research provides references for the research on the genes related to secondary metabolites synthesis in Pinus koraiensis.
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