2015 Vol. 28, No. 6
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2015, 28(6): 759-766.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Xiaolongshan forest area of the West Qinling Mountains, China, is an important natural forest system in northwest China. The zonal vegetation type of the area is pine-oak mixed forest. The structure of a Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest established in 2007 in the Wangangou forest range, Baihua Forest Farm, Xiaolongshan forest area, Gansu Province, was reexamined in 2013 via fixed sampling of individual trees and their positions. The dynamic characteristics of the community were analyzed in terms of species composition, diversity, and stand structure. No significant changes were observed in either community species composition or the order of importance values of dominant tree species. However, two rare species had exited the community, and 40 trees had died, resulting in a mortality rate of 8.3%. The species richness of overstory layer, tree species spatial diversity, and the number of individual species in the community all decreased from 2007 to 2013, whereas the concentration of dominant tree species increased. The spatial structure of the stand did not change significantly, the distribution pattern of trees in the community remained random, and the abundance of individuals in the intermediate and upper layers increased. The vertical structure of the community a typical reverse J-shaped distribution to a single peak curve skewed to the left. The spatial structure of became more complex, and the segregation of tree species decreased. The dominance of the constructive species, Q. var. acuteserrata, and its main associated tree species increased, whereas the dominance of pioneer tree species decreased.
Xiaolongshan forest area of the West Qinling Mountains, China, is an important natural forest system in northwest China. The zonal vegetation type of the area is pine-oak mixed forest. The structure of a Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest established in 2007 in the Wangangou forest range, Baihua Forest Farm, Xiaolongshan forest area, Gansu Province, was reexamined in 2013 via fixed sampling of individual trees and their positions. The dynamic characteristics of the community were analyzed in terms of species composition, diversity, and stand structure. No significant changes were observed in either community species composition or the order of importance values of dominant tree species. However, two rare species had exited the community, and 40 trees had died, resulting in a mortality rate of 8.3%. The species richness of overstory layer, tree species spatial diversity, and the number of individual species in the community all decreased from 2007 to 2013, whereas the concentration of dominant tree species increased. The spatial structure of the stand did not change significantly, the distribution pattern of trees in the community remained random, and the abundance of individuals in the intermediate and upper layers increased. The vertical structure of the community a typical reverse J-shaped distribution to a single peak curve skewed to the left. The spatial structure of became more complex, and the segregation of tree species decreased. The dominance of the constructive species, Q. var. acuteserrata, and its main associated tree species increased, whereas the dominance of pioneer tree species decreased.
2015, 28(6): 767-774.
Abstract:
Based on fully investigation of neem resources in Yunnan, the azadirachtin content of seedling colonies were tested by HPLC. The genetic diversity and stability of Azadirachta indica seed quality characters were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, ANOVA, hierarchical clustering, and repeatability estimation. The results showed that:① The seed quality varied in a wide range, with variation of azadirachtin A, azadirachtin B, azadirachtin A&B, and ratio of azadirachtin A to B as 0.28% 0.85%, 0.04% 0.39%, 0.37% 1.15% and 1.698.25, respectively. ② The azadirachtin content of seeds could be divided into three types:High(azA ≥ 0.69%, azB ≥ 0.25%, and azAB ≥ 0.92%), Low(azA ≤ 0.44%, azB ≤ 0.10%, and azAB ≤ 0.51%), and Medium(azA=0.68% 0.45%, azB=0.24% 0.11%, and azAB=0.91% 0.52%). The type "High" could be further divided into "Superior azA&B(azAB ≥ 1.15%)", "Superior azA with poor azB(azA ≥ 0.85%, azB ≤ 0.21%)", "Superior azB with poor azA(azA ≤ 0.67%, azB ≥ 0.39%)", and "High azA&B(azAB=1.05% 0.92%)". ③ The repeatability of azA and azAB were 0.2063 and 0.3252 respectively, with a "medium" repeatability. ④ The seeds of type "Superior azA&B" were the ideal materials for officinal neem breeding, and the type "Superior azA with poor azB" and "Superior azB with poor azA" could be cross parents in further officinal neem breeding to provide potential complementary.
Based on fully investigation of neem resources in Yunnan, the azadirachtin content of seedling colonies were tested by HPLC. The genetic diversity and stability of Azadirachta indica seed quality characters were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, ANOVA, hierarchical clustering, and repeatability estimation. The results showed that:① The seed quality varied in a wide range, with variation of azadirachtin A, azadirachtin B, azadirachtin A&B, and ratio of azadirachtin A to B as 0.28% 0.85%, 0.04% 0.39%, 0.37% 1.15% and 1.698.25, respectively. ② The azadirachtin content of seeds could be divided into three types:High(azA ≥ 0.69%, azB ≥ 0.25%, and azAB ≥ 0.92%), Low(azA ≤ 0.44%, azB ≤ 0.10%, and azAB ≤ 0.51%), and Medium(azA=0.68% 0.45%, azB=0.24% 0.11%, and azAB=0.91% 0.52%). The type "High" could be further divided into "Superior azA&B(azAB ≥ 1.15%)", "Superior azA with poor azB(azA ≥ 0.85%, azB ≤ 0.21%)", "Superior azB with poor azA(azA ≤ 0.67%, azB ≥ 0.39%)", and "High azA&B(azAB=1.05% 0.92%)". ③ The repeatability of azA and azAB were 0.2063 and 0.3252 respectively, with a "medium" repeatability. ④ The seeds of type "Superior azA&B" were the ideal materials for officinal neem breeding, and the type "Superior azA with poor azB" and "Superior azB with poor azA" could be cross parents in further officinal neem breeding to provide potential complementary.
2015, 28(6): 775-780.
Abstract:
Two samples of 3-year-old Pinus massoniana grown in Laoshan forest farm of Zhejiang Province and Weimin State-owned Forest Farm of Fujian Province respectively were used to investigate the genetic effects and the interaction with environment on growth traits in the 6×6 half diallel cross design. The results showed that the combining ability and the interactions of combining ability with environment were significant effective in the height and DBH. The additive gene effects of height played a major role in the two research site. The DBH appeared to be controlled mainly by the additive gene effects in Weimin site, while controlled primarily by the dominance gene effects in Laoshan site. The performance of tree height, DBH and stem volume were controlled mainly by the environment effects and secondly by the additive gene effects and the interactions of dominance gene effect with environment and the dominance gene effects, the interactions of additive gene effect with environment played the weakest role under different environment conditions. The stability of general combining ability(GCA) was significantly higher than that of the specific combining ability(SCA). Based on tree growth index, 2 superior parents and 5 superior combinations were preliminarily selected for the two samples respectively. The gains of superior parents for the two test samples were 5.61%-8.05% and 10.22%-12.98% compared with the mean value, 45.11%-48.48% and 51.84%-55.64% compared with the progeny of the original high-quality stands. The gains of superior combinations were 3.37%-17.69% and 9.35%-25.93% compared with the mean value of the test samples, 42.04%-61.72% and 50.64%-73.48% compared with the progeny of the original high-quality stands.
Two samples of 3-year-old Pinus massoniana grown in Laoshan forest farm of Zhejiang Province and Weimin State-owned Forest Farm of Fujian Province respectively were used to investigate the genetic effects and the interaction with environment on growth traits in the 6×6 half diallel cross design. The results showed that the combining ability and the interactions of combining ability with environment were significant effective in the height and DBH. The additive gene effects of height played a major role in the two research site. The DBH appeared to be controlled mainly by the additive gene effects in Weimin site, while controlled primarily by the dominance gene effects in Laoshan site. The performance of tree height, DBH and stem volume were controlled mainly by the environment effects and secondly by the additive gene effects and the interactions of dominance gene effect with environment and the dominance gene effects, the interactions of additive gene effect with environment played the weakest role under different environment conditions. The stability of general combining ability(GCA) was significantly higher than that of the specific combining ability(SCA). Based on tree growth index, 2 superior parents and 5 superior combinations were preliminarily selected for the two samples respectively. The gains of superior parents for the two test samples were 5.61%-8.05% and 10.22%-12.98% compared with the mean value, 45.11%-48.48% and 51.84%-55.64% compared with the progeny of the original high-quality stands. The gains of superior combinations were 3.37%-17.69% and 9.35%-25.93% compared with the mean value of the test samples, 42.04%-61.72% and 50.64%-73.48% compared with the progeny of the original high-quality stands.
2015, 28(6): 781-787.
Abstract:
Container nursing is a highly efficient cultivation measures that can significantly enhance the survival rate of forestation. Compared to one-year-old container-growing seedlings, the two-years-old container-growing seedlings are better in growth and survival rate. The effect of slow-release fertilizer(SRF) loading on growth, root development, biomass accumulation and allocation and N, P accumulations of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Phoebe chekiangensis and Cinnamomum chekiangense were systematically studied. The results are as follows.(1) The maximum ground diameter of T. wallichiana var. mairei appeared at 1.5 kg·m-3 of the SRF treatment. The 2.5 kg·m-3 SRF treatment could effectively promote seedling height of C. chekiangense, and SRF had significant effects on T. wallichiana var. mairei's leaf, root and total biomass accumulation.(2) The root volume, length and surface of both the T. wallichiana var. mairei and C. chekiangense reached the maximum values under the treatment of 3.5 kg·m-3 SRF, while the 2.5 kg·m-3 SRF could meet the demand of P. chekiangensis' growth in root volume and root surface area.(3) The N accumulation of the 3 kinds of seedlings benefited from 3.5 kg·m-3 SRF. However, the lower SRF was good for the construction of P reserves of P. chekiangensis. Apparently, increasing concent of nutrients would promote the growth and nutrient accumulation of seedlings, exceeding concent of nutrients not only limited the growth but also led to redistribution of nutrients. According to the results, the optimum fertilizing dose of N was 1.67g per plant for these three kinds of seedlings, and it was best to fertilize phosphorus at 0.74 g per plant to T. wallichiana var. mairei and C. chekiangense, respectively,while 0.32 g per plant should be better for P. chekiangensis.
Container nursing is a highly efficient cultivation measures that can significantly enhance the survival rate of forestation. Compared to one-year-old container-growing seedlings, the two-years-old container-growing seedlings are better in growth and survival rate. The effect of slow-release fertilizer(SRF) loading on growth, root development, biomass accumulation and allocation and N, P accumulations of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Phoebe chekiangensis and Cinnamomum chekiangense were systematically studied. The results are as follows.(1) The maximum ground diameter of T. wallichiana var. mairei appeared at 1.5 kg·m-3 of the SRF treatment. The 2.5 kg·m-3 SRF treatment could effectively promote seedling height of C. chekiangense, and SRF had significant effects on T. wallichiana var. mairei's leaf, root and total biomass accumulation.(2) The root volume, length and surface of both the T. wallichiana var. mairei and C. chekiangense reached the maximum values under the treatment of 3.5 kg·m-3 SRF, while the 2.5 kg·m-3 SRF could meet the demand of P. chekiangensis' growth in root volume and root surface area.(3) The N accumulation of the 3 kinds of seedlings benefited from 3.5 kg·m-3 SRF. However, the lower SRF was good for the construction of P reserves of P. chekiangensis. Apparently, increasing concent of nutrients would promote the growth and nutrient accumulation of seedlings, exceeding concent of nutrients not only limited the growth but also led to redistribution of nutrients. According to the results, the optimum fertilizing dose of N was 1.67g per plant for these three kinds of seedlings, and it was best to fertilize phosphorus at 0.74 g per plant to T. wallichiana var. mairei and C. chekiangense, respectively,while 0.32 g per plant should be better for P. chekiangensis.
2015, 28(6): 788-796.
Abstract:
The flowering phenology, reproductive module and the relationship between the parameters and their impacting factors of Emmenopterys henryi were studied using field survey method. The results showed that the E. henryi trees entered the reproductive period at the age of 23 years old, and its florescence of single flower was 6.91 days. With the tree got old, its florescence came earlier, with a time duration of 36 to 61 days. Altitude had a significant influence on the florescence of single flower, as the altitude increased, the florescence of single flower got longer, and the first-flowering date postponed. The average number of flower branch per individual was 86, which including 7388 flowers and 95 fruits, and as the mother tree got old, the quantity of the reproductive module increased to different extends, among which the highest fruit productivity of a single flower branch generated from the trees with the age of 80110 years old. With the altitude increased, both the number of flower branch and flower decreased, however the quantity of the fruits had a modest increase. There were significant positive correlations between the age of E. henryi and light, air temperature, air humidity and their modules. The results of the study indicated that, for the mother trees with age of 80110 years old, the microhabitat of light intensity of 30000 lux, temperature of 28℃, and the humidity of 70%, were the best for their sexual reproduction. Based on the present research, it is suggested that the original habitat of E. henryi should be protected, cutting the mother tree of E. henryi should be prohibited, meanwhile, the high trees around the E. henryi tree should be thinned to improve the light conditions and help the growth and development of E. henryi.
The flowering phenology, reproductive module and the relationship between the parameters and their impacting factors of Emmenopterys henryi were studied using field survey method. The results showed that the E. henryi trees entered the reproductive period at the age of 23 years old, and its florescence of single flower was 6.91 days. With the tree got old, its florescence came earlier, with a time duration of 36 to 61 days. Altitude had a significant influence on the florescence of single flower, as the altitude increased, the florescence of single flower got longer, and the first-flowering date postponed. The average number of flower branch per individual was 86, which including 7388 flowers and 95 fruits, and as the mother tree got old, the quantity of the reproductive module increased to different extends, among which the highest fruit productivity of a single flower branch generated from the trees with the age of 80110 years old. With the altitude increased, both the number of flower branch and flower decreased, however the quantity of the fruits had a modest increase. There were significant positive correlations between the age of E. henryi and light, air temperature, air humidity and their modules. The results of the study indicated that, for the mother trees with age of 80110 years old, the microhabitat of light intensity of 30000 lux, temperature of 28℃, and the humidity of 70%, were the best for their sexual reproduction. Based on the present research, it is suggested that the original habitat of E. henryi should be protected, cutting the mother tree of E. henryi should be prohibited, meanwhile, the high trees around the E. henryi tree should be thinned to improve the light conditions and help the growth and development of E. henryi.
2015, 28(6): 797-803.
Abstract:
The precise determination of transpirational water-consumption is of great significance of the judgement of stand water balance. The present proper density of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation was calculated by means of water balance based on 5 years' observation of the precipitation, the canopy interception, the forest evapotranspiration, the soil water content and the sap flow velocity(SFV) which was measured by thermal dissipation probe(TDP) during the growing season. The sap flow observation of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in Zhanggutai started in early April and ended in late October, the monthly average SFV during the growing season from April to October were 2.58, 4.78, 5.19, 5.01, 4.84, 4.30 and 1.93 cm·per hour respectively, the highest SFV appeared in June, higher SFV appeared in July, August, May and September successively and lower SFV appeared in April and October. Through calculating, the proper density of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in 14, 16, 18, 20 cm diameter class were 688, 531, 422 and 344 plants per hectare. Over-high density was the common problem existed in pure stands in the same diameter class.
The precise determination of transpirational water-consumption is of great significance of the judgement of stand water balance. The present proper density of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation was calculated by means of water balance based on 5 years' observation of the precipitation, the canopy interception, the forest evapotranspiration, the soil water content and the sap flow velocity(SFV) which was measured by thermal dissipation probe(TDP) during the growing season. The sap flow observation of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in Zhanggutai started in early April and ended in late October, the monthly average SFV during the growing season from April to October were 2.58, 4.78, 5.19, 5.01, 4.84, 4.30 and 1.93 cm·per hour respectively, the highest SFV appeared in June, higher SFV appeared in July, August, May and September successively and lower SFV appeared in April and October. Through calculating, the proper density of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in 14, 16, 18, 20 cm diameter class were 688, 531, 422 and 344 plants per hectare. Over-high density was the common problem existed in pure stands in the same diameter class.
2015, 28(6): 804-809.
Abstract:
In this study, the heritability and genetic correlation of the contents of Pinus elliottii turpentine and its five components were estimated by measuring the resin composition. The Smith-Hazel comprehensive selection index was used for evaluating the turpentine composition of 186 high-yielding slash pine trees, and the high-yielding and good-quality P. elliottii plus trees were selected into the seed orchard by "core-master group" breeding system. The results showed that the family heritability and individual heritability of turpentine and its component content of P. elliottii were 0.3402-0.5713 and 0.2112-0.4773, respectively, indicating that the variation in turpentine and its component contents of P. elliottii were controlled genetically at medium level. 7 plus trees with high turpentine(the genetic gain was 51.57%) and high β-pinene(the genetic gain was 97.89%) were selected as the core-breeding population, and 86 plus trees were selected as the master-breeding population as the genetic gain of turpentine, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, dipentene, and myrcene were 14.70%, 4.22%, 10.26%, 22.99%, 17.69% and 13.49%. respectively.
In this study, the heritability and genetic correlation of the contents of Pinus elliottii turpentine and its five components were estimated by measuring the resin composition. The Smith-Hazel comprehensive selection index was used for evaluating the turpentine composition of 186 high-yielding slash pine trees, and the high-yielding and good-quality P. elliottii plus trees were selected into the seed orchard by "core-master group" breeding system. The results showed that the family heritability and individual heritability of turpentine and its component content of P. elliottii were 0.3402-0.5713 and 0.2112-0.4773, respectively, indicating that the variation in turpentine and its component contents of P. elliottii were controlled genetically at medium level. 7 plus trees with high turpentine(the genetic gain was 51.57%) and high β-pinene(the genetic gain was 97.89%) were selected as the core-breeding population, and 86 plus trees were selected as the master-breeding population as the genetic gain of turpentine, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, dipentene, and myrcene were 14.70%, 4.22%, 10.26%, 22.99%, 17.69% and 13.49%. respectively.
2015, 28(6): 810-817.
Abstract:
Taking three stand age-class(immature forest, near-mature forest and over-mature forest) of Pinus kesiya var. langbiannesis plantation and nearby green broad-leaved forest, primary coniferous forest as contrast in Pu'er city, Yunnan province. We discussed that the impacts on afforestation for size and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks of Pinus kesiya var. langbiannesis plantation.The results show that soil organic carbon content, nitrogen content and C:N gradually decreased with increase of soil layer thickness in different forest types. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen content in the over-mature forest were significantly higher than that of other forest types as the soil layer deepen and soil organic carbon and nitrogen content of topsoil in the near-mature foretst is significantly lower than that immature forest and over-mature forest. Tree layer carbon stocks of Pinus kesiya var. langbiannesis plantation increased with stand age development, moreover, tree layer carbon stocks in the over-mature forest was significantly higher than other forest types. Afforestation had no significant effect on soil nitrogen stocks, and the soil organic carbon stocks increased, then decreased and recovered the level of green broad-leaved forest and primary coniferous forest with the stand age development. Simultaneously, soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks decreased with the increase of soil layers depth(0-60 cm). The relative Change rate of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stock of immature and over-mature forest were higher than near-mature forest with stand age development compared with the green broad-leaved and primary coniferous forest, and the relative change rate of soil organic carbon and nirtrogen stock of near-mature forest had obviously net reduction. Artificial reforestation of priamry coniferous forest can accumulate more soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks than green broad-leaved forest. there were a significant and extremely significant positive correlation between soil moisture and soil organic carbon stocks in the different soil layer depth.
Taking three stand age-class(immature forest, near-mature forest and over-mature forest) of Pinus kesiya var. langbiannesis plantation and nearby green broad-leaved forest, primary coniferous forest as contrast in Pu'er city, Yunnan province. We discussed that the impacts on afforestation for size and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks of Pinus kesiya var. langbiannesis plantation.The results show that soil organic carbon content, nitrogen content and C:N gradually decreased with increase of soil layer thickness in different forest types. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen content in the over-mature forest were significantly higher than that of other forest types as the soil layer deepen and soil organic carbon and nitrogen content of topsoil in the near-mature foretst is significantly lower than that immature forest and over-mature forest. Tree layer carbon stocks of Pinus kesiya var. langbiannesis plantation increased with stand age development, moreover, tree layer carbon stocks in the over-mature forest was significantly higher than other forest types. Afforestation had no significant effect on soil nitrogen stocks, and the soil organic carbon stocks increased, then decreased and recovered the level of green broad-leaved forest and primary coniferous forest with the stand age development. Simultaneously, soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks decreased with the increase of soil layers depth(0-60 cm). The relative Change rate of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stock of immature and over-mature forest were higher than near-mature forest with stand age development compared with the green broad-leaved and primary coniferous forest, and the relative change rate of soil organic carbon and nirtrogen stock of near-mature forest had obviously net reduction. Artificial reforestation of priamry coniferous forest can accumulate more soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks than green broad-leaved forest. there were a significant and extremely significant positive correlation between soil moisture and soil organic carbon stocks in the different soil layer depth.
2015, 28(6): 818-825.
Abstract:
In order to illustrate the relationship between forest litter cumulants and its key impact factors, the litter accumulation amount and its main environmental factors of three forest communities(middle-aged Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla-Picea wilosonii forest, middle-aged Picea wilsonii forest and pre-matured P. wilsonii forest)during the succession of Populus davidiana-B. platyphylla-Picea wilosonii forest were studied by using the methods of spatial series representing temporal series and standard sample survey method in 2013-2014 in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu Province. The results showed as follows:1. The thickness and total accumulation amount of litters decreased at first and then increased with the positive succession of forest communities. The average values of thickness for the three forest communities were 5.26 cm, 5.03 cm and 5.59 cm respectively,and the average values of total accumulation amount were 57.08 t·hm-2, 51.44 t·hm-2, and 56.34 t·hm-2. 2. For the pre-matured P. wilsonii forest, the total accumulation amount of litter was gradually increasing with the increase of elevation, and the average values of the three elevations of 2300 m, 2400 m, 2500 m were 48.56 t·hm-2,55.93 t·hm-2, and 64.55 t·hm-2 respectively;For the middle-aged P. wilsonii forest, the total accumulation amount of litter of high density stand and small slope were greater, but the impact of the density and slope on the acumulation amount of litter was not obvious, the average values for the stand densities of 2133 plants·hm-2, 1705 plants·hm-2 and 1065 plants·hm-2 were 49.87 t·hm-2, 48.59 t·hm-2 and 45.36 t·hm-2 respectively,while the average values for the slopes of 22°, 32° and 41° were 58.35 t·hm-2, 49.9 t·hm-2 and 48.59 t·hm-2. 3. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation among the accumulation amount of litter un-decomposed and DBH, height, conifer density. The enviromental factors affacting the accumulation amount of forest litter were various, and the litter amount was the result of combined action of many factors.
In order to illustrate the relationship between forest litter cumulants and its key impact factors, the litter accumulation amount and its main environmental factors of three forest communities(middle-aged Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla-Picea wilosonii forest, middle-aged Picea wilsonii forest and pre-matured P. wilsonii forest)during the succession of Populus davidiana-B. platyphylla-Picea wilosonii forest were studied by using the methods of spatial series representing temporal series and standard sample survey method in 2013-2014 in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu Province. The results showed as follows:1. The thickness and total accumulation amount of litters decreased at first and then increased with the positive succession of forest communities. The average values of thickness for the three forest communities were 5.26 cm, 5.03 cm and 5.59 cm respectively,and the average values of total accumulation amount were 57.08 t·hm-2, 51.44 t·hm-2, and 56.34 t·hm-2. 2. For the pre-matured P. wilsonii forest, the total accumulation amount of litter was gradually increasing with the increase of elevation, and the average values of the three elevations of 2300 m, 2400 m, 2500 m were 48.56 t·hm-2,55.93 t·hm-2, and 64.55 t·hm-2 respectively;For the middle-aged P. wilsonii forest, the total accumulation amount of litter of high density stand and small slope were greater, but the impact of the density and slope on the acumulation amount of litter was not obvious, the average values for the stand densities of 2133 plants·hm-2, 1705 plants·hm-2 and 1065 plants·hm-2 were 49.87 t·hm-2, 48.59 t·hm-2 and 45.36 t·hm-2 respectively,while the average values for the slopes of 22°, 32° and 41° were 58.35 t·hm-2, 49.9 t·hm-2 and 48.59 t·hm-2. 3. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation among the accumulation amount of litter un-decomposed and DBH, height, conifer density. The enviromental factors affacting the accumulation amount of forest litter were various, and the litter amount was the result of combined action of many factors.
2015, 28(6): 826-832.
Abstract:
In this study, the osmotic adjustment mechanism of different salt-tolerant plants under salt stress was analyzed. The Salix psammophila, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix chinensis and Nitraria sibirica were treated by different salt concentrations(0,100,200,and 300 mmol·L-1NaCl),the change of the content of inorganic and organic solutes and their role in osmotic adjustment regulation of the 4 types of salt-tolerant plants were evaluated. The results are as follows.(1)Among the 4 types plants, the content of Na+ and Cl- increased and K+,Ca2+,Mg2+ decreased under salt stress.(2)The salt-delution halophytes(N. sibirica)and salt-secretion halophytes(T. chinensis)took Na+ as the main inorganic osmotic adjustment, while the salt-exclusion halophytes(S. psammophila and E. angustifolia)took K+ as the main inorganic osmotic adjustment.(3)Soluble sugar was the common organic osmotic adjustment for the four types of plants under salt stress,and it was particularly important for S. psammophila and E. angustifolia;Proline was an important organic osmotic adjustment for El. angustifolia under high salt concentration(≥ 200 mmol·L-1NaCl)stress;The content of betaine increased significantly with salt concentration increase of N. sibirica leaves, it also has an important role to improve the salt-tolerance of N. sibirica. There were significant differences in accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, also the osmotic regulation and mechanisms of salt resistance had differences under saline stress of the 4 types of salt-tolerant plants.
In this study, the osmotic adjustment mechanism of different salt-tolerant plants under salt stress was analyzed. The Salix psammophila, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix chinensis and Nitraria sibirica were treated by different salt concentrations(0,100,200,and 300 mmol·L-1NaCl),the change of the content of inorganic and organic solutes and their role in osmotic adjustment regulation of the 4 types of salt-tolerant plants were evaluated. The results are as follows.(1)Among the 4 types plants, the content of Na+ and Cl- increased and K+,Ca2+,Mg2+ decreased under salt stress.(2)The salt-delution halophytes(N. sibirica)and salt-secretion halophytes(T. chinensis)took Na+ as the main inorganic osmotic adjustment, while the salt-exclusion halophytes(S. psammophila and E. angustifolia)took K+ as the main inorganic osmotic adjustment.(3)Soluble sugar was the common organic osmotic adjustment for the four types of plants under salt stress,and it was particularly important for S. psammophila and E. angustifolia;Proline was an important organic osmotic adjustment for El. angustifolia under high salt concentration(≥ 200 mmol·L-1NaCl)stress;The content of betaine increased significantly with salt concentration increase of N. sibirica leaves, it also has an important role to improve the salt-tolerance of N. sibirica. There were significant differences in accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, also the osmotic regulation and mechanisms of salt resistance had differences under saline stress of the 4 types of salt-tolerant plants.
2015, 28(6): 833-838.
Abstract:
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase(DXS) catalyzes the first and the rate-limiting step of the MEP pathway. In this study, the special primers were designed according to the transcriptome data of Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis(A. Chev.) Gaussen. The full length gene of PkDXS1 was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE, which consisted of 2223 bp open reading frame(ORF) encoding 740 amino acid, the deduced PkDXS1 protein shared 99% and 97% identities with DXS of Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc and Picea abies(L.) H. Karst., respectively. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that PkDXS1 carried a chloroplast transit peptied, a thiamine diphosphate binding site, and a transketolase motif, which are the important characteristics of DXS enzymes in higher plants. Semiquantity-RT-PCR detection showed that DXS gene expression was up-regulated by wounding treatment.
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase(DXS) catalyzes the first and the rate-limiting step of the MEP pathway. In this study, the special primers were designed according to the transcriptome data of Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis(A. Chev.) Gaussen. The full length gene of PkDXS1 was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE, which consisted of 2223 bp open reading frame(ORF) encoding 740 amino acid, the deduced PkDXS1 protein shared 99% and 97% identities with DXS of Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc and Picea abies(L.) H. Karst., respectively. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that PkDXS1 carried a chloroplast transit peptied, a thiamine diphosphate binding site, and a transketolase motif, which are the important characteristics of DXS enzymes in higher plants. Semiquantity-RT-PCR detection showed that DXS gene expression was up-regulated by wounding treatment.
2015, 28(6): 839-843.
Abstract:
To study the effect of ultraviolet radiation on Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook), the somatic embryogenic plants(emblings) regenerated from Chinese fir were used as testing materials. The emblings were treated by different exposure days under ultraviolet light. The results showed that with the prolonging of exposure time under ultraviolet light, the chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased, while the MDA content increased with the activity of POD and soluble protein. It was revealed that the UV radiation could cause a large amount of MDA in leaf which may damage the cell membranes and further decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis of Chinese fir. Stresses may triggered the emblings responding pathway to protect damages by UV radiation through activating POD competence and soluble protein, but failed to save the plants under sever damages in the investigation, POD may excited the activity soluble protein to protect emblings avoiding from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, but could not being effectively alleviate.
To study the effect of ultraviolet radiation on Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook), the somatic embryogenic plants(emblings) regenerated from Chinese fir were used as testing materials. The emblings were treated by different exposure days under ultraviolet light. The results showed that with the prolonging of exposure time under ultraviolet light, the chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased, while the MDA content increased with the activity of POD and soluble protein. It was revealed that the UV radiation could cause a large amount of MDA in leaf which may damage the cell membranes and further decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis of Chinese fir. Stresses may triggered the emblings responding pathway to protect damages by UV radiation through activating POD competence and soluble protein, but failed to save the plants under sever damages in the investigation, POD may excited the activity soluble protein to protect emblings avoiding from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, but could not being effectively alleviate.
2015, 28(6): 844-850.
Abstract:
Objective In order to provide some references for Litsea mollis Hemsl germplasm resource's preservation, utilization and selection, the phenotypic traits of L. mollis in West Sichuan Province were investigated to understand the phenotypic variation degree and variation regularity. Method 56L. mollis. individuals in West Sichuan Province were randomly selected. 13 phenotypic traits, such as the fruits, leaves, and seeds, were compared and analyzed. The variable coefficient, variance analysis, correlation analysis and principal components analysis were used to explore the phenotypic polymorphism of L. mollis in West Sichuan Province. Result The results are as follows.(1) The variation coefficient analysis and variance analysis showed that the phenotypic traits of L. mollis existed rich genetic differences, and had great variation in test area. Among them, the variation coefficient of 100 fruit weight was the maximum(15.93%); the variation coefficient of fruit shape index was the minimum(2.31%).(2) In correlation analysis, there existed highly significant difference or significant difference among traits.(3) The principle component analysis showed that fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit equatorial diameter, 100 fruit weight, seed longitudinal diameter, seed equatorial diameter, 100 seed weight were the dominant factors influencing the phenotypic polymorphism of L. mollis. Conclusion The phenotypic traits of L. mollis existed rich genetic differences, and had great variation in test area. Epharmony exist among the phenotypic traits. 6 phenotypic traits as fruit longitudinal diameter were the dominant factors influencing the phenotypic polymorphism of L. mollis.
Objective In order to provide some references for Litsea mollis Hemsl germplasm resource's preservation, utilization and selection, the phenotypic traits of L. mollis in West Sichuan Province were investigated to understand the phenotypic variation degree and variation regularity. Method 56L. mollis. individuals in West Sichuan Province were randomly selected. 13 phenotypic traits, such as the fruits, leaves, and seeds, were compared and analyzed. The variable coefficient, variance analysis, correlation analysis and principal components analysis were used to explore the phenotypic polymorphism of L. mollis in West Sichuan Province. Result The results are as follows.(1) The variation coefficient analysis and variance analysis showed that the phenotypic traits of L. mollis existed rich genetic differences, and had great variation in test area. Among them, the variation coefficient of 100 fruit weight was the maximum(15.93%); the variation coefficient of fruit shape index was the minimum(2.31%).(2) In correlation analysis, there existed highly significant difference or significant difference among traits.(3) The principle component analysis showed that fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit equatorial diameter, 100 fruit weight, seed longitudinal diameter, seed equatorial diameter, 100 seed weight were the dominant factors influencing the phenotypic polymorphism of L. mollis. Conclusion The phenotypic traits of L. mollis existed rich genetic differences, and had great variation in test area. Epharmony exist among the phenotypic traits. 6 phenotypic traits as fruit longitudinal diameter were the dominant factors influencing the phenotypic polymorphism of L. mollis.
2015, 28(6): 851-857.
Abstract:
Two wild populations of Cypripedium japonicum from West Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province were used to study the physiological characteristics and variation of C. japonicum during seed development. The content of nutrients, endogenous hormones and enzyme activity of developing seeds were measured. The results are as follows:1) The soluble protein content peaked as 774.03μg·g-1 twenty days after pollination(DAP). And the value was minimized as 373μg·g-1 at 85 DAP. The starch content rose rapidly from the initial 2.65% to 21.82%, and peaked at 60 DAP. Thereafter the content maintained at about 20%. The soluble sugar content changed between 1.72% and 3.09%. There existed a highly significant positive correlation between starch and soluble sugar(PP3, ZR and IAA occurred in a time sequence, as 20 DAP, 30 DAP and 40 DAP. There was highly a significant positive correlation among them(PP3+ZR) and ABA peaked at 20 DAP, then this ratio decreased.(3) The SOD activity rose rapidly to a peak as 451.18 U·g-1·min-1 at 20 DAP, and then decreased until 85 DAP. The SOD activity and soluble protein trends kept consistent. Both POD activity and CAT activity showed a single peak curve. The SOD, POD and CAT had no significant correlation(P>0.05), but they showed a significant positive correlation with protein(P<0.05).
Two wild populations of Cypripedium japonicum from West Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province were used to study the physiological characteristics and variation of C. japonicum during seed development. The content of nutrients, endogenous hormones and enzyme activity of developing seeds were measured. The results are as follows:1) The soluble protein content peaked as 774.03μg·g-1 twenty days after pollination(DAP). And the value was minimized as 373μg·g-1 at 85 DAP. The starch content rose rapidly from the initial 2.65% to 21.82%, and peaked at 60 DAP. Thereafter the content maintained at about 20%. The soluble sugar content changed between 1.72% and 3.09%. There existed a highly significant positive correlation between starch and soluble sugar(PP3, ZR and IAA occurred in a time sequence, as 20 DAP, 30 DAP and 40 DAP. There was highly a significant positive correlation among them(PP3+ZR) and ABA peaked at 20 DAP, then this ratio decreased.(3) The SOD activity rose rapidly to a peak as 451.18 U·g-1·min-1 at 20 DAP, and then decreased until 85 DAP. The SOD activity and soluble protein trends kept consistent. Both POD activity and CAT activity showed a single peak curve. The SOD, POD and CAT had no significant correlation(P>0.05), but they showed a significant positive correlation with protein(P<0.05).
2015, 28(6): 858-864.
Abstract:
The research was conducted on 95 hazelnut trees at the age of 2 to 6. Scores were assigned to each economic indicator, and the indicators include nutweight, kernel rate, shape index, shell thickness and yield. The scores were used to calculate the comprehensive indicator aiming at selecting excellent single plant. Based on the results of this research and other factors, such as the needs of production and market, six cultivars were selected as the first bunch of breeding subjects:KY-2, TL-26, CT-1, XF-3, TL-9 and TL-3. And further reproduction and production tests will be performed.
The research was conducted on 95 hazelnut trees at the age of 2 to 6. Scores were assigned to each economic indicator, and the indicators include nutweight, kernel rate, shape index, shell thickness and yield. The scores were used to calculate the comprehensive indicator aiming at selecting excellent single plant. Based on the results of this research and other factors, such as the needs of production and market, six cultivars were selected as the first bunch of breeding subjects:KY-2, TL-26, CT-1, XF-3, TL-9 and TL-3. And further reproduction and production tests will be performed.
2015, 28(6): 865-870.
Abstract:
In order to study the responds of stomatal traits of desert plant to climate change and the effects on plant carbon sequestration capacity, the typical plants Nitraria tangutorum was chosen as research materials. According to annual average precipitation of Dengkou and the plant growth regulation, two precipitation enhancement period(early growing season and late growing season) were designed, each precipitation enhancement period with two rain enhancement gradient(50% and 100%), the artificial simulation of precipitation experiment to natural N. tangutorum shrubs was conducted. The stomata size, density and conductance of N. tangutorum leaves in different rainfall simulation treatment were studied with a Motic digital imaging microscope. The results showed that the precipitation treatments increased the stomata size(length and width) and stomata conductance of leaves compared with the control, on the contrary, the stomata density decrease in precipitation treatments, and the density of lower epidermis of leaves was greater than upper epidermis. For the same rainfall season, the effect on the stomata size, density and conductance in 100% treatment were higher than that of 50% treatment, however, no significant differences were found between the two gradient; the response of stomata size and stomata conductance of rainfall treatment in early growing season were more sensitive, while the response of stomata density was not obvious to rainfall treatment in different growing season; there was a certain coordination among stomatal traits. Under the conditions of the future increase of rainfall, the carbon sequestration capacity of desert plants can be improved by changing stomatal traits(expended stomatal channel).
In order to study the responds of stomatal traits of desert plant to climate change and the effects on plant carbon sequestration capacity, the typical plants Nitraria tangutorum was chosen as research materials. According to annual average precipitation of Dengkou and the plant growth regulation, two precipitation enhancement period(early growing season and late growing season) were designed, each precipitation enhancement period with two rain enhancement gradient(50% and 100%), the artificial simulation of precipitation experiment to natural N. tangutorum shrubs was conducted. The stomata size, density and conductance of N. tangutorum leaves in different rainfall simulation treatment were studied with a Motic digital imaging microscope. The results showed that the precipitation treatments increased the stomata size(length and width) and stomata conductance of leaves compared with the control, on the contrary, the stomata density decrease in precipitation treatments, and the density of lower epidermis of leaves was greater than upper epidermis. For the same rainfall season, the effect on the stomata size, density and conductance in 100% treatment were higher than that of 50% treatment, however, no significant differences were found between the two gradient; the response of stomata size and stomata conductance of rainfall treatment in early growing season were more sensitive, while the response of stomata density was not obvious to rainfall treatment in different growing season; there was a certain coordination among stomatal traits. Under the conditions of the future increase of rainfall, the carbon sequestration capacity of desert plants can be improved by changing stomatal traits(expended stomatal channel).
2015, 28(6): 871-876.
Abstract:
Poplar is one of the major fast-growing tree species in China, but little was known about the effect of auxin on fast growth and secondary growth of poplar plants. In this study, PtrFBL1 for auxin receptor gene was cloned in poplar, the over-expression vector of PMDC32-PtrFBL1 based on PMDC32 was constructed and 17PtrFBL1 over-expressed plants of P. alba × P. glandulosa cl. '84K' were obtained. The root, growth and photosynthetic indexes of 3 transgenic lines and the control were analyzed. The results showed that the total root length and total root area of transgenic lines were higher than those of the non-transgenic control lines, and the differences were all significant or extremely significant. On the other hand, the mean adventitious root length, mean adventitious root diameter and root biomass were not significant. The plant height, average internode length, average internode diameter and ratio of height and diameter were higher than these of the control lines. In addition to lower limitation of stoma(Ls), all the other indexes, i.e. the stomatal conductance(Cd), water use efficiency(WUE), light use efficiency(LUE) and relative contents of chlorophyll were higher than those of the controls, and the differences from most transgenic lines reached significant or extremely significant levels. The transgenic lines increased the root areas, and had stronger photosynthetic efficiency and rate of water consumption, and promoted biomass accumulation on ground, thus had the accelerated speed of growth. Therefore, the PtrFBL1 gene has the potential to be manipulated to improve the growth.
Poplar is one of the major fast-growing tree species in China, but little was known about the effect of auxin on fast growth and secondary growth of poplar plants. In this study, PtrFBL1 for auxin receptor gene was cloned in poplar, the over-expression vector of PMDC32-PtrFBL1 based on PMDC32 was constructed and 17PtrFBL1 over-expressed plants of P. alba × P. glandulosa cl. '84K' were obtained. The root, growth and photosynthetic indexes of 3 transgenic lines and the control were analyzed. The results showed that the total root length and total root area of transgenic lines were higher than those of the non-transgenic control lines, and the differences were all significant or extremely significant. On the other hand, the mean adventitious root length, mean adventitious root diameter and root biomass were not significant. The plant height, average internode length, average internode diameter and ratio of height and diameter were higher than these of the control lines. In addition to lower limitation of stoma(Ls), all the other indexes, i.e. the stomatal conductance(Cd), water use efficiency(WUE), light use efficiency(LUE) and relative contents of chlorophyll were higher than those of the controls, and the differences from most transgenic lines reached significant or extremely significant levels. The transgenic lines increased the root areas, and had stronger photosynthetic efficiency and rate of water consumption, and promoted biomass accumulation on ground, thus had the accelerated speed of growth. Therefore, the PtrFBL1 gene has the potential to be manipulated to improve the growth.
2015, 28(6): 877-882.
Abstract:
Batocera lineolata is an important stem-borer, attacking ash trees in Yellow River Delta. In the paper, study on spatial distribution pattern and sampling technique of egg, larva, and adult of B. lineolata in ash trees was analyzed with aggregation indexes,Taylor's power law,and Iwao's distribution function. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of egg, larva, and adult of B. lineolata in ash trees were all aggregated, and the aggregation intensity was increased with population density. By using the parameters α and β in Iwao's m*-m regression equation,the optimal and sequential sampling formula, which the incisions, frass holes and emergence holes were control indexes, were established. The optimal and sequential sampling data table were calculated, and the data can be applied in the field control.
Batocera lineolata is an important stem-borer, attacking ash trees in Yellow River Delta. In the paper, study on spatial distribution pattern and sampling technique of egg, larva, and adult of B. lineolata in ash trees was analyzed with aggregation indexes,Taylor's power law,and Iwao's distribution function. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of egg, larva, and adult of B. lineolata in ash trees were all aggregated, and the aggregation intensity was increased with population density. By using the parameters α and β in Iwao's m*-m regression equation,the optimal and sequential sampling formula, which the incisions, frass holes and emergence holes were control indexes, were established. The optimal and sequential sampling data table were calculated, and the data can be applied in the field control.
2015, 28(6): 883-891.
Abstract:
The intra-specific variation of 20Pinus yunnanensis Franch. natural populations collected from the main distribution areas was analyzed. The results revealed higher genetic variation within populations than among populations based on SSR data and the genetic variation existed mainly within populations. There were not significantly genetic differences among populations. Based on SSR data and Nei's genetic similarity and the level of genetic diversity, the conservation units of P. yunnanensis were analyzed by using stepwise clustering and preferred sampling. The representativeness of sampling were evaluated by T-test among primary populations, conservation units and remainder populations. The results showed this method was effective to establish the conservation units. The CU6 composed of six P. yunnanensis natural populations had the 30% germplasm samples of primary populations. The retention ratio of number of alleles, effective number of alleles, Shannon's information index and expected heterozygosity were 98.03%, 105.36%, 103.99% and 105.56%, respectively. The genetic diversity of conservation units was higher than the remainder populations, which indicated that the populations sampled from primary populations for conversation units were representative and effective.
The intra-specific variation of 20Pinus yunnanensis Franch. natural populations collected from the main distribution areas was analyzed. The results revealed higher genetic variation within populations than among populations based on SSR data and the genetic variation existed mainly within populations. There were not significantly genetic differences among populations. Based on SSR data and Nei's genetic similarity and the level of genetic diversity, the conservation units of P. yunnanensis were analyzed by using stepwise clustering and preferred sampling. The representativeness of sampling were evaluated by T-test among primary populations, conservation units and remainder populations. The results showed this method was effective to establish the conservation units. The CU6 composed of six P. yunnanensis natural populations had the 30% germplasm samples of primary populations. The retention ratio of number of alleles, effective number of alleles, Shannon's information index and expected heterozygosity were 98.03%, 105.36%, 103.99% and 105.56%, respectively. The genetic diversity of conservation units was higher than the remainder populations, which indicated that the populations sampled from primary populations for conversation units were representative and effective.
2015, 28(6): 892-899.
Abstract:
Forest soil carbon(SOC) is the key part of the global carbon cycle. However, the existence of multiple forest types with various forest managements makes huge variabilities on maintenance mechanism of forest soil carbon pool and soil sequestration process, so as the evaluation of forest soil pool. Being the main method of forest management, harvest has effect on forest carbon pool and carbon process directly and indirectly. Therefore it is critical to have deeper understanding of response of the forest SOC to forest harvest. By literature review, this paper summarized research progress on forest soil carbon pool and soil respiration with different harvest types at home and abroad, and the uncertainties that influenced results had been analyzed. Harvest types, forest types, harvest residue management and microbial factors were main factors regulated SOC. Based on the review, unsolved problems of the recent research, emphasis of related work in the future had also been proposed:1)biotic factors was the main producer of CO2, and its sturcture and function changed responsed to disturbance, which influenced the soil carbon realese and sequestration straightly, however the machanism of this process was unclear, needed to be investugated further; 2) the effects of various harvest types to different area and forest soil types was so complex that process models and machnism models needed to be developed based on the intensive experiment researches, to provide technical support for carbon cycle and carbon accounting of forest ecosystem, and reference for the studies about forest management and carbon sink in China.
Forest soil carbon(SOC) is the key part of the global carbon cycle. However, the existence of multiple forest types with various forest managements makes huge variabilities on maintenance mechanism of forest soil carbon pool and soil sequestration process, so as the evaluation of forest soil pool. Being the main method of forest management, harvest has effect on forest carbon pool and carbon process directly and indirectly. Therefore it is critical to have deeper understanding of response of the forest SOC to forest harvest. By literature review, this paper summarized research progress on forest soil carbon pool and soil respiration with different harvest types at home and abroad, and the uncertainties that influenced results had been analyzed. Harvest types, forest types, harvest residue management and microbial factors were main factors regulated SOC. Based on the review, unsolved problems of the recent research, emphasis of related work in the future had also been proposed:1)biotic factors was the main producer of CO2, and its sturcture and function changed responsed to disturbance, which influenced the soil carbon realese and sequestration straightly, however the machanism of this process was unclear, needed to be investugated further; 2) the effects of various harvest types to different area and forest soil types was so complex that process models and machnism models needed to be developed based on the intensive experiment researches, to provide technical support for carbon cycle and carbon accounting of forest ecosystem, and reference for the studies about forest management and carbon sink in China.
2015, 28(6): 900-905.
Abstract:
Casmara patrona is one of the main borer pests damaging Camellia oleifera in China. Few reports about this insect were published. The life history, biological characteristics and natural enemies of C. patrona were investigated through field survey and laboratory observation in this study. The results showed that C. patrona had one generation in one year or two years, and overwintered as 3rd-5th instar larva in Zhejiang Province. About 88 percent of larvae began to pupate in early May, and the rest kept feeding till the next year. The adults could be observed from early June to early July, and the peak of emergence occurred in late June. The adults began to oviposit in late June and terminated in early July. The eggs started hatching in early July, and then the larvae bored into the branch to feed. The entrance holes of the larvae distributed predominately in the middle of the eastern and southern part of C. oleifera tree. The larva had five instars, and there were 10-50 days when the larva did not feed between consecutive instars.
Casmara patrona is one of the main borer pests damaging Camellia oleifera in China. Few reports about this insect were published. The life history, biological characteristics and natural enemies of C. patrona were investigated through field survey and laboratory observation in this study. The results showed that C. patrona had one generation in one year or two years, and overwintered as 3rd-5th instar larva in Zhejiang Province. About 88 percent of larvae began to pupate in early May, and the rest kept feeding till the next year. The adults could be observed from early June to early July, and the peak of emergence occurred in late June. The adults began to oviposit in late June and terminated in early July. The eggs started hatching in early July, and then the larvae bored into the branch to feed. The entrance holes of the larvae distributed predominately in the middle of the eastern and southern part of C. oleifera tree. The larva had five instars, and there were 10-50 days when the larva did not feed between consecutive instars.
2015, 28(6): 906-909.
Abstract:
The effects of applying N(urea, 46% N), P(phosphate, 12% P2O5) and K(potassium sulphate, 54% K2O) fertilizers on the growth performance and biomass yield of 8-month-old Archidendron clypearia seedlings were examined by L9 orthogonal array with 3 replicates in the nursery of Zengcheng Forest Farm of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The test seedlings were potted with the subsoil of total N 0.0484%, total P 0.1518% and total K 1.2629%, and fertilized at the 2nd and 6th months with the application rates of 0, 10 and 20 mg of N, 0, 20 and 50 mg of P and 0, 10 and 20 mg of K per seedling. The results showed that the diameter at ground level(DGL), the height and the oven-dried weight biomass of 8-month-old seedlings differed significantly at P=0.05. The combined application dose of 20 mg N, 20 mg P and 0 mg K per seedling resulted in the best seedling growth and biomass yield. N fertilizer was a significant factor in the growth of DGL and height of A. clypearia seedlings. P fertilizer had no significant effects on both DGL and height, while K fertilizer only affected DGL significantly. Analysis of the leaf and root stoichiometry suggested that N may be the most single limiting nutrient, A. clypearia seedlings used N more efficiently than they used P.
The effects of applying N(urea, 46% N), P(phosphate, 12% P2O5) and K(potassium sulphate, 54% K2O) fertilizers on the growth performance and biomass yield of 8-month-old Archidendron clypearia seedlings were examined by L9 orthogonal array with 3 replicates in the nursery of Zengcheng Forest Farm of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The test seedlings were potted with the subsoil of total N 0.0484%, total P 0.1518% and total K 1.2629%, and fertilized at the 2nd and 6th months with the application rates of 0, 10 and 20 mg of N, 0, 20 and 50 mg of P and 0, 10 and 20 mg of K per seedling. The results showed that the diameter at ground level(DGL), the height and the oven-dried weight biomass of 8-month-old seedlings differed significantly at P=0.05. The combined application dose of 20 mg N, 20 mg P and 0 mg K per seedling resulted in the best seedling growth and biomass yield. N fertilizer was a significant factor in the growth of DGL and height of A. clypearia seedlings. P fertilizer had no significant effects on both DGL and height, while K fertilizer only affected DGL significantly. Analysis of the leaf and root stoichiometry suggested that N may be the most single limiting nutrient, A. clypearia seedlings used N more efficiently than they used P.
2015, 28(6): 910-915.
Abstract:
'Liaoning 2' is a dwarf walnut variety bred by Chinese scientists through artificial hybridization, but little is known about its dwarfing mechanism. In this study, the dwarfing mechanism of 'Liaoning 2' is discussed through the comparison of biological characteristics, genomics and the expression of growth-related gene JrGAI,with a growth normally, closely related(half-sib families) variety of 'Liaoning 1' as control. By observing the phenology and tree phenotypes, it was found that there was no significant difference in phenological phase between 'Liaoning 1' and 'Liaoning 2', but 'Liaoning 2' was obviously dwarf, the height, crown and trunk diameter were smaller, the average length of internode reduced significantly, but there was no significant difference in the number of development branch internode. The dwarf phenotype of 'Liaoning 2' is mainly caused by inter-shortening. The qRT-PCR technique was performed to analyze the expression of GA negative regulation gene JrGAI and the results showed that during the shoot development, the expression of JrGAI gene exhibited decreasing expression in the shoot rapid growing period in both varieties and the decline in 'Liaoning 1' was remarkably reduced. The SSR analysis with 25 pairs of primers showed that SSR loci of two varieties were different, especially the homozygosity of 'Liaoning 2' SSR loci was higher. It is concluded that different expressions of JrGAI gene and homozygosity of SSR loci could be important internal reasons of dwarf phenotype of 'Liaoning 2'.
'Liaoning 2' is a dwarf walnut variety bred by Chinese scientists through artificial hybridization, but little is known about its dwarfing mechanism. In this study, the dwarfing mechanism of 'Liaoning 2' is discussed through the comparison of biological characteristics, genomics and the expression of growth-related gene JrGAI,with a growth normally, closely related(half-sib families) variety of 'Liaoning 1' as control. By observing the phenology and tree phenotypes, it was found that there was no significant difference in phenological phase between 'Liaoning 1' and 'Liaoning 2', but 'Liaoning 2' was obviously dwarf, the height, crown and trunk diameter were smaller, the average length of internode reduced significantly, but there was no significant difference in the number of development branch internode. The dwarf phenotype of 'Liaoning 2' is mainly caused by inter-shortening. The qRT-PCR technique was performed to analyze the expression of GA negative regulation gene JrGAI and the results showed that during the shoot development, the expression of JrGAI gene exhibited decreasing expression in the shoot rapid growing period in both varieties and the decline in 'Liaoning 1' was remarkably reduced. The SSR analysis with 25 pairs of primers showed that SSR loci of two varieties were different, especially the homozygosity of 'Liaoning 2' SSR loci was higher. It is concluded that different expressions of JrGAI gene and homozygosity of SSR loci could be important internal reasons of dwarf phenotype of 'Liaoning 2'.
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