2018 Vol. 31, No. 1
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2018, 31(1): 1-14.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.001
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Abstract:
This paper aims at maintaining the long-term productivity of plantations and improve the stand quality so as to achieve the sustainable management of plantation. Related research achievements and data at home and abroad were collected, and the following topics were discussed:the present situation of the plantations productivity in China, the reason and mechanism that the long-term productivity of plantations was not sustained in China, and the technical countermeasures for maintaining the long-term productivity of plantations in China. According to China's eighth national forest resources inventory, the productivity of plantation is obviously lower than that of the natural forest. The stand volume of dominant tree species in plantation is much lower than that of similar tree species in Japan. The lower productivity of plantation occurred mainly in large-areas plantations and the short-rotation poplar and eucalypt plantations in China. The reasons and mechanism of low productivity of forest plantation in China could be concluded as follows:1. pure forests and conifer plantations taking the majority, 2. The inappropriate intensive technical measures of forest cultivation, and 3. short-rotation plantation cultivation creating problems, such as decline of soil fertility in forest plantation, and monoculture of elite clones. The short-rotation plantations usually need high quantity and efficiency supply of nutrient with their characteristics of fast growing, larger volume increment, and shorter harvesting rotation. Since most of the sites for developing short-rotation forest plantations have poor soil conditions in China, the soil organic matters and nutrient will decrease significantly if successive cropping was adopted, which will bring about degradation of soil function. In order to achieve sustainable management of clonal poplar, eucalypt and other plantations in China, it is also necessary to carry out afforestation with multiple clones to avoid the negative effects due to the narrow adaptability range of few clones. In this paper, the author suggests that advanced intensive cultivation measures should be applied, i.e. genetic control, site control, stand density control, vegetation control and soil fertility control.
This paper aims at maintaining the long-term productivity of plantations and improve the stand quality so as to achieve the sustainable management of plantation. Related research achievements and data at home and abroad were collected, and the following topics were discussed:the present situation of the plantations productivity in China, the reason and mechanism that the long-term productivity of plantations was not sustained in China, and the technical countermeasures for maintaining the long-term productivity of plantations in China. According to China's eighth national forest resources inventory, the productivity of plantation is obviously lower than that of the natural forest. The stand volume of dominant tree species in plantation is much lower than that of similar tree species in Japan. The lower productivity of plantation occurred mainly in large-areas plantations and the short-rotation poplar and eucalypt plantations in China. The reasons and mechanism of low productivity of forest plantation in China could be concluded as follows:1. pure forests and conifer plantations taking the majority, 2. The inappropriate intensive technical measures of forest cultivation, and 3. short-rotation plantation cultivation creating problems, such as decline of soil fertility in forest plantation, and monoculture of elite clones. The short-rotation plantations usually need high quantity and efficiency supply of nutrient with their characteristics of fast growing, larger volume increment, and shorter harvesting rotation. Since most of the sites for developing short-rotation forest plantations have poor soil conditions in China, the soil organic matters and nutrient will decrease significantly if successive cropping was adopted, which will bring about degradation of soil function. In order to achieve sustainable management of clonal poplar, eucalypt and other plantations in China, it is also necessary to carry out afforestation with multiple clones to avoid the negative effects due to the narrow adaptability range of few clones. In this paper, the author suggests that advanced intensive cultivation measures should be applied, i.e. genetic control, site control, stand density control, vegetation control and soil fertility control.
2018, 31(1): 15-26.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.002
Abstract:
Objective To quantitatively evaluate the effects of afforestation on the water yield of watersheds on the Loess Plateau, and to provide references for integrated forestry development and forest management. Method The long-term and multiple-scaled study results about the effects of forest on water yield carried out on the Loess Plateau, Jinghe Watershed and Liupan Mountains region were comprehensively analyzed. Result At the regional scale of the Loess Plateau, the mean annual runoff (16 mm) from forestland was reduced by 59% compared with that from non-forestland (39 mm). At the typical watershed scale (the upper stream of Jinghe watershed), the mean annual water yield from forestland (76 mm) was reduced by 51% compared with that from natural grassland, in which the relative reduction in the semi humid mountain area of this watershed was 58% (88.8 mm). At the typical small watershed scale (the semi humid Xiangshuihe watershed), the mean annual water yield under fully forested scenario was reduced by 59% compared with that of non forested scenario. The water yield reduction caused by forest area increase in heavier arid regions and drier years can be greater than this average range, and even exceed 100%. For example, the annual water yield often appeared as zero (negative values) for the forestland in the loess watersheds with annual precipitation below 450 mm, and in the semi-arid loess areas of the Jinghe watershed, and for the slope plot of forest stand at the semi-arid Diediegou small watershed. This means that these forests must uptake more soil water and upslope run-in to survive. A low intensity thinning cannot lead to a significant reduction of water consumption by forest evapotranspiration. Conclusion Within the several spatial scales (small watershed, watershed, and region) studied on the Loess Plateau, the mean annual water yield reduction by afforestation will be 50%-60% or more, and this reduction amplitude will increase with rising drought degree as high as to 100%, or even to a negative value of water yield because of the consumption of other water resources besides precipitation. It seems that a rational selection of proper vegetation types and forest cover within the carrying capacity of water resources is the basic approach to guarantee a safe regional water supply and to realize an integrated forest-water management.
2018, 31(1): 27-35.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.003
Abstract:
Objective The genetic parameters of growth traits and wood chemical properties of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.) were compared before and after pedigree reconstruction, aiming at providing a more effective method for the genetic evaluation of open-pollination progeny testing in China. Method In this study, the complete pedigree information of 601 progenies from 66 pollination families of Japanese larch was obtained through pedigree reconstruction technique. The changes of genetic parameters (e.g. additive genetic variance, heritability, breeding value), breeding value accuracy and the realized genetic gains of growth traits (tree height, diameter at breast height, volume) and wood properties (α-cellulose, lignin and holocellulose) were compared. Result The additive genetic variances and heritabilities of all the traits decreased after genetic reconstruction. The dominant effect significantly affected the tree height, α-cellulose and lignin content. The estimated accuracy of breeding value and realized genetic gain were higher than that before pedigree reconstruction, while the realized genetic gain declined due to the decrease of additive variance. The genetic gain decreased by 26%, 40%, 56%, 42% and 51% for DBH, volume, α-cellulose, lignin (low content is superior) and holocellulose when forward selection (progeny selection) was made at 5% selection intensity. Conclusion In order to improve the estimation accuracy and breeding efficiency of the genetic parameters of the current open-pollinated progeny testing materials, it is suggested to adopt the pedigree reconstruction method based on individual mixed model to replace the conventional analysis method based on parental model.
2018, 31(1): 36-41.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.004
Abstract:
Objective The study aims to compare different top height estimation methods for site quality assessment with mixed spruce-fir-broadleaved over-logged forests as an example. Method Data were collected from 53 temporary sample plots in Jingouling Forest Farm, Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province. The area of each circular plot is 600 m2. The height and age were measured for 6 dominant or co-dominant coniferous and broadleaved trees in a plot. Four top height estimation methods were examined which including the mean height of dominant coniferous trees (H1), the mean height of dominant broadleaved trees (H2), the mean height of six dominant trees (H3), and the mean height weighted by basal area proportion of coniferous and broadleaved tree species (H4). The correlations between top height estimations and stand variables including stand density, age, volume and productivity were analyzed. Result There were significant correlations among four top height estimations with the coefficients from 0.434 to 0.980. Significant differences were found between the pairs of H1-H2 and H3-H4, and H3 was very close to H4. All the top height estimations had medium correlation with stand volume (the correlation coefficients range from 0.358 to 0.577), but not significant with stand age and productivity. Stand density effects on top heights were also showed. Conclusion Top height estimations tested in the study is not an effective indicator of site productivity in mixed spruce-fir-deciduous over-logged forests. It is necessary to further find and validate new indices for site productivity assessment.
2018, 31(1): 42-50.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.005
Abstract:
Objective To assess the genetic diversity of open-pollinated progenies of Ormosia hosiei and its effect on the growth, and compare the genetic differences of progenies derived from populations and isolate trees, to reveal the change of progenies of O. hosiei plus tree and the role of natural populations in maintenance of genetic diversity, so as to provide references for the genetic conservation and excavation of excellent germplasm resources. Method Eleven polymorphic SSR loci were used to evaluated the genetic diversity of 765 progenies of 26 plus trees coming from Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces and the correlation of genetic diversity parameters with seed and growth traits, meanwhile, the correlation of genetic diversity parameters with seed and growth traits was analyzed. Result (1) The genetic diversity of offspring was rich with the number of 7.766 of effective alleles, the values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were 0.469 and 0.865 respectively. (2) The HO among loci were less than the HE except SSR8, indicating that the majority locus of offspring was in heterozygous deletion state. (3) The genetic diversity of different families was also different significantly, with the highest appeared in the family 12, and the lowest in the family 8. (4) The genetic diversity of population progeny was significantly higher than that of the isolates. (5) The genetic variation of offspring population mainly existed within family rather than among the families based on the F statistic and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). (6) The genetic diversity of offspring was positively correlated with the seed traits and annual increment of seedling height (r=0.378-0.527). Conclusion Higher genetic diversity in the offspring of natural populations of O. hosiei plus tree that played an important role in the maintenance of genetic diversity could significantly promote the growth of seedling. These findings could provide references for the selection of superior family.
2018, 31(1): 51-59.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.006
Abstract:
Objective Japanese scholars found that the pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus carried not only pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), but also an another nematode, which was identified as a new specie and named as ovarian nematode, Contortylenchus genitalicola Kosaka et Ogura (Tylenchida:Allantonematidae). It was recognized that the nematode was parasitic in the ovary of M. alternatus. This new ovarian nematode has not been reported in China till now. This study is to determine whether this nematode existing in China and its function in the cerambycid. Method Capturing emergent M. alternatus in batches and groups, dissecting the beetle, the dead larvae of M. alternatus, and the infected pine wood to find the nematode. Result It was found that M. alternatus adults in China carried the ovarian nematode indeed. The nematode has 3 niches. It existed in the cerambycid adult and larva of M. alternatus, as well as in the xylem of the infected pine trees. The 4th instar larvae of the ovarian nematode inoculated into the xylem of pine tree when the female M. alternatus laying eggs. Then some of the 4th instar nematode in the xylem parasitized the larvae of M. alternatus as host, while some still lived in the xylem. While the cerambycid developed from egg to larvae and to pupa, the ovarian nematode in xylem could move to the body of the cerambycid adult, finishing and restarting the life cycles among the niches. It was found in the investigation that 44.4% of the cerambycid adults carried this ovarian nematode, in which 43.8% of female adults and 45.0% male adults with the nematode respectively and the data showed no significant difference. The average quantity of nematodes carried by one cerambycid adult was 574, in which each female carried 816 and each male carried 308 in average, and the data showed significant differences. The preliminary study on the ovarian nematode life history indicated that the nematode could only develop stages from egg to 1st-4th instar larva, but did not complete the whole life history in the adult body of the cerambycid. However, in the cerambycid larva and the xylem of infested tree, it was able to finish the whole life history. Conclusion The ovarian nematode is unable to kill the adults of M. alternatus although it could parasitic in the adult body, however it could kill the cerambycid larvae as a parasitic nematode. It is also found that the ovarian nematode often coexists with pine wood nematode and has a similar way with the pine wood nematode living in the infested pine trees. It is necessary to confirm whether the ovarian nematode has a pathological effect to infested pine tree similar as the pine wood nematode.
2018, 31(1): 60-65.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.007
Abstract:
Objective This study is to reveal the relationship of pathogenic bacteria associated with the pine wood nematode. Method The bacteria carried by the dauerlarvae of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (LⅣ) were isolated, and were identified with 16S rDNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis. Result It was showed that LⅣ could carry a large amount of bacteria and the carrying rate was as high as 100%; the amount of the bacteria carried was 1.4×105~4.5×105 on each LⅣ. The bacteria strain isolated from LⅣ was identified as Pseudomonas citronellolis. The 16S rDNA sequence of the strain No.14 was 1 448 bp in length and the similarity of P. citronellolis was 99% comparing with the data in the gene bank. Conclusion The preliminary conclusion is that the LⅣ with P. citronellolis formed a group of the compound pathogen; LⅣ is the only one linking pine tree with the longhorned beetle Monochamus alternatus; the bacteria of P. citronellolis could decompose cellulose and degrade or synthesis terpenes and phenolic compounds; The present discovery of LⅣ carrying P. citronellolis suggests that the pine tree, Monochamus alternatus, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and P. citronellolis may be a compacted system, and perhaps it may reveal a part of the mechanisms that the bacteria is a main factor causing pine wilt disease and killing pine tree die finally.
2018, 31(1): 66-71.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.008
Abstract:
Objective To provide the basis for determining the specific estimation methods of biomass and carbon storage in national forest inventory, by comparing and analyzing different methods for estimating forest biomass and carbon storage. Method Based on the mensuration data of 100 Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plots and 80 Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plots of national forest inventory in Guangdong Province in 2012, a total of 6 schemes, combined from 2 kinds of models (one-and two-variable models) and 3 methods (improved IPCC method, biomass model method and biomass conversion factor continuous function method or Fang' method), were compared applying the individual tree biomass models of main tree species in China developed in recent years. In addition, based on the biomass estimates of one-and two-variable models from improved IPCC method, 3 approaches, i.e. the mean carbon content method, the component carbon content method and the constant carbon content (0.5 or 0.47) method, were used for estimating carbon storage respectively. Result Total biomass of Chinese fir and Masson pine plots estimated from two-variable biomass models were 320 Mg and 331 Mg respectively, and the differences of estimates from one-variable models were 0.9% and 6.2% respectively. As for the improved IPCC method, the differences of estimates from two-and one-variable models were -3.6% and -11.9% respectively for Chinese fir, and -8.5% and -19.6% respectively for Masson pine. As for Fang's method, the differences of estimates from two-and one-variable models were 6.65 and 6.60 times respectively for Chinese fir, and -14.3% and -18.0% respectively for Masson pine. For comparison of mean carbon content and component carbon content methods, the differences of carbon storage estimates were about 0.2% and 0.4% for Chinese fir and Masson pine respectively; and the estimation results from constant carbon content method depended upon tree species, the carbon storages were underestimated by 0.6%~5.4% for Chinese fir and 3.3%~9.1% for Masson pine. Conclusion For biomass estimation, the biomass model method is the most accurate, and the tree level biomass models have lower prediction errors than stand level models. IPCC method is a volume-based general approach, which can be greatly improved when default parameters are changed to variable parameter models. Fang's method is just an approach for application on large-scale of stand level models developed on the basis of IPCC method, not suitable for middle-and small-scale applications because of its higher prediction errors than tree level biomass model method. For carbon storage estimation, the mean carbon content method and component carbon content method are little different, but constant carbon content method is less accurate.
2018, 31(1): 72-77.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.009
Abstract:
Objective Iphiaulax monochamusi Yang is an important parasitoid on larvae of Monochamus alternatus Hope in Zunyi County, Guizhou Province. For determining the main factors affecting the parasitism of the parasitoid, the relationships among host tree, host and environmental factors were investigated. Method 46 Pinus massoniana trees died from M. alternatus attacking were investigated in the forests at Zunyi County to explore the effects of host tree, host and environmental factors nor the natural control of the parasitoid. Result It was found that the effect of neither height, DBH and age of host tree or the number of M. alternatus host on the parasitism were little. However, the M. alternatus' instar and location on host tree had a great influence on parasitism. There was a significant positive correlation between larval instars of the M. alternatus host and the parasitism of the parasitoid. The parasitoid's preference was 3-5 instars of host larvae. The parasitoid had partiality for the host larvae tunneled at the phloem and upper trunk of host pine tree. Therefore the parasitism on those parts of host pine trees was the highest with an average parasitism of 27.38%, and the parasitism in the phloem of host trees was 20.18% which was significantly higher than that in the xylem (5.46%). The slope position of the host trees had a significantly positive correlation with the parasitism of I. monochamusi, and the parasitism of I. monochamusi had a significantly negative correlation with the parasitism of other natural enemies. Conclusion The present study provided a basic information of the relations between parasitism and host tree, host and environmental factors and it would provide references for the biological control of wood borer pests by applying the parasitoid.
2018, 31(1): 78-84.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.010
Abstract:
Objective Illustrating the aphid gall number and distribution of Schlechtendalia chinensis under two inoculation methods (natural migration and artificial aphid bags) and their effects on the foliage growth of host Rhus chinensis. Method The sample sites and host plants were selected by random group setting in the fields which inoculated by natural migration and hanging aphid bags. The growth indexes and traits of the galls and their host trees were measured or counted. The host plant growths effected by aphid galls were analyzed using variance analysis. Result No significant difference was observed in the gall numbers per tree of the two inoculation methods. However, the average of total gall volume per compound leaf on the trees inoculated by aphid bags was 170.92±14.85 cm3 which was almost twice the average gall volume (85.82±9.40 cm3) on the trees inoculated by natural migration, and the total area of leaflets per compound leaf on the trees inoculated by artificial pouch was 616.26±32.73 cm2 which was greater than the total area of leaflets (482.81±28.51 cm2) on the trees inoculated by natural migration. It was indicated that the total gall volume increased by inoculation of aphid bags, thereby increasing the yield. Moreover, greater galls may cause extra growths of the leaflets and increase the leaflet areas. Conclusion The aphid galls of S. chinensis promote foliage growth to its host plant R. chinensis. And this growth is positively correlated with the gall sizes. Compared to natural migration, the aphid bag inoculation may increase the gall yield and improve the potential ability of gall formation.
2018, 31(1): 85-93.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.011
Abstract:
Forests are considered as the green umbrella of human survival. Preserving forests is the same as taking care of habitat for humanity. How to solve the ecological and environmental problems caused by unreasonably development has currently been an urgent issue for humankind. To figure out the challenges of forest management and to accurately improve forests quality in China, this paper reviews the latest research progress of structure-based forest management technologies for the first time. Additionally, the authors highlight that the structure-based forest management is a highly integrated technology of single-tree management for target trees, which meets the development direction of modern forestry. Structure-based forest management is expected to be an effective way of transformation from plantations to near nature forest. Comprehensive evaluation of stand spatial structure parameters in structure-based forest management is imperative. After 10 years of development, the basic theory of structure-based forest management is more perfect, the technology system is more mature and popularization and its application is more extensive. Widespread popularization and application of structure-based forest management theory and technology can effectively improve forest quality in China, and can alleviate the contradiction between the sustainable development and utilization of forest resources.
Forests are considered as the green umbrella of human survival. Preserving forests is the same as taking care of habitat for humanity. How to solve the ecological and environmental problems caused by unreasonably development has currently been an urgent issue for humankind. To figure out the challenges of forest management and to accurately improve forests quality in China, this paper reviews the latest research progress of structure-based forest management technologies for the first time. Additionally, the authors highlight that the structure-based forest management is a highly integrated technology of single-tree management for target trees, which meets the development direction of modern forestry. Structure-based forest management is expected to be an effective way of transformation from plantations to near nature forest. Comprehensive evaluation of stand spatial structure parameters in structure-based forest management is imperative. After 10 years of development, the basic theory of structure-based forest management is more perfect, the technology system is more mature and popularization and its application is more extensive. Widespread popularization and application of structure-based forest management theory and technology can effectively improve forest quality in China, and can alleviate the contradiction between the sustainable development and utilization of forest resources.
2018, 31(1): 94-104.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.012
Abstract:
Functional gene network measures the functional association among genes, also predicts the direct interaction among genes, which can provide important information for the functional annotation of unknown functional genes. This review briefly introduces the concept and function of functional gene network, computational method and experimental method for exploring gene association relation, the method for functional gene network analysis, as well as the research and application progress in plant science and forest science. With the increasing of forest bioinformatics data, it is expected that functional gene network will be in-depth applied in research.
Functional gene network measures the functional association among genes, also predicts the direct interaction among genes, which can provide important information for the functional annotation of unknown functional genes. This review briefly introduces the concept and function of functional gene network, computational method and experimental method for exploring gene association relation, the method for functional gene network analysis, as well as the research and application progress in plant science and forest science. With the increasing of forest bioinformatics data, it is expected that functional gene network will be in-depth applied in research.
2018, 31(1): 105-112.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.013
Abstract:
There are 8 species and 2 varieties of Corylus plants originated in China, accounting for about half of the world's Corylus species. Hazelnut is a traditional woody crop species. Chinese people collected wild hazelnuts as food since the ancient times. The distribution of Corylus germplasm resources in China is quite large, ranging from 24°31' N to 51°42' N and 85°55' E to 132°12' E, covering a belt-shaped area from the northeastern-northern mountainous regions, the Qinling Mountains, the southern Gansu regions, the Henan to China-Southwest (Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau). Corylus distributes in the altitudes from 100 m to 4 000 m. The range of Corylus covers 25 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Based on the study of the ecological adaptability of geographical distribution, the regression equation between the distribution of Corylus species and the climatic factors was established:Y=11.883-0.051X1+0.131X2-0.003 X4-0.004X5-0.001X6+0.051X8. The description and evaluation system of Corylus resources was preliminarily established. The morphological diversity of hazelnut, pollen morphology and male inflorescence were carried out. The genetic diversity and phylogeny of Corylus species were studied at the molecular level. It is clear that Corylus kweichowensis should be a distinct species. However, despite the geographic isolation between C. heterophylla and C. avellana, their genetic distance is relatively close, which not only illustrates the success of their hybridization but also put forward a new topic for further research on the inconsistency between geographic distance and genetic distance of Corylus species.
There are 8 species and 2 varieties of Corylus plants originated in China, accounting for about half of the world's Corylus species. Hazelnut is a traditional woody crop species. Chinese people collected wild hazelnuts as food since the ancient times. The distribution of Corylus germplasm resources in China is quite large, ranging from 24°31' N to 51°42' N and 85°55' E to 132°12' E, covering a belt-shaped area from the northeastern-northern mountainous regions, the Qinling Mountains, the southern Gansu regions, the Henan to China-Southwest (Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau). Corylus distributes in the altitudes from 100 m to 4 000 m. The range of Corylus covers 25 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Based on the study of the ecological adaptability of geographical distribution, the regression equation between the distribution of Corylus species and the climatic factors was established:Y=11.883-0.051X1+0.131X2-0.003 X4-0.004X5-0.001X6+0.051X8. The description and evaluation system of Corylus resources was preliminarily established. The morphological diversity of hazelnut, pollen morphology and male inflorescence were carried out. The genetic diversity and phylogeny of Corylus species were studied at the molecular level. It is clear that Corylus kweichowensis should be a distinct species. However, despite the geographic isolation between C. heterophylla and C. avellana, their genetic distance is relatively close, which not only illustrates the success of their hybridization but also put forward a new topic for further research on the inconsistency between geographic distance and genetic distance of Corylus species.
2018, 31(1): 113-121.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.014
Abstract:
Corylus trees are monoecious and unisexual plants. The male inflorescences and female buds begin to differentiate in June of the current year and blossom in March next year. The infructescence begin to develop in May and the nut mature in early August in Beijing region. The higher the latitude is, the later the phenophase comes. The light saturation point of photosynthesis of hazel plants is relatively low, and the bimodal peaks are also far away from noon light time, indicating that hazel plant adapts to the shade and weak light conditions. The saline-alkali, low temperature, drought and other stresses conditions may have adverse effect on hazel growth, lead to abnormal physiological indicators, and decrease the photosynthetic capacity. Hazel trees have dichogamous characteristics, different organs have different maturity stage. The required cooling capacity of male inflorescences, female flower buds and leaf buds are 336-1 176 h, 504-1 344 h, 672-1 512 h, the required calories are 687.0-998.5 GDH℃, 998.5-3 496.1 GDH℃, and 2 546.5-4 180.3 GDH℃. Water loss in late winter and early spring is the direct cause of shoot shriveling. The shriveling resistance varieties have high value of the vessel density, total vessel area, vessel/xylem ratio, number of xylem rays and their cross-sectional area, average length of vessel cells and average diameter, and low value of the pore width. The regulatory genes which involve traits such as cold resistance, shoot shriveling resistance, saline-alkali tolerance, inflorescences differentiation and self incompatibility are cloned. The expression and the functions of regulatory genes are analyzed in order to lay a foundation for molecular-assisted selection breeding. The pollen characteristics, stigma receptivity, pollination and fertilization process and the abortion of ovary and ovule were systematically studied in order to provide guidance for improving the pollination effect and preventing blank shell problems.
Corylus trees are monoecious and unisexual plants. The male inflorescences and female buds begin to differentiate in June of the current year and blossom in March next year. The infructescence begin to develop in May and the nut mature in early August in Beijing region. The higher the latitude is, the later the phenophase comes. The light saturation point of photosynthesis of hazel plants is relatively low, and the bimodal peaks are also far away from noon light time, indicating that hazel plant adapts to the shade and weak light conditions. The saline-alkali, low temperature, drought and other stresses conditions may have adverse effect on hazel growth, lead to abnormal physiological indicators, and decrease the photosynthetic capacity. Hazel trees have dichogamous characteristics, different organs have different maturity stage. The required cooling capacity of male inflorescences, female flower buds and leaf buds are 336-1 176 h, 504-1 344 h, 672-1 512 h, the required calories are 687.0-998.5 GDH℃, 998.5-3 496.1 GDH℃, and 2 546.5-4 180.3 GDH℃. Water loss in late winter and early spring is the direct cause of shoot shriveling. The shriveling resistance varieties have high value of the vessel density, total vessel area, vessel/xylem ratio, number of xylem rays and their cross-sectional area, average length of vessel cells and average diameter, and low value of the pore width. The regulatory genes which involve traits such as cold resistance, shoot shriveling resistance, saline-alkali tolerance, inflorescences differentiation and self incompatibility are cloned. The expression and the functions of regulatory genes are analyzed in order to lay a foundation for molecular-assisted selection breeding. The pollen characteristics, stigma receptivity, pollination and fertilization process and the abortion of ovary and ovule were systematically studied in order to provide guidance for improving the pollination effect and preventing blank shell problems.
2018, 31(1): 122-129.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.015
Abstract:
The traditional hazelnut production has changed from wild picking, extensive management toward the direction of seed breeding by the superior type of seed nursery and under standardized cultivation. The successful breeding of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla Fisch.×Corylus avellana L.) ends the history of no cultivated species and opens a new era for the development of hazelnut industry in China. At present, the characteristics of main varieties of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut and their suitable regions have been identified. Commonly used propagation method is mound layering of the green suckers. Softwood cutting and tissue culture seedling technology have also been successful used in practice. Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut varieties 'Ping'ou 28', 'Ping'ou 33', 'Ping'ou 62' and 'Dawei' have very strong ability of shriveling resistance. The varieties 'Ping'ou 21', 'Ping'ou 33', 'Ping'ou 545', 'Liaozhen 4', 'Ping'ou 237' and 'Liaozhen 8' have strong ability of saline-alkali tolerance. Hazel shows self-incompatibility, and no special pollination species of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut has been found until now. To establish a hazelnut plantation, several compatible and same anthesis varieties should be selected for mutual pollination. There are few studies on the fertilization of hazel cultivation. In the future, the fertilization plan should be made according to the factors such as soil nutrient content, tree nutrition status, fertilizer-requirement period and bearing amount of tree, etc. Single-trunk or bush shape could be selected according to the climate conditions of the planting area, the land types, labor and mechanical management system. Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut has a habit of bearing mainly on the one-year-old middle-long branches, so pruning technical solutions should based on these characteristics. Pest control is an important problem in hazelnut production, so it is necessary to strengthen the research on the pest's damaging regularity, and promote biological control.
The traditional hazelnut production has changed from wild picking, extensive management toward the direction of seed breeding by the superior type of seed nursery and under standardized cultivation. The successful breeding of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla Fisch.×Corylus avellana L.) ends the history of no cultivated species and opens a new era for the development of hazelnut industry in China. At present, the characteristics of main varieties of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut and their suitable regions have been identified. Commonly used propagation method is mound layering of the green suckers. Softwood cutting and tissue culture seedling technology have also been successful used in practice. Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut varieties 'Ping'ou 28', 'Ping'ou 33', 'Ping'ou 62' and 'Dawei' have very strong ability of shriveling resistance. The varieties 'Ping'ou 21', 'Ping'ou 33', 'Ping'ou 545', 'Liaozhen 4', 'Ping'ou 237' and 'Liaozhen 8' have strong ability of saline-alkali tolerance. Hazel shows self-incompatibility, and no special pollination species of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut has been found until now. To establish a hazelnut plantation, several compatible and same anthesis varieties should be selected for mutual pollination. There are few studies on the fertilization of hazel cultivation. In the future, the fertilization plan should be made according to the factors such as soil nutrient content, tree nutrition status, fertilizer-requirement period and bearing amount of tree, etc. Single-trunk or bush shape could be selected according to the climate conditions of the planting area, the land types, labor and mechanical management system. Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut has a habit of bearing mainly on the one-year-old middle-long branches, so pruning technical solutions should based on these characteristics. Pest control is an important problem in hazelnut production, so it is necessary to strengthen the research on the pest's damaging regularity, and promote biological control.
2018, 31(1): 130-136.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.016
Abstract:
The kernel of the hazelnut contents about 60% crude fat, 82% oleic acid and 12% linoleic acid. It also contains linolenic acid and more than ten kinds of trace fatty acid. The contents of soluble protein, sugar, and starch are about 5%, 17%, and 1.5%, respectively. In addition, it is also rich in polyphenols, flavones, VE, sterol and other active ingredients. With the development of the fruit, the main nutritional ingredients such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and protein synthesize rapidly from late June to middle July. The fingerprints of fatty acids GC-MC, VE HPLC and sterol GC-MS are established successfully according to the results of analyzing of the active nutrients, the high similarity with standard fingerprint, and the clustering analysis of 14 samples of hybrid hazelnut from five production regions and three varieties. The iodine value and saponification value of hazelnut oil range from 137.15 to 147.50, and 144.99 to 159.03 respectively. The ability of hazelnut powder emulsion and foaming is the worst at protein isoelectric point (pH 4.5), the emulsion stability is better at protein isoelectric point and alkali condition, but the foam stability at the protein isoelectric point and acidic condition is better, the water holding capacity is better under the condition of partial acid or partial alkali, and the oil absorption reaches the largest value at 40℃. The albumin accounts for 67.18% of the crude protein in Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut, while globulin, gluten and gliadin accounts for 17.62%, 6.53%, and 3.17%, respectively. Approximately 30 compounds such as flavonoids and tannins are included in hazelnut leaves. The different extracts of catkin and pollen have various physiological functions such as bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, in vitro inhibition of human gastric carcinoma cells (AGS) and human liver adenocarcinoma cells (SK-Hep1). Hazelnut shell can be used to extract brown pigment, adsorbent and other materials. The fresh nuts with bracts can be stored for about 5 days at room temperature, about 100 days under the condition of low temperature storage (0℃). Hazel nuts can be stored well for 12 months, 18 months and 24 months at temperature of 10-13℃, 5-8℃ and 0-3℃ respectively when the water content of the nut is about 7%. The processed food products of hazelnuts include hazelnut chocolate candy, hazelnut pastry, hazelnut paste, hazelnut ice-cream, hazelnut oil, hazelnut powder, hazelnut milk products, hazelnut beverage, hazelnut leisure food and so on. The Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut has been introduced to more than 20 provinces (autonomous regions, and municipalities). The north-east area is the main production region, while the north and north-west part of China are becoming new production areas with a fast developing and prospect industry future.
The kernel of the hazelnut contents about 60% crude fat, 82% oleic acid and 12% linoleic acid. It also contains linolenic acid and more than ten kinds of trace fatty acid. The contents of soluble protein, sugar, and starch are about 5%, 17%, and 1.5%, respectively. In addition, it is also rich in polyphenols, flavones, VE, sterol and other active ingredients. With the development of the fruit, the main nutritional ingredients such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and protein synthesize rapidly from late June to middle July. The fingerprints of fatty acids GC-MC, VE HPLC and sterol GC-MS are established successfully according to the results of analyzing of the active nutrients, the high similarity with standard fingerprint, and the clustering analysis of 14 samples of hybrid hazelnut from five production regions and three varieties. The iodine value and saponification value of hazelnut oil range from 137.15 to 147.50, and 144.99 to 159.03 respectively. The ability of hazelnut powder emulsion and foaming is the worst at protein isoelectric point (pH 4.5), the emulsion stability is better at protein isoelectric point and alkali condition, but the foam stability at the protein isoelectric point and acidic condition is better, the water holding capacity is better under the condition of partial acid or partial alkali, and the oil absorption reaches the largest value at 40℃. The albumin accounts for 67.18% of the crude protein in Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut, while globulin, gluten and gliadin accounts for 17.62%, 6.53%, and 3.17%, respectively. Approximately 30 compounds such as flavonoids and tannins are included in hazelnut leaves. The different extracts of catkin and pollen have various physiological functions such as bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, in vitro inhibition of human gastric carcinoma cells (AGS) and human liver adenocarcinoma cells (SK-Hep1). Hazelnut shell can be used to extract brown pigment, adsorbent and other materials. The fresh nuts with bracts can be stored for about 5 days at room temperature, about 100 days under the condition of low temperature storage (0℃). Hazel nuts can be stored well for 12 months, 18 months and 24 months at temperature of 10-13℃, 5-8℃ and 0-3℃ respectively when the water content of the nut is about 7%. The processed food products of hazelnuts include hazelnut chocolate candy, hazelnut pastry, hazelnut paste, hazelnut ice-cream, hazelnut oil, hazelnut powder, hazelnut milk products, hazelnut beverage, hazelnut leisure food and so on. The Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut has been introduced to more than 20 provinces (autonomous regions, and municipalities). The north-east area is the main production region, while the north and north-west part of China are becoming new production areas with a fast developing and prospect industry future.
2018, 31(1): 137-144.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.017
Abstract:
This article reviews some progresses in basic theory, nursery technology and management technology of bamboo forest cultivation. China is at the leading position in bamboo cultivation and technology research. Meanwhile, the bamboo forest cultivation level in China is imbalanced among different areas, the technological innovation is less applied in production, the management cost is rising, and more demands about bamboo forest cultivation are appearing. In order to solve the main challenges in the cultivation of bamboo forest, the authors put forward the development directions and research emphasis as references for the healthy development of bamboo forest, such as strengthening the research in bamboo basic biology and genetic control technology, selecting more characteristic and economic potential bamboo species, strengthening high efficient breeding techniques of seedlings and high operation techniques of bamboo forest, etc.
This article reviews some progresses in basic theory, nursery technology and management technology of bamboo forest cultivation. China is at the leading position in bamboo cultivation and technology research. Meanwhile, the bamboo forest cultivation level in China is imbalanced among different areas, the technological innovation is less applied in production, the management cost is rising, and more demands about bamboo forest cultivation are appearing. In order to solve the main challenges in the cultivation of bamboo forest, the authors put forward the development directions and research emphasis as references for the healthy development of bamboo forest, such as strengthening the research in bamboo basic biology and genetic control technology, selecting more characteristic and economic potential bamboo species, strengthening high efficient breeding techniques of seedlings and high operation techniques of bamboo forest, etc.
2018, 31(1): 145-149.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.018
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to explore the advances in meta-population theory research and its application in biodiversity conservation. Method The formation and development, research status, problems and application in biodiversity conservation of meta-population theory were summarized via literature retrieval. Result The concept of meta-population, which means the complex of exchange between individuals or propagules in local population occupying discontinuous patches, was brought in 1970. There are five structure types and different structure type has different dynamic characteristics and protection objects. At present, lots of study on meta-population theory have been done in ecology, but there were few studies in genetics and adaptive evolution. The study on meta-population theory mainly focus on population dynamics, niche and Allee effect in China, but lack of empirical study. Some obstacles, such as analysis of dispersal and ecesis of seed, limited the development of meta-population theory. The combination of mathematics, related software and traditional ecology method maybe solve these problems. The meta-population theory can analyze the population dynamics of endangered species, such as the spatial distribution, gene flow, dispersal and ecesis, which can provide theory basis and data support for working out protection strategy and exploiting protection technology. Conclusion The study of meta-population theory from the aspect of genetics and the application of meta-population theory in endangered species conservation should be strengthened.
2018, 31(1): 150-157.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.019
Abstract:
The behavior of feeding and reproduction of herbivorous arthropods have received much attention from behavioral ecologists and evolutional biologists. The mud-puddling behavior, including feeding on mud, various excrements and secretions of vertebrates, and carrion, is thought to be a special behavior of supplementary feeding in lepidopteran arthropods. With the introduction of various hypotheses, the occurrence mechanism of mud-puddling has become one of the hot topics in behavioral ecology and evolutional biology. Though a wealth of observations have been added to literature, the controversies still exist mainly due to lack of convincing experimental data demonstrating the underlying mechanisms. This paper briefly reviews the history of the research on the behavior of insects, introduces the hypotheses of sex and age differentials and the driving mechanisms of mud-puddling of phytophagous herbivores, discusses the effect of this behavior on the ecological fitness and reproduction, and presents the suggestions on the methodology of future's study.
The behavior of feeding and reproduction of herbivorous arthropods have received much attention from behavioral ecologists and evolutional biologists. The mud-puddling behavior, including feeding on mud, various excrements and secretions of vertebrates, and carrion, is thought to be a special behavior of supplementary feeding in lepidopteran arthropods. With the introduction of various hypotheses, the occurrence mechanism of mud-puddling has become one of the hot topics in behavioral ecology and evolutional biology. Though a wealth of observations have been added to literature, the controversies still exist mainly due to lack of convincing experimental data demonstrating the underlying mechanisms. This paper briefly reviews the history of the research on the behavior of insects, introduces the hypotheses of sex and age differentials and the driving mechanisms of mud-puddling of phytophagous herbivores, discusses the effect of this behavior on the ecological fitness and reproduction, and presents the suggestions on the methodology of future's study.
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