2016 Vol. 29, No. 1
Display Method:
2016, 29(1): 1-9.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
[Objective]Production of plant litter is one of the most important processes in terrestrial ecosystems. This process is essential to understand the biogeochemical cycling and productivity of ecosystems. Currently, researches on relationship between litter production and species composition at the community level are still inadequate, particularly for the evergreen broad-leaved forests. The aims of the present study are to explore the seasonal variation of leaf litter production of major tree species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, and to provide basic knowledge for forest management and conservation.[Methods]The investigations of litter fall dynamics were conducted from October 2013 to September 2014 using litter fall traps. A total of 173 square traps were set in a 1 hm2 permanent plot located in an evergreen broad-leaved forest on Mt. Jinyun. Litter fall was collected monthly, and then identified, classified and weighed.[Results]The results showed that: 1) The annual litter production was 5 310.52 kg·hm-2 between 2013 and 2014. Foliage accounted for 71.82% (evergreen foliage accounted for 90.95% and deciduous foliage accounted for 9.05%), with tree bark and branches accounting for 12.51%, reproductive organs accounting for 8.74%, debris accounting for 6.04% and broken barks accounting for 1.00%. 2) Foliage litter was collected from 36 tree species (83.72% of the total number of species). 3) 250~300 g litter fall was collected from 55 traps, but from 4 traps, over 400 g was collected. Litter fall of a maximum of 24 species can be collected from one litter fall trap, and from most of the traps (29 traps), litter fall of a maximum of 14 species can be collected.[Conclusions]1) Both monthly total litter fall and foliage litter fall showed double-peaked curves. 2) The main sources of foliage litter fall were Castanopsis fargesii Franch, Machilus pingii (Oliv.) Hemsl and Elaeocarpus japonicus Sieb. et Zucc, accounting for 55.89% of the total amount of collected litter. 3) The litter fall of main species had clear foliage litter dynamics, and the litter dynamics of main trees can be classified into two types (i.e. single-peaked and double-peaked) according to the dynamics, and classified into four types (i.e. the evergreen trees with a peak in spring and autumn, the evergreen trees with a peak in spring, the evergreen trees with a peak in summer and the deciduous trees with a peak in autumn) according to the temporal pattern of peaks. Phenology had a great effect on the dynamics of the litter fall.
[Objective]Production of plant litter is one of the most important processes in terrestrial ecosystems. This process is essential to understand the biogeochemical cycling and productivity of ecosystems. Currently, researches on relationship between litter production and species composition at the community level are still inadequate, particularly for the evergreen broad-leaved forests. The aims of the present study are to explore the seasonal variation of leaf litter production of major tree species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, and to provide basic knowledge for forest management and conservation.[Methods]The investigations of litter fall dynamics were conducted from October 2013 to September 2014 using litter fall traps. A total of 173 square traps were set in a 1 hm2 permanent plot located in an evergreen broad-leaved forest on Mt. Jinyun. Litter fall was collected monthly, and then identified, classified and weighed.[Results]The results showed that: 1) The annual litter production was 5 310.52 kg·hm-2 between 2013 and 2014. Foliage accounted for 71.82% (evergreen foliage accounted for 90.95% and deciduous foliage accounted for 9.05%), with tree bark and branches accounting for 12.51%, reproductive organs accounting for 8.74%, debris accounting for 6.04% and broken barks accounting for 1.00%. 2) Foliage litter was collected from 36 tree species (83.72% of the total number of species). 3) 250~300 g litter fall was collected from 55 traps, but from 4 traps, over 400 g was collected. Litter fall of a maximum of 24 species can be collected from one litter fall trap, and from most of the traps (29 traps), litter fall of a maximum of 14 species can be collected.[Conclusions]1) Both monthly total litter fall and foliage litter fall showed double-peaked curves. 2) The main sources of foliage litter fall were Castanopsis fargesii Franch, Machilus pingii (Oliv.) Hemsl and Elaeocarpus japonicus Sieb. et Zucc, accounting for 55.89% of the total amount of collected litter. 3) The litter fall of main species had clear foliage litter dynamics, and the litter dynamics of main trees can be classified into two types (i.e. single-peaked and double-peaked) according to the dynamics, and classified into four types (i.e. the evergreen trees with a peak in spring and autumn, the evergreen trees with a peak in spring, the evergreen trees with a peak in summer and the deciduous trees with a peak in autumn) according to the temporal pattern of peaks. Phenology had a great effect on the dynamics of the litter fall.
2016, 29(1): 10-16.
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to breed excellent larch timber as building material by evaluating the growth and stem form characteristics of larch species and their hybrids. This study was carried out in a 32-year-old larch experimental forest in Qingyuan County, Liaoning Province. The growth and stem form characteristics of 4 larch species (Larix kaempferi Carr, L. gmelinii Kuzen, L. olgensis Henry and L. principis-rupprechtii Mayr) and 4 hybrids (L. kaempferi Carr × L. gmelinii Kuzen, L. kaempferi Carr × L. principis-rupprechtii Mayr, L. kaempferi Carr × L. olgensis Henry, and L. kaempferi Carr × L. kaempferi Carr), were analyzed and the differences was evaluated comprehensively using the membership function based on Fuzzy mathematics. The results showed that the growth properties of larch species and hybrids had significantly differences (pL. kaempferi × L. gmelinii, L. kaempferi × L. olgensis, and L. kaempferi were respectively ranked the first three. They had the obvious advantage in growth and stem form characteristics, were suitable to be promoted as good varieties in the northeast area of China.
The aim of this study is to breed excellent larch timber as building material by evaluating the growth and stem form characteristics of larch species and their hybrids. This study was carried out in a 32-year-old larch experimental forest in Qingyuan County, Liaoning Province. The growth and stem form characteristics of 4 larch species (Larix kaempferi Carr, L. gmelinii Kuzen, L. olgensis Henry and L. principis-rupprechtii Mayr) and 4 hybrids (L. kaempferi Carr × L. gmelinii Kuzen, L. kaempferi Carr × L. principis-rupprechtii Mayr, L. kaempferi Carr × L. olgensis Henry, and L. kaempferi Carr × L. kaempferi Carr), were analyzed and the differences was evaluated comprehensively using the membership function based on Fuzzy mathematics. The results showed that the growth properties of larch species and hybrids had significantly differences (pL. kaempferi × L. gmelinii, L. kaempferi × L. olgensis, and L. kaempferi were respectively ranked the first three. They had the obvious advantage in growth and stem form characteristics, were suitable to be promoted as good varieties in the northeast area of China.
2016, 29(1): 17-24.
Abstract:
To explore the hybrid origin mechanism of Populus × jrtyschensis and P. canescens, the phylogenetic tree based on nuclear microsatellite markers (SSR) analysis was structured. The result show that the natural Populus populations can be classified into two groups, the one is Section Leuce, and the other is Section Aigeiros and Section Tacamahaca. In Section Leuce, significant genetic differentiation was found in the populations of Populus alba, P. canescens and P. tremula, especially the crossbreed Populus (P. canescens). A UPGMA phylogenetic tree shows that Section Aigeiros and Section Tacamahaca can be divided into two groups. Compared with Section Tacamahaca, the genetic differentiation in Section Aigeiros is more complex, and they can be further divided into four subgroups, including P. nigra, P. × jrtyschensis and their backcross progeny. It is confirmed that P. × jrtyschensis should be classified as Section Aigeiros based on their smaller genetic distance.
To explore the hybrid origin mechanism of Populus × jrtyschensis and P. canescens, the phylogenetic tree based on nuclear microsatellite markers (SSR) analysis was structured. The result show that the natural Populus populations can be classified into two groups, the one is Section Leuce, and the other is Section Aigeiros and Section Tacamahaca. In Section Leuce, significant genetic differentiation was found in the populations of Populus alba, P. canescens and P. tremula, especially the crossbreed Populus (P. canescens). A UPGMA phylogenetic tree shows that Section Aigeiros and Section Tacamahaca can be divided into two groups. Compared with Section Tacamahaca, the genetic differentiation in Section Aigeiros is more complex, and they can be further divided into four subgroups, including P. nigra, P. × jrtyschensis and their backcross progeny. It is confirmed that P. × jrtyschensis should be classified as Section Aigeiros based on their smaller genetic distance.
2016, 29(1): 25-33.
Abstract:
Tobacco plants have typical secondary vascular development process and can be used to study the function of genes related to secondary vascular development. 48 pairs of MYB orthologous genes obtained from tobacco and poplar were identified by searching in the entire poplar genome sequence with MYB transcription factor obtained from transcriptome of tobacco vascular tissues as probes, and were divided into 23 subgroups. The analysis of gene expression levels obtained using RNA-seq in tobacco and poplar suggested that 15 pairs of MYB orthologous genes shared similar expression patterns both in tobacco and poplar. The results of expression analysis using real time RT-PCR in different tissues of tobacco and poplar indicated that the MYB orthologous genes shared similar expression patterns both in tobacco and poplar. It is thus feasible to rapidly analyze the function of MYB transcription factors in vascular development process with tobacco.
Tobacco plants have typical secondary vascular development process and can be used to study the function of genes related to secondary vascular development. 48 pairs of MYB orthologous genes obtained from tobacco and poplar were identified by searching in the entire poplar genome sequence with MYB transcription factor obtained from transcriptome of tobacco vascular tissues as probes, and were divided into 23 subgroups. The analysis of gene expression levels obtained using RNA-seq in tobacco and poplar suggested that 15 pairs of MYB orthologous genes shared similar expression patterns both in tobacco and poplar. The results of expression analysis using real time RT-PCR in different tissues of tobacco and poplar indicated that the MYB orthologous genes shared similar expression patterns both in tobacco and poplar. It is thus feasible to rapidly analyze the function of MYB transcription factors in vascular development process with tobacco.
2016, 29(1): 34-40.
Abstract:
Black Carbon (BC) is an important component of the soil carbon pool and plays important roles in the long-term carbon sequestration because of its chemical stability. Even though black carbon directly affects the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon in forest soil, systematic few studies were conducted on the content and distribution of black carbon. The content and distribution of black carbon in typical forest soils in Changbaishan Mountains was investigated with relative density method. The results showed that the content of BC in surface soil layer (A11) and sub-surface soil layer (A12) were 6.39~16.55 and 1.44~6.16 g·kg-1 respectively and the content decreased with the increase of soil depth (p11 and A12 was 66.66 and 6.65 g·kg-1 respectively; the average content of light-fraction black carbon (LFBC) was 5.63 g·kg-1 in A11 and 1.21 g·kg-1 in A12; the ratio of LFBC/LFOC in A12 (10.02%~34.89%)was significantly higher than that in A11 (6.99%~14.45%) (p11 and A12 were 49.16 and 36.55 g·kg-1 respectively; the average content of heavy-fraction black carbon (HFBC) was 2.69 g·kg-1 in A11 and 1.44 g·kg-1 in A12; the ratio of HFBC/HFOC was 3.36%~8.08% in A11 and 3.21%~7.58% in A12 and the difference was not significant (p>0.05). In addition, the content of LFBC/LFOC was significantly higher than HFBC/HFOC (ppp<0.01), and the coefficient of correlation was greater between LFOC and LFBC.
Black Carbon (BC) is an important component of the soil carbon pool and plays important roles in the long-term carbon sequestration because of its chemical stability. Even though black carbon directly affects the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon in forest soil, systematic few studies were conducted on the content and distribution of black carbon. The content and distribution of black carbon in typical forest soils in Changbaishan Mountains was investigated with relative density method. The results showed that the content of BC in surface soil layer (A11) and sub-surface soil layer (A12) were 6.39~16.55 and 1.44~6.16 g·kg-1 respectively and the content decreased with the increase of soil depth (p11 and A12 was 66.66 and 6.65 g·kg-1 respectively; the average content of light-fraction black carbon (LFBC) was 5.63 g·kg-1 in A11 and 1.21 g·kg-1 in A12; the ratio of LFBC/LFOC in A12 (10.02%~34.89%)was significantly higher than that in A11 (6.99%~14.45%) (p11 and A12 were 49.16 and 36.55 g·kg-1 respectively; the average content of heavy-fraction black carbon (HFBC) was 2.69 g·kg-1 in A11 and 1.44 g·kg-1 in A12; the ratio of HFBC/HFOC was 3.36%~8.08% in A11 and 3.21%~7.58% in A12 and the difference was not significant (p>0.05). In addition, the content of LFBC/LFOC was significantly higher than HFBC/HFOC (ppp<0.01), and the coefficient of correlation was greater between LFOC and LFBC.
2016, 29(1): 41-47.
Abstract:
Gibberellin 2 oxidase is one of the key enzymes in GA biosynthesis and metabolism, and GA2ox genes are often used to dwarf plant engineering breeding. In this study, the gibberellin 2 oxidase gene was cloned from the stems of Camellia lipoensis using RT-PCR and RACE methods. The full length of the GA2ox gene, named ClGA2ox1, is 1 371 bp (GenBank accession No. KJ502290), which contains a 1 002 bp open reading frame encoding 333 amino acid residues, contains a 5'-UTR with 59 bp and 3'-UTR 310 bp. The putative protein molecular weight is 37.31 kD and its theoretical isoelectric point is 5.92. The sequence includes GA2ox superfamily domain and the family signature amino acid residues. Homologous alignment shows that it shares 80% of amino acid identities with GA2ox from other plants in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of amino acid sequences of GA2ox suggests that the relationship between C. lipoensis and Nicotiana tabacum is the most intimate. The results showed that the ClGA2ox1 gene expression level in root, young stem, two-year-old stem, young leaf, mature leaf and seed of C. lipoensis were different. The ClGA2ox1 transcripts were the most abundant in two-year-old stem, followed by new stem and root, and the lowest transcripts were found in the young leaf. This study may provide references for further research on the functional characteristics of ClGA2ox1 and its molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of plant growth.
Gibberellin 2 oxidase is one of the key enzymes in GA biosynthesis and metabolism, and GA2ox genes are often used to dwarf plant engineering breeding. In this study, the gibberellin 2 oxidase gene was cloned from the stems of Camellia lipoensis using RT-PCR and RACE methods. The full length of the GA2ox gene, named ClGA2ox1, is 1 371 bp (GenBank accession No. KJ502290), which contains a 1 002 bp open reading frame encoding 333 amino acid residues, contains a 5'-UTR with 59 bp and 3'-UTR 310 bp. The putative protein molecular weight is 37.31 kD and its theoretical isoelectric point is 5.92. The sequence includes GA2ox superfamily domain and the family signature amino acid residues. Homologous alignment shows that it shares 80% of amino acid identities with GA2ox from other plants in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of amino acid sequences of GA2ox suggests that the relationship between C. lipoensis and Nicotiana tabacum is the most intimate. The results showed that the ClGA2ox1 gene expression level in root, young stem, two-year-old stem, young leaf, mature leaf and seed of C. lipoensis were different. The ClGA2ox1 transcripts were the most abundant in two-year-old stem, followed by new stem and root, and the lowest transcripts were found in the young leaf. This study may provide references for further research on the functional characteristics of ClGA2ox1 and its molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of plant growth.
2016, 29(1): 48-52.
Abstract:
[Objective]This paper aims at investigating the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of Populus tremula distributed in Xinjiang, China. [Method]Six single-copy nuclear gene markers of 72 P. tremula individuals from 4 populations in Xinjiang were amplified and sequenced. The parameters of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were calculated. [Result]After aligning, the length of the six genes ranged between 459 bp and 747 bp and the average number of polymorphism sites was 14. Diversity parameters, π and θw reached 0.004 8 and 0.004 4, respectively. The mean value of gene diversity was 0.73. These indicated high level of genetic diversity of P. tremula. The results of Neutral tests using Tajima's D were not significant, which indicated all the six genes did not violate from neutrality. The results of AMOVA analysis showed that 89.72% of the total variance existed within populations. The average genetic differentiation parameter Fst and gene flow among populations reached 0.10 and 3.235, respectively. [Conclusion]High level of outcrossing rate and nucleotide mutation rate as well as long distance dispersal seed contributed to the high level of genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation in P. tremula in Xinjiang, China.
[Objective]This paper aims at investigating the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of Populus tremula distributed in Xinjiang, China. [Method]Six single-copy nuclear gene markers of 72 P. tremula individuals from 4 populations in Xinjiang were amplified and sequenced. The parameters of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were calculated. [Result]After aligning, the length of the six genes ranged between 459 bp and 747 bp and the average number of polymorphism sites was 14. Diversity parameters, π and θw reached 0.004 8 and 0.004 4, respectively. The mean value of gene diversity was 0.73. These indicated high level of genetic diversity of P. tremula. The results of Neutral tests using Tajima's D were not significant, which indicated all the six genes did not violate from neutrality. The results of AMOVA analysis showed that 89.72% of the total variance existed within populations. The average genetic differentiation parameter Fst and gene flow among populations reached 0.10 and 3.235, respectively. [Conclusion]High level of outcrossing rate and nucleotide mutation rate as well as long distance dispersal seed contributed to the high level of genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation in P. tremula in Xinjiang, China.
2016, 29(1): 53-60.
Abstract:
Clear-cutting & prescribed burning is one of the most common management measures in the economic development of Chinese forestry, which not only has a strong interference in woodland, but also leads to the changes in soil physical and chemical properties. In order to evaluate the importance of clear-cutting and prescribed burning on the soil organic carbon uptake and storage of different depths in mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, taking 36-year-old natural regenerated Castanopsis carlesis secondary stand in Fujian Province as the object, the Fick's diffusion method were used to calculate the daily dynamic changes of soil CO2 flux from 0 to 80 cm depth of soil. And the relationship between the CO2 flux and soil temperature, moisture in soil profiles was also analyzed by using regression models. The results are as follows: (1) The CO2 concentration in different soil layers decreased significantly after clear-cutting and prescribed burning, and the closer to the surface, the larger the decline. From 0 to 80 cm soil depth, the mean daily CO2 concentration in the controlled (CK) plot was 1.9 times in residue burnt (RB) plot and 1.3 times in residue retention (RR) plot. And both in RB and RR plot, different depth of soil CO2 concentration decreased obviously. (2) The daily dynamic changes of CO2 flux in soil profile showed a mono-peak trend, with its maximum value mainly from 12:30 am to 15:30 pm as well as the minimum from 6:30 pm to 9:30 pm, the mean daily soil respiration in RB plot (1.99 μmol·m2·s-1) was significantly higher than that in RR plot (0.99 μmol·m2·s-1) and CK plot (0.96 μmol·m2·s-1), the whole soil CO2 flux in all the test plots decreased with the increasing of soil depth. The daily average CO2 flux in soil profile of RB plot was significantly higher than the others, except for the soil depth from 20 to 40 cm. And there was no significant difference on daily CO2 flux in soil profiles of RR and CK plot. (3) In addition, the diurnal range of soil CO2 flux in RB plot (147%) was higher than that in the RR (99%) and the CK plot (66%), and there are some significant differences of RB vs. RR and CK (PP2 flux vs. soil temperature, it was found that the CO2 efflux of different depth soil correlated exponentially with soil temperature in all plots, and the Q10 value showed that the sensitivity of soil temperature increased significantly after clear-cutting and prescribed burning. But the soil moisture was not significant correlated with CO2 efflux. And the hybrid model of temperature and soil moisture was proved to be a more appropriate predictor of CO2 dynamic state in all testing plots. Consequently, clear-cutting & prescribed burning could definitely affect CO2 flux in deep soil as well as its daily dynamic, and would also change the soil CO2 flux of soil temperature and moisture content of different soil layer response mechanism.
Clear-cutting & prescribed burning is one of the most common management measures in the economic development of Chinese forestry, which not only has a strong interference in woodland, but also leads to the changes in soil physical and chemical properties. In order to evaluate the importance of clear-cutting and prescribed burning on the soil organic carbon uptake and storage of different depths in mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, taking 36-year-old natural regenerated Castanopsis carlesis secondary stand in Fujian Province as the object, the Fick's diffusion method were used to calculate the daily dynamic changes of soil CO2 flux from 0 to 80 cm depth of soil. And the relationship between the CO2 flux and soil temperature, moisture in soil profiles was also analyzed by using regression models. The results are as follows: (1) The CO2 concentration in different soil layers decreased significantly after clear-cutting and prescribed burning, and the closer to the surface, the larger the decline. From 0 to 80 cm soil depth, the mean daily CO2 concentration in the controlled (CK) plot was 1.9 times in residue burnt (RB) plot and 1.3 times in residue retention (RR) plot. And both in RB and RR plot, different depth of soil CO2 concentration decreased obviously. (2) The daily dynamic changes of CO2 flux in soil profile showed a mono-peak trend, with its maximum value mainly from 12:30 am to 15:30 pm as well as the minimum from 6:30 pm to 9:30 pm, the mean daily soil respiration in RB plot (1.99 μmol·m2·s-1) was significantly higher than that in RR plot (0.99 μmol·m2·s-1) and CK plot (0.96 μmol·m2·s-1), the whole soil CO2 flux in all the test plots decreased with the increasing of soil depth. The daily average CO2 flux in soil profile of RB plot was significantly higher than the others, except for the soil depth from 20 to 40 cm. And there was no significant difference on daily CO2 flux in soil profiles of RR and CK plot. (3) In addition, the diurnal range of soil CO2 flux in RB plot (147%) was higher than that in the RR (99%) and the CK plot (66%), and there are some significant differences of RB vs. RR and CK (PP2 flux vs. soil temperature, it was found that the CO2 efflux of different depth soil correlated exponentially with soil temperature in all plots, and the Q10 value showed that the sensitivity of soil temperature increased significantly after clear-cutting and prescribed burning. But the soil moisture was not significant correlated with CO2 efflux. And the hybrid model of temperature and soil moisture was proved to be a more appropriate predictor of CO2 dynamic state in all testing plots. Consequently, clear-cutting & prescribed burning could definitely affect CO2 flux in deep soil as well as its daily dynamic, and would also change the soil CO2 flux of soil temperature and moisture content of different soil layer response mechanism.
2016, 29(1): 61-66.
Abstract:
[Objective]To understand the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids and its roles in the adaptation to abiotic stresses in Nitraria sphaerocarpa. [Method]High-throughput RNA-seq technology was used to generate the transcriptome of current-year leaves, and then the related bioinformatics analysis was performed. [Result]The results showed that 13 013 444 raw reads and 48 921 unigenes were acquired after de novo assembly; 30 407 annotations were acquired from Nr database, 19 671 from Swiss-Prot database, 9 273 from COG database, 46 153 from GO database and 13 654 from KEGG database after function annotation against five databases; 186 unigenes were associated with flavonoid biosynthesisby the analysis of KEGG pathway. [Conclusion]The better transcriptomic data was obtained, and it was rich in the genes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis, which would provide references for the studies of its resistance, medicinal value in future.
[Objective]To understand the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids and its roles in the adaptation to abiotic stresses in Nitraria sphaerocarpa. [Method]High-throughput RNA-seq technology was used to generate the transcriptome of current-year leaves, and then the related bioinformatics analysis was performed. [Result]The results showed that 13 013 444 raw reads and 48 921 unigenes were acquired after de novo assembly; 30 407 annotations were acquired from Nr database, 19 671 from Swiss-Prot database, 9 273 from COG database, 46 153 from GO database and 13 654 from KEGG database after function annotation against five databases; 186 unigenes were associated with flavonoid biosynthesisby the analysis of KEGG pathway. [Conclusion]The better transcriptomic data was obtained, and it was rich in the genes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis, which would provide references for the studies of its resistance, medicinal value in future.
2016, 29(1): 67-73.
Abstract:
The plants Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis Jiang (Pingyi Tiancha) and a hybrid strain 33# were employed as the experimental materials. By PCR techniques and primers which were designed from the CDS sequences of apple genome, the full-length cDNA sequences of SERK homologous genes were cloned, which were named as MhSERK1 and MhdSERK1 (GenBank accession No. JQ231273 and JQ231272), and then SERKs expressions were detected in different tissues and organs of Pingyi Tiancha and the hybrid strain through Real-time quantitative PCR method. The results showed that the length of coding region sequences about MhSERK1 and MhdSERK1 were 1 899 bp and 1 881 bp, which respectively encoded 632 and 626 amino acids. Compared with other plants, the amino acid sequence homology of SERK1 was 80% or more, especially with Longan grape (Vitaceae), which could reach 92.56%, and it also had a high homology with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco. The results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression levels of SERK1 gene were different among the different tissues and organs of Pingyi Tiancha and hybrid strain, which was high expression levels in the ovary, very low expression levels in vegetative tissues, and the highest expression levels in the ovary of the flower bud of Pingyi Tiancha, indicating that SERK1 gene played an important role in the reproductive and developmental processes of Pingyi Tiancha and hybrid strain.
The plants Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis Jiang (Pingyi Tiancha) and a hybrid strain 33# were employed as the experimental materials. By PCR techniques and primers which were designed from the CDS sequences of apple genome, the full-length cDNA sequences of SERK homologous genes were cloned, which were named as MhSERK1 and MhdSERK1 (GenBank accession No. JQ231273 and JQ231272), and then SERKs expressions were detected in different tissues and organs of Pingyi Tiancha and the hybrid strain through Real-time quantitative PCR method. The results showed that the length of coding region sequences about MhSERK1 and MhdSERK1 were 1 899 bp and 1 881 bp, which respectively encoded 632 and 626 amino acids. Compared with other plants, the amino acid sequence homology of SERK1 was 80% or more, especially with Longan grape (Vitaceae), which could reach 92.56%, and it also had a high homology with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco. The results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression levels of SERK1 gene were different among the different tissues and organs of Pingyi Tiancha and hybrid strain, which was high expression levels in the ovary, very low expression levels in vegetative tissues, and the highest expression levels in the ovary of the flower bud of Pingyi Tiancha, indicating that SERK1 gene played an important role in the reproductive and developmental processes of Pingyi Tiancha and hybrid strain.
2016, 29(1): 74-79.
Abstract:
Guozigou State-owned Forest Farm in Huocheng county of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, was selected as a test area. Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana), the dominant tree species, was chosen to establish model with subcompartment as the smallest unit of simulation. The tree height, DBH, crown width and the crown height were measured. In this paper, the shape characteristics, such as crown shape and leaf blade of the Schrenk Spruce were analyzed. The field investigation data and CTS system was used to establish the tree model and Poisson model was used to simulate leaf distribution in the canopy. The tree visualization simulating for Guozigou State-owned Forest Farm was realized by taking SQL SERVER 2005 as the data process platform, and using octree model as a 3-D scene management tool, combining LOD, perspective replacement and paging terrain, 3-D scene rendering and optimization techniques. The average frame rate was higher than 20 FPS, the area simulated was over 300 hectare. The simulation results could well reflect the spatial pattern and showed intuitively the space distribution of trees in the subcompartment.
Guozigou State-owned Forest Farm in Huocheng county of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, was selected as a test area. Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana), the dominant tree species, was chosen to establish model with subcompartment as the smallest unit of simulation. The tree height, DBH, crown width and the crown height were measured. In this paper, the shape characteristics, such as crown shape and leaf blade of the Schrenk Spruce were analyzed. The field investigation data and CTS system was used to establish the tree model and Poisson model was used to simulate leaf distribution in the canopy. The tree visualization simulating for Guozigou State-owned Forest Farm was realized by taking SQL SERVER 2005 as the data process platform, and using octree model as a 3-D scene management tool, combining LOD, perspective replacement and paging terrain, 3-D scene rendering and optimization techniques. The average frame rate was higher than 20 FPS, the area simulated was over 300 hectare. The simulation results could well reflect the spatial pattern and showed intuitively the space distribution of trees in the subcompartment.
2016, 29(1): 80-84.
Abstract:
The crown competition of Cunninghamia lanceolata pure stands of Huangfengqiao National Forest Farm in Hu'nan Province was studied and the crown competition index was established. The crown competition index was based on Hegyi competition index and its factors were related to crown. From correlation analysis of DBH (diameter at breast height) increment and two competition indexes, the Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient, Spearman's rho correlation coefficients and R2 was got, which showed that the crown competition index was more relevant to DBH increment than Hegyi competition index. The results also showed that the crown competition index and tree growth had a more substantial correlation. Moreover, the crown competition index could preferably indicate crown's influence on tree growth. Consequently, the crown competition index can be used as the basis of stand growth simulation.
The crown competition of Cunninghamia lanceolata pure stands of Huangfengqiao National Forest Farm in Hu'nan Province was studied and the crown competition index was established. The crown competition index was based on Hegyi competition index and its factors were related to crown. From correlation analysis of DBH (diameter at breast height) increment and two competition indexes, the Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient, Spearman's rho correlation coefficients and R2 was got, which showed that the crown competition index was more relevant to DBH increment than Hegyi competition index. The results also showed that the crown competition index and tree growth had a more substantial correlation. Moreover, the crown competition index could preferably indicate crown's influence on tree growth. Consequently, the crown competition index can be used as the basis of stand growth simulation.
2016, 29(1): 85-92.
Abstract:
The difference of shoots and roots phenotypic in persimmon grafted seedlings reflects the influence of scion on the growth of roots and interaction existed between scion and rootstock. It may provide evidences for rootstock selection and cultivation on persimmon. The shoot and root phenotypic traits of 27 one-year-old grafted combinations, 3 two-year-old grafted combinations and 3 two-year-old grafted combinations with interstock were analyzed using variance analysis, multiple comparisons and principal component analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences for shoot and root phenotypic traits among grafted combinations; Under same rootstock, grafted seedlings with Diospyros kaki ‘Jirou’ or D. kaki ‘Youhou’scions had higher root fresh, dry weight, root length, root area and root volume than D. kaki‘Taishu’ or D. kaki‘Fuyu’scions, on the eight rootstocks (without D. rhombifolia Hemsl), and the comprehensive evaluation also revealed similar results. In addition to moisture content, the shoot and root phenotypic traits had significantly correlation, thereinto, the shoot fresh weight and dry weight were the dominant factors, plant height and scion diameter were important factors on roots fresh weight, roots dry weight, root length, root area and root volume. Two-year-old grafted seedlings of D. lotus or D. glaucifolia grafted onto D. kaki ‘Fuyu’scion showed weakening roots phenotypic traits, but it was improved with D. kaki‘Jirou’ interstock in the early. It is concluded that scion had influence on rootstock roots, and maybe associate with the graft compatibility, there existed close interaction between scion and rootstock roots. It is estimated taking D. kaki‘Jirou’ as interstock may improve the affinity of D. lotus or D. glaucifolia grafted onto D. kaki‘Fuyu’scion.
The difference of shoots and roots phenotypic in persimmon grafted seedlings reflects the influence of scion on the growth of roots and interaction existed between scion and rootstock. It may provide evidences for rootstock selection and cultivation on persimmon. The shoot and root phenotypic traits of 27 one-year-old grafted combinations, 3 two-year-old grafted combinations and 3 two-year-old grafted combinations with interstock were analyzed using variance analysis, multiple comparisons and principal component analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences for shoot and root phenotypic traits among grafted combinations; Under same rootstock, grafted seedlings with Diospyros kaki ‘Jirou’ or D. kaki ‘Youhou’scions had higher root fresh, dry weight, root length, root area and root volume than D. kaki‘Taishu’ or D. kaki‘Fuyu’scions, on the eight rootstocks (without D. rhombifolia Hemsl), and the comprehensive evaluation also revealed similar results. In addition to moisture content, the shoot and root phenotypic traits had significantly correlation, thereinto, the shoot fresh weight and dry weight were the dominant factors, plant height and scion diameter were important factors on roots fresh weight, roots dry weight, root length, root area and root volume. Two-year-old grafted seedlings of D. lotus or D. glaucifolia grafted onto D. kaki ‘Fuyu’scion showed weakening roots phenotypic traits, but it was improved with D. kaki‘Jirou’ interstock in the early. It is concluded that scion had influence on rootstock roots, and maybe associate with the graft compatibility, there existed close interaction between scion and rootstock roots. It is estimated taking D. kaki‘Jirou’ as interstock may improve the affinity of D. lotus or D. glaucifolia grafted onto D. kaki‘Fuyu’scion.
2016, 29(1): 93-102.
Abstract:
[Objective]The aim of this paper was studied the characteristic of soil microbiological community and its diversity at forest marsh development and fire disturbance, to understand the role of soil microbial community in the forest marsh conservation and restoration.[Methods]We used phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) to portrait the community composition and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) to describe the functional diversity of the microbial community. [Results]Total of 5 types of marsh were chosen in Natural reserve area of Nanwenhe in Greater xing'an Mountain, which included xing'an Larch-Ledum palustre-moss marsh, xing'an Larch-xing'an azalea-moss marsh, xing'an Larch-birch-carex marsh, and Larch-xing'an azalea-moss marsh by severe fire disturbance, xing'an Larch-birch-carex marsh by mild fire disturbance at 2006. It was found that the PLFAs of 16:00(16.29±5.62 nmol·g-1), 18:1ω8t(9.89±8.61 nmol·g-1)and 16:1ω7c(9.79±3.24 nmol·g-1)were dominance in microbial community, and the dominant species contributed significantly to variations in soil microbial biomass, especially Gram positive bacteria (cy19:0), Fungi(18:2ω6c) and Methane oxidizing bacteria(18:1ω8t). The rate of normal saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid increased, and significantly increased after the interference of fire(p(pα-D-Lactose=2.87 p=0.080, FL-Threonine=3.00 p=0.078), and all of Tween 80, D-Mannitol, D-glucosaminic Acid were significantly difference by utilization of soil fungi(FTween 80=2.75 p=0.088, FD-Mannitol =3.53 p=0.047, FD-glucosaminic Acid=4.67 p=0.022),but the functional diversity of microbial community had not been effected by both the type of marsh and fire disturbance. [Conclusion]soil microbial biomass was correlated with the development stage of the marsh, and the soil microbial community structure was changed with the development stage of the marsh and fire disturbance. Soil bacteria and fungi were selective in the use of carbon resource.
[Objective]The aim of this paper was studied the characteristic of soil microbiological community and its diversity at forest marsh development and fire disturbance, to understand the role of soil microbial community in the forest marsh conservation and restoration.[Methods]We used phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) to portrait the community composition and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) to describe the functional diversity of the microbial community. [Results]Total of 5 types of marsh were chosen in Natural reserve area of Nanwenhe in Greater xing'an Mountain, which included xing'an Larch-Ledum palustre-moss marsh, xing'an Larch-xing'an azalea-moss marsh, xing'an Larch-birch-carex marsh, and Larch-xing'an azalea-moss marsh by severe fire disturbance, xing'an Larch-birch-carex marsh by mild fire disturbance at 2006. It was found that the PLFAs of 16:00(16.29±5.62 nmol·g-1), 18:1ω8t(9.89±8.61 nmol·g-1)and 16:1ω7c(9.79±3.24 nmol·g-1)were dominance in microbial community, and the dominant species contributed significantly to variations in soil microbial biomass, especially Gram positive bacteria (cy19:0), Fungi(18:2ω6c) and Methane oxidizing bacteria(18:1ω8t). The rate of normal saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid increased, and significantly increased after the interference of fire(p(pα-D-Lactose=2.87 p=0.080, FL-Threonine=3.00 p=0.078), and all of Tween 80, D-Mannitol, D-glucosaminic Acid were significantly difference by utilization of soil fungi(FTween 80=2.75 p=0.088, FD-Mannitol =3.53 p=0.047, FD-glucosaminic Acid=4.67 p=0.022),but the functional diversity of microbial community had not been effected by both the type of marsh and fire disturbance. [Conclusion]soil microbial biomass was correlated with the development stage of the marsh, and the soil microbial community structure was changed with the development stage of the marsh and fire disturbance. Soil bacteria and fungi were selective in the use of carbon resource.
2016, 29(1): 103-109.
Abstract:
[Objective]The morphological and photo-physioligical difference caused by genome dosage of different ploidies Populus yunnanensis were investigated, in order to provide theoretical guidance for P.yunnanensis polyploid breeding.[Method]Polyploid P. yunnanensis seedlings were obtained which were used as materials to determine the leaf size, leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, stomata characteristics and chlorophyll content compared with diploid P. yunnanensis. [Result]The results showed that all the leaf sizes of mosaic and tetraploid were larger than diploid. The leaf thicknesses of mosaic and tetraploid were 1.16 times and 1.41 times of that of the diploid, while the palisade tissues of mosaic and tetraploid were 1.10 times and 1.23 times thicker than that of the diploid. The stomata number of polyploidized leaf surface in per unit visula field was obviously fewer than that of the diploid, but the volum was larger than that of the diploid. The total chlorophyll contents in mosaic and tetraploid were respectively 127% and 141% of that of diploid. The net photosynthesis ratios of mosaic and tetraploid were faster than that of the diploid, while the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of diploid were little different from the diploid, and the intercellular CO2 concentration in the diurnal variation process did not change significantly in these materials.[Conclusion]The obvious genetic dose-effect was put up after the chromosome number increased. The theoretical basis and practical guidance were offered by the research and the important material foundation were provided for polyploidized P. yunnanensis clone as well.
[Objective]The morphological and photo-physioligical difference caused by genome dosage of different ploidies Populus yunnanensis were investigated, in order to provide theoretical guidance for P.yunnanensis polyploid breeding.[Method]Polyploid P. yunnanensis seedlings were obtained which were used as materials to determine the leaf size, leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, stomata characteristics and chlorophyll content compared with diploid P. yunnanensis. [Result]The results showed that all the leaf sizes of mosaic and tetraploid were larger than diploid. The leaf thicknesses of mosaic and tetraploid were 1.16 times and 1.41 times of that of the diploid, while the palisade tissues of mosaic and tetraploid were 1.10 times and 1.23 times thicker than that of the diploid. The stomata number of polyploidized leaf surface in per unit visula field was obviously fewer than that of the diploid, but the volum was larger than that of the diploid. The total chlorophyll contents in mosaic and tetraploid were respectively 127% and 141% of that of diploid. The net photosynthesis ratios of mosaic and tetraploid were faster than that of the diploid, while the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of diploid were little different from the diploid, and the intercellular CO2 concentration in the diurnal variation process did not change significantly in these materials.[Conclusion]The obvious genetic dose-effect was put up after the chromosome number increased. The theoretical basis and practical guidance were offered by the research and the important material foundation were provided for polyploidized P. yunnanensis clone as well.
2016, 29(1): 110-116.
Abstract:
One-year-old Juglans regia seedlings were intercropped with Vigna radiata in greenhouse. The root growth, root hydraulic conductance, and photosynthetic characteristics of J. regia seedlings were measured to explore the effects of V. radiata, a nitrogen fixing crop, on root water uptake and gas exchanges of the intercropped J. regia seedlings. The results showed that with nitrogen deprivation, the nitrogen-fixing V. radiate plantation increased nitrogen content in the soil and improved root growth of J. regia seedlings. However, under abundant nitrogen condition, V. radiata plantation inhibited root growth of J. regia. Nitrogen deficiency significantly reduced the root hydraulic conductivity of J. regia, and the root hydraulic conductivity was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen content in the soil. However, as for whole root hydraulic conductance of J. regia, nitrogen deprivation or high nitrogen (ordinary nitrogen supply plus V. radiata plantation) significantly inhibited the root hydraulic conductance. Stomatal conductance had the same trend with root hydraulic conductance in response to the treatments. With nitrogen deprivation, the light saturation point decreased, the light compensation point and dark respiration rate increased, the reduction of photosynthetic activity of mesophyll, leading to the decrease of photosynthetic rate. With nitrogen deprivation, the nitrogen-fixing V. radiate facilitated the photosynthetic capacity of J. regia. In summary, with nitrogen deprivation, V. radiate facilitated root growth of the intercropped J. regia seedlings, and improved root hydraulic conductance and hence the leaf photosynthetic ability. However, with nitrogen abundance, V. radiata plantation inhibited root growth of J. regia and the whole root hydraulic conductance, and thus had a negative impact on the leaf photosynthetic ability.
One-year-old Juglans regia seedlings were intercropped with Vigna radiata in greenhouse. The root growth, root hydraulic conductance, and photosynthetic characteristics of J. regia seedlings were measured to explore the effects of V. radiata, a nitrogen fixing crop, on root water uptake and gas exchanges of the intercropped J. regia seedlings. The results showed that with nitrogen deprivation, the nitrogen-fixing V. radiate plantation increased nitrogen content in the soil and improved root growth of J. regia seedlings. However, under abundant nitrogen condition, V. radiata plantation inhibited root growth of J. regia. Nitrogen deficiency significantly reduced the root hydraulic conductivity of J. regia, and the root hydraulic conductivity was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen content in the soil. However, as for whole root hydraulic conductance of J. regia, nitrogen deprivation or high nitrogen (ordinary nitrogen supply plus V. radiata plantation) significantly inhibited the root hydraulic conductance. Stomatal conductance had the same trend with root hydraulic conductance in response to the treatments. With nitrogen deprivation, the light saturation point decreased, the light compensation point and dark respiration rate increased, the reduction of photosynthetic activity of mesophyll, leading to the decrease of photosynthetic rate. With nitrogen deprivation, the nitrogen-fixing V. radiate facilitated the photosynthetic capacity of J. regia. In summary, with nitrogen deprivation, V. radiate facilitated root growth of the intercropped J. regia seedlings, and improved root hydraulic conductance and hence the leaf photosynthetic ability. However, with nitrogen abundance, V. radiata plantation inhibited root growth of J. regia and the whole root hydraulic conductance, and thus had a negative impact on the leaf photosynthetic ability.
2016, 29(1): 117-123.
Abstract:
In order to reveal the key factors restricting the existence and development of desert riparian vegetation, the soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities and their spatial distribution characteristics of four kinds of plant communities in the vertical riparian zone of upstream of Hotan River were studied with stratified sampling. The types of plant communities are: (Ⅰ). Populus pruinosa Schrenk + Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.+ Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost.+ Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin; (Ⅱ). Populus pruinosa Schrenk + Populus euphratica Oliv. + T. ramosissima Ledeb.+ Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. + G. inflata Batalin; (Ⅲ). Lycium barbarum Murray+ Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey. ex Schrenk + Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost.+ G. inflata Batalin; (Ⅳ). Karelinia caspia (Pall.) Less+ Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost.+ G. inflata Batalin. The results showed that the vertical spatial heterogeneity of the soil moisture content, total salt content and available nitrogen were more obvious than the other determined indexes in the four plant communities. The differences of soil moisture content and total salt content were obviously significant in the same soil layer of the four plant communities (P-1 to 0.86 g·kg-1, both the pH values and total phosphorus had not significant difference in the same soil layers of the four plant communities (P<0.05). The soil organic matter , total nitrogen and the activities of invertase were the highest in five soil layers of communityⅠ. The activities of catalase and phosphatase were the highest in every soil layers of community Ⅲ. The bulk density and soil moisture content had a strong correlation with other measured indexes, they were sensitive to the change of external environment, and could be used to evaluate the soil quality as the preferred indicators in the upstream areas of Hotan River.
In order to reveal the key factors restricting the existence and development of desert riparian vegetation, the soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities and their spatial distribution characteristics of four kinds of plant communities in the vertical riparian zone of upstream of Hotan River were studied with stratified sampling. The types of plant communities are: (Ⅰ). Populus pruinosa Schrenk + Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.+ Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost.+ Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin; (Ⅱ). Populus pruinosa Schrenk + Populus euphratica Oliv. + T. ramosissima Ledeb.+ Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. + G. inflata Batalin; (Ⅲ). Lycium barbarum Murray+ Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey. ex Schrenk + Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost.+ G. inflata Batalin; (Ⅳ). Karelinia caspia (Pall.) Less+ Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost.+ G. inflata Batalin. The results showed that the vertical spatial heterogeneity of the soil moisture content, total salt content and available nitrogen were more obvious than the other determined indexes in the four plant communities. The differences of soil moisture content and total salt content were obviously significant in the same soil layer of the four plant communities (P-1 to 0.86 g·kg-1, both the pH values and total phosphorus had not significant difference in the same soil layers of the four plant communities (P<0.05). The soil organic matter , total nitrogen and the activities of invertase were the highest in five soil layers of communityⅠ. The activities of catalase and phosphatase were the highest in every soil layers of community Ⅲ. The bulk density and soil moisture content had a strong correlation with other measured indexes, they were sensitive to the change of external environment, and could be used to evaluate the soil quality as the preferred indicators in the upstream areas of Hotan River.
2016, 29(1): 124-132.
Abstract:
To review the transgenic improvement of poplar, the progress and status of the poplar transgenic research relating to insect resistance, herbicide resistance, biomass traits, stress tolerance, disease resistance, hormone modification, flowering modification and phytoremediation were summarized. The factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of poplar were analyzed. Some problems existed in poplar transgenic research and developing direction were also explored.
To review the transgenic improvement of poplar, the progress and status of the poplar transgenic research relating to insect resistance, herbicide resistance, biomass traits, stress tolerance, disease resistance, hormone modification, flowering modification and phytoremediation were summarized. The factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of poplar were analyzed. Some problems existed in poplar transgenic research and developing direction were also explored.
2016, 29(1): 133-139.
Abstract:
[Objective]To study the leaf calorific value of different forest types.[Method]This study focused on four common forest types widely distributed across China, including boreal coniferous forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The leaf calorific values of 175 dominant (or common) tree species were measured. The leaf calorific value characteristics of the trees found in the different forest types were analyzed, and the primary factors affecting leaf calorific value were investigated, including leaf morphological traits, nutrient elements, climate, and soil traits. [Result]The results showed that in these forest types, the leaf calorific values ranged from 14.84 to 21.98 KJ·g-1, with an overall mean of 19.06 KJ·g-1. The presence of organisms appeared to affect the leaf calorific value, which differed among forest types as follows: coniferous trees > broadleaf trees or evergreen trees > deciduous trees. [Conclusion]The latitudinal pattern of tree leaf calorific value, ordered from north to south, is as follows: warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest > subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest > tropical mountain rainforest. The mean leaf calorific value of boreal coniferous forest was slightly lower than those of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The leaf calorific values were significantly correlated with leaf carbon content (R2= 0.89, P<0.001). A multiple regression equation was established to describe the relationships among leaf calorific value, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness.
[Objective]To study the leaf calorific value of different forest types.[Method]This study focused on four common forest types widely distributed across China, including boreal coniferous forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The leaf calorific values of 175 dominant (or common) tree species were measured. The leaf calorific value characteristics of the trees found in the different forest types were analyzed, and the primary factors affecting leaf calorific value were investigated, including leaf morphological traits, nutrient elements, climate, and soil traits. [Result]The results showed that in these forest types, the leaf calorific values ranged from 14.84 to 21.98 KJ·g-1, with an overall mean of 19.06 KJ·g-1. The presence of organisms appeared to affect the leaf calorific value, which differed among forest types as follows: coniferous trees > broadleaf trees or evergreen trees > deciduous trees. [Conclusion]The latitudinal pattern of tree leaf calorific value, ordered from north to south, is as follows: warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest > subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest > tropical mountain rainforest. The mean leaf calorific value of boreal coniferous forest was slightly lower than those of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The leaf calorific values were significantly correlated with leaf carbon content (R2= 0.89, P<0.001). A multiple regression equation was established to describe the relationships among leaf calorific value, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness.
2016, 29(1): 140-146.
Abstract:
[Objective]To further understand the ion metabolism characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. under NaCl stress.[Method]The seedlings of two E. angustifolia L. provenances, which were Alaer (salt tolerance provenance) and Yinchuan (salt sensitive provenance), were treated by three NaCl concentrations (0,150,300 mmol·L-1) and sampled at the 7th day and the 30th day to measure the Na+ , K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, K+/Na+ ratio and selective absorption and transportation of K+ in tissues (roots, stems and leaves). [Result]The results showed that the Na+ content in the organizations of E. angustifolia L. sharply increased with the increase of NaCl concentration. With prolonging of stress time, the Na+ content increased in roots, and decreased in stems and leaves. After seedlings of the two provenances were treated with 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl for 7 days, the Na+ content was 2.10 times and 2.23 times in leaves, respectively, compared with the control groups, and was 1.79 times and 1.57 times in root. Meanwhile, the difference between two provenances showed a expanding trend with the increase of NaCl concentration and stress time. With the increase of NaCl concentration and extension of stress time, the K+ content, Ca2+ content and K+/Na+ ratio in organizations decreased gradually. Meanwhile, the Alaer provenance seedlings accumulated more Na+ in roots and less Na+ in leaves than that of Yinchuan provenance, and the K+ content, Ca2+ content and K+/Na+ ratio decreased less in the Alaer provenance seedlings than those of Yinchuan provenance. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the Mg2+ content in leaf gradually decrease, but the Mg2+ content in root increased 22.8~64.4% after salt stress for 7 days, and Alaer provenance seedlings increased more than Yinchuan provenance. After 30 days, there was non-significant difference with the control group on the Mg2+ content of root. K+ selective absorption of E. angustifolia L. seedlings significantly increased with increasing salt concentration of the media at the 7th days, whereas not obvious at the 30th days. When the concentration of NaCl in the media increased, the change of K+ selective transportation was not significant. [Conclusion]E. angustifolia L. seedlings increase Mg2+ content and K+ selective absorption in the roots at the early stage of salt stress to adapt saline environment. The salt-tolerance E. angustifolia L. provenance can cut off more Na+ in roots and reduce Na+ content in leaves, which cause less K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents loss, especially the roots and leaves, so as to ensure that all kinds of metabolisms can go well.
[Objective]To further understand the ion metabolism characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. under NaCl stress.[Method]The seedlings of two E. angustifolia L. provenances, which were Alaer (salt tolerance provenance) and Yinchuan (salt sensitive provenance), were treated by three NaCl concentrations (0,150,300 mmol·L-1) and sampled at the 7th day and the 30th day to measure the Na+ , K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, K+/Na+ ratio and selective absorption and transportation of K+ in tissues (roots, stems and leaves). [Result]The results showed that the Na+ content in the organizations of E. angustifolia L. sharply increased with the increase of NaCl concentration. With prolonging of stress time, the Na+ content increased in roots, and decreased in stems and leaves. After seedlings of the two provenances were treated with 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl for 7 days, the Na+ content was 2.10 times and 2.23 times in leaves, respectively, compared with the control groups, and was 1.79 times and 1.57 times in root. Meanwhile, the difference between two provenances showed a expanding trend with the increase of NaCl concentration and stress time. With the increase of NaCl concentration and extension of stress time, the K+ content, Ca2+ content and K+/Na+ ratio in organizations decreased gradually. Meanwhile, the Alaer provenance seedlings accumulated more Na+ in roots and less Na+ in leaves than that of Yinchuan provenance, and the K+ content, Ca2+ content and K+/Na+ ratio decreased less in the Alaer provenance seedlings than those of Yinchuan provenance. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the Mg2+ content in leaf gradually decrease, but the Mg2+ content in root increased 22.8~64.4% after salt stress for 7 days, and Alaer provenance seedlings increased more than Yinchuan provenance. After 30 days, there was non-significant difference with the control group on the Mg2+ content of root. K+ selective absorption of E. angustifolia L. seedlings significantly increased with increasing salt concentration of the media at the 7th days, whereas not obvious at the 30th days. When the concentration of NaCl in the media increased, the change of K+ selective transportation was not significant. [Conclusion]E. angustifolia L. seedlings increase Mg2+ content and K+ selective absorption in the roots at the early stage of salt stress to adapt saline environment. The salt-tolerance E. angustifolia L. provenance can cut off more Na+ in roots and reduce Na+ content in leaves, which cause less K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents loss, especially the roots and leaves, so as to ensure that all kinds of metabolisms can go well.
2016, 29(1): 147-153.
Abstract:
[Objective]A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of Rhus chinensis Mill for phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil.[Method]The response of container seedlings to Pb concentrations (0, 400 and 1 000 mg·kg-1) in the soil was studied. Seedling growth, chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence, malondialdehyde (MDA), nutrient elements, Pb accumulation and translocation were assessed.[Result]The results showed that R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity. Compared to the control, the biomass increased slightly at low concentration (400 mg·kg-1). Under Pb stress conditions, the root elongation was restrained, while the radial growth of root was promoted and the fine root was developed better. No differences were observed in photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, and MDA. During the experiment, only small quantity of Pb were uptake by R. chinensis, and most of the Pb absorbed by plants was retained in the roots. However, at the high concentration (1 000 mg·kg-1), R. chinensis transported metal to the shoots better, and the translocation factor (TF) value was 0.66. Under the Pb stress, oxalic acid of root exudates was increased significantly; while the root could be induced malic acid and citric acid, and the concentration increased with Pb concentration in soil. [Conclusion]R. chinensis was found to have Pb tolerance and phytoremediation potential in Pb-contaminated soils.
[Objective]A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of Rhus chinensis Mill for phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil.[Method]The response of container seedlings to Pb concentrations (0, 400 and 1 000 mg·kg-1) in the soil was studied. Seedling growth, chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence, malondialdehyde (MDA), nutrient elements, Pb accumulation and translocation were assessed.[Result]The results showed that R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity. Compared to the control, the biomass increased slightly at low concentration (400 mg·kg-1). Under Pb stress conditions, the root elongation was restrained, while the radial growth of root was promoted and the fine root was developed better. No differences were observed in photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, and MDA. During the experiment, only small quantity of Pb were uptake by R. chinensis, and most of the Pb absorbed by plants was retained in the roots. However, at the high concentration (1 000 mg·kg-1), R. chinensis transported metal to the shoots better, and the translocation factor (TF) value was 0.66. Under the Pb stress, oxalic acid of root exudates was increased significantly; while the root could be induced malic acid and citric acid, and the concentration increased with Pb concentration in soil. [Conclusion]R. chinensis was found to have Pb tolerance and phytoremediation potential in Pb-contaminated soils.
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