2018 Vol. 31, No. 3
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2018, 31(3): 1-8.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.001
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Abstract:
Objective To determine the infection and phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia in nine gall aphids hosted on Rhus spp., Populus yunnanensis and Pistacia chinensis. Method Fresh aphid galls were collected in the field and transferred the aphids to an Eppendorf tube, and placed in 100% ethanol then deposited in -20℃. The genomic DNA was amplified and sequenced using the primers of 16S rRNA, wsp, ftsZ, groE and gltA genes. The phylogenetic relationships were analysis using Wolbachia 16S rRNA gene sequences and relevant gene sequences from NCBI. Result Three species among the nine gall aphids species were infected with Wolbachia. The strain from Pemphigus yunnanensis of Kunming population belongs to B supergroup, and strain from Kaburagia rhusicola of Kunming population and Schlechtendalia chinensis of Emei population belong to O supergroup. Conclusion Compared with the free-living aphids, Wolbachia infected in gall aphids have low infection rates and significant differences among strains.
2018, 31(3): 9-14.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.002
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Objective To study the distribution, community and population situation of Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe according to its population growth and environmental conditions, and put forward the relevant protection proposals. Method By literature retrieval, specimens records and field survey. Result The community of R. imschootiana Rolfe was found in Yuan River and the investigation results show: (1) R. imschootiana Rolfe distributes in the Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve, only two distribution centers have been discovered in low mountain at the altitude of 1 042~1 135 m; (2) The original record about its distribution center at the altitude of 500 m became a farmland so that R. imschootiana Rolfe has not been discovered; (3) the plant numbers of R. imschootiana Rolfe are 12 and only one plant is seedling so that it is a typical declining population; (4) The natural regeneration of R. imschootiana is hard because the main cause of its unfruitful flowers, with hard living environment, low seed germination rate and population density sparse. Conclusion The main community type is evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest, only 12 strains of R. imschootiana Rolfe were discovered, including a seeding, and its unfruitful flowers result to regeneration is limited.
2018, 31(3): 15-23.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.003
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Objective To study the effect of five initial planting densities and different soil profile on soil nutrient contents of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) mature plantation. Method The soil nutrient contents (0-100 cm soil layers) of C. lanceolata mature plantation in Daqingshan Forest Farm under five different planting densities of A (1 667 trees·hm-2), B (3 333 trees·hm-2), C (5 000 trees·hm-2), D (6 667 trees·hm-2), and E (10 000 trees·hm-2) were measured. One-way ANOVA and the least significant difference were applied to determine the soil nutrient contents in different densities and different soil layers. Result The results showed that: (1) The contents of organic matter, total N, P, available N and available Fe were the highest in most soil layers of stands with density A or B. In general, as initial planting density increased, the contents of organic matter, total N, P, available N and available Fe in upper soil layers (0-30 cm) decreased. While soil pH, total K and available K increased with initial planting density. Moreover, the initial planting density did not significantly influence the contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg; (2) Soil organic matter, total N, available N, P, K, exchangeable Ca, Mg and Fe contents obviously decreased with increasing soil depths. This pattern was particularly evident in the top 0-30 cm. The initial planting density had obvious effect on nutrient content in different soil depths. Conclusion The nutrients in 60 cm soil are affected by stand density in South Asia, while the low initial planting density is more conducive to the long term conservation of soil fertility in Chinese fir plantation.
2018, 31(3): 24-28.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.004
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Objective To illuminate the effects of the forest type on chemical defense of pure and mixed larch stand. Method Larch (Larix olgensis) forest and larch-ash (Fraxinus mandschurica) mixed forest were used as the test materials, and the activity of several defense proteins and the content of secondary metabolic compounds were tested in larch needles of different forest type. Result The results showed that the activity of several defense proteins and the content of secondary metabolites in larch needles of 30-year-old larch-ash mixed by strips of 4:4 (HJ30(4:4)) and 20-year-old larch-ash mixed by strips of 4:4 (HJ20(4:4)) significantly increased, compared with that of 30-year-old L. olgensis pure stand (CL30) and 20-year-old L. olgensis pure stand (CL20) (P < 0.05). It was found in Zhangjiawan site that the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), trypsin inhibitor (TI) and the contents of flavonoids and lignin in larch needles of HJ20(4:4) were the highest, while the activities of PPO, PAL and the content of lignin were higher than that in larch needles of 20-year-old larch-ash mixed by strips of 2:10 (HJ20(2:10)) (P < 0.05). In larch needles of HJ20(2:10), the CI activity significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the tannin content added (P>0.05) in contrast to that in needles of HJ20(4:4). Conclusion These results indicate that larch-ash mixed forests significantly strengthen the activity of defense proteins and increase the content of secondary metabolites in larch needles, which improve the resistance to defoliators. Compared with HJ20(2:10), the induced defense of HJ20(4:4) is stronger, and HJ20(4:4) is more applicable to build the mixed forest.
2018, 31(3): 29-36.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.005
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Objective To compare the growth and ability of heavy metal accumulation in four flooding-tolerant tree species (Salix interga 'Weishanhu', S. psammophila, Nyssa aquatica, and Taxodium mucronatum) through a field experiment. Method By filed sampling, the growth indexes of different tree species were investigated, and the heavy metal contents in different parts of trees and soil samples were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. Result The results show that the four tree species could maintain normal growth and showed relative strong adaptability in the soil polluted by Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb at different degrees. The ability of heavy metal accumulation varied among tree species. S. interga 'Weishanhu' showed the maximum total accumulation of Cd, Zn and Cu (462.58, 4 341.32,261.86 mg·plant-1). S. psammophila showed the maximum total accumulation of Pb and Mn (106.97,577.61 mg·plant-1). Under the local planting density, after six years of growth, S. interga 'Weishanhu' removed Cd 3.70, Zn 34.73, Pb 0.66, Cu 2.10, Mn 4.23 kg·hm-2 respectively, S. psammophila removed 22.26 kg Zn per hectare, N. aquatica removed 3.80 kg Mn per hectare in the past four years. Conclusion This study shows that S. psammophila and S. interga 'Weishanhu' have advantage on accumulating Cd and Zn, N. aquatica and T. mucronatum have potential ability on remediating Mn and Cu contaminated soil, respectively.
2018, 31(3): 37-44.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.006
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Objective To study the characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope in precipitation and the source of regional atmospheric precipitation in wetland forest area of Tangpu reservoir and to provide reference information for water resource conservation and management by clarifying quantitatively the distribution and transformation of precipitation in the process of hydrologic cycle in the forest ecosystem of the Kuaijishan-Tangpu reservoir transition zone. Method In this study, the data of hydrogen-oxygen isotope in 166 atmospheric precipitation samples obtained from July 2015 to July 2017 in the Tangpu reservoir wetland forest were analyzed by using isotope technology to examine the composition of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope and to clarify the relationship between the composition and environmental factors (precipitation and temperature). The source and migration path of water vapor were determined by simulating the air mass transmission pathway based on backward trajectory method of the HYSPLIT model. Result The relational expression of δD and δ18O in atmospheric precipitation in the wetland forest area of Tangpu reservoir was δD = 8.36δ18O+14.92 (R2 = 0.966, n = 166, P < 0.01); the value of δD in precipitation ranged from -147.52‰ to 2.71‰, with the average value was -38.13‰±27.61‰; the value of δ18O ranged from -19.05‰ to -1.17‰, with the average value was -6.34‰±3.24‰, and the values changed significantly among seasons. The value of excess deuterium (12.61‰) was higher than the global average (10‰), and a seasonal pattern of excess deuterium in atmospheric precipitation with low value in wet season and high value in dry season was found. The "temperature effect" was not obvious whereas the "precipitation effect" existed significantly. Conclusion The meteoric water line of the wetland forest is different from the global meteoric water line and China meteoric water line, The values of δD and δ18O in atmospheric precipitation follows obvious seasonal variation in this area. The seasonal change of the water vapor sources of atmospheric precipitation is obvious. It is concluded that the meteoric water vapor is mainly from the inland areas in dry season (from October to April of the following year), while it mainly comes from the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean in wet season (from May to September) according to hydrogen and oxygen isotopic value in precipitation, excess deuterium, and the results of trajectory simulation.
2018, 31(3): 45-50.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.007
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Objective To studying the seed oil content, fatty acid composition and content of Chinese herbaceous peony(Paeonia lactiflora), aiming at providing a theoretical basis for oil plant development. Method 36 cultivars and 1 wild population of P. lactiflora were selected as samples, the seed oil were extracted and the oil content was determined by Soxhlet Extraction Technology, and the components of the seed oil was analyzed with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS). Result The average oil content of peony seeds was 20.20%. The seed oil mainly contained eight fatty acids, viz. myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic, among which the main fatty acids were linolenic acid (up to 34.14%), followed by oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid. These three kinds of unsaturated fatty acids account for 93.39% of total fatty acids. The variation of fatty acid content was relatively stable, and the variation coefficients were 13.90%(linoleic acid), 13.51%(oleic acid), 10.71%(linolenic acid), 0.18%(palmitic acid), 0.09(stearic acid), 0.002%(arachidic acid), 0.002%(palmitoleic acid) and 0.00%(myristic acid). Conclusion Chinese herbaceous peony seeds not only have high oil content, but is also rich in linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids. The content of these fatty acids is relatively stable with only small variations. The research provides evidence for the development of Chinese herbaceous peony as oil plant with high linolenic acid content.
2018, 31(3): 51-59.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.008
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Objective To provide some references for the studies on genetic breeding, pollen germplasm preservation and pollination biology of Rhododendron longipedicellatum by investigating the pollen grains morphology and its characteristics. Method The pollen grains of R. longipedicellatum at different development stages including alabastrum intumescence stage, petal loose stage and petal full bloom stage were observed by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pollen viability in the process of flowering was detected by TTC staining method. The effects of 10 g·L-1 agar and different concentrations of sucrose, H3BO3 and CaCl2 on R. longipedicellatum pollen grains germination were studied by L25(53) orthogonal test. Simultaneously, the authors also studied the changes of pollen germination rate under different storage temperature. Result The pollen grains mature gradually from the alabastrum intumescence to the petal full bloom stage, and are arranged in tetrahedral tetrad. The tetrad diameter ranges from 43.0 μm to 65.4 μm with an average 51.3 μm. A single pollen is subspheroidal with tricolporate aperture, and viscin threads were seen on the pollen grains surface. The pollen grains exine sculpture is uniform granular in SEM, and the granulate around the colpus are more compact. Exine is composed with two layers in LM. The pollen viability maintained a high level over single flowering period, which was the highest (92.18%) at 9:00 on the first day of anthesis, and still remained relatively high (48.5%) until the end of flowering time (on the 9 days after flowering). The highest germination rate of R. longipedicellatum pollen grains at 9:00 on the first day of anthesis was 90.26% when cultured in the medium for 10 g·L-1 agar + 100 g·L-1 sucrose + 200 mg·L-1 H3BO3 + 0 mg·L-1 CaCl2. Range analysis showed that the important order of influence on pollen germination rate was sucrose, CaCl2 and H3BO3, a certain concentration of sucrose and H3BO3 had a good promote sprouting effect, while the addition of CaCl2 significantly inhibited the pollen grains germination. Furthermore, the appropriate low temperature was helpful to storage of R. longipedicellatum pollen, the germination rate maintained a certain level after 48 days storage with -18℃. Conclusion The special pollen grain exine sculpture of R. longipedicellatum supports the rationality of the division of its systematic position by predecessors. These findings of high pollen viability, suitable solid germination medium and storage temperature provide a reliable theoretical basis for hybridization breeding of R. longipedicellatum as the male parent.
2018, 31(3): 60-67.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.009
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Objective It is reported that the Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) play important roles in the regulating plant growth and stress tolerant. In this study, a CBL gene (ThCBL4) was cloned from Tamarix hispida. And the salt tolerance function of ThCBL4 was studied. Method The word "Calcineurin B-like protein" was used as a query to search against the functional annotation of non-redundant unigenes based on the previous constructed T. hispida transcriptomes for identification of the ThCBL4. The expression patters of ThCBL4 genes in the roots and leaves of T. hispida under 0.4 mol·L-1 NaCl, 20%(w/v)PEG6000 and 100 μmol·L-1 ABA treatment by using the real time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the plant overexpression vector and knockdown vector were constructed and transient transformed into T. hispida. At the same time, the vector pROKⅡ was also transient infected into T. hispida as a control. The MDA contents, POD, SOD activities and DAB, NBT and Evans blue staining under NaCl stress were measured and compared among the pROKⅡ-ThCBL4 transient transformed T. hispida, ThCBL4 knockdown transient transformed T. hispida and the control. Result The cDNA length of ThCBL4 was 1 432 bp, containing a length of 675 bp open reading frame encoding 224 amino acids. The relative molecular weight of ThCBL4 protein was 25.57 KDa, with isoelectric point 5.0. The expressions of ThCBL4 in T. hispida were upregulated in roots and downregualted in the leaves under NaCl, PEG or ABA stress conditions. Furthermore, the relative expression levels of ThCBL4 among three transient expression lines was the highest in the overexpression lines while the lowest in the knockdown transient expression lines. The results of physiological indicators and physiological staining showed that the protective enzymes SOD and POD activity in ThCBL4 overexpression plants were significantly higher than the control and suppression of expression lines under salt stress. NBT and DAB staining showed that the O2- and H2O2 contents in overexpression plants were significantly lower than the control. On the contrary, the O2- and H2O2 contents in the inhibited expression lines were significantly higher than the control. At the same times, Evans blue staining and MDA assay results showed that the ThCBL4 overexpressing plants colored more shallow compared with the control, MDA contents is lower than the control, and colored deeper and higher content of MDA in the inhibited expression of ThCBL4 plants. These results showed that the protective enzyme activities of ThCBL4 transient overexpression lines were higher than the control, the active oxygen contents were lower, and the degree of cell injury were lighter. Conclusion The transient overexpression of ThCBL4 lines increased the salt tolerance, and ThCBL4 gene may be involved in the response to salt stress in T. hispida. In the future, its function and the regulation mechanism need to be further studied.
2018, 31(3): 68-77.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.010
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Objective In order to analysis the effects of habitat and seasonal variation on the structure and diversity of soil Collembolan community in Badagong Mountains National Nature Reserve, and provides basis for further evaluating and monitoring forest health in nature reserves. Method The soil Collembolan from litter and soil layer of Fagus lucida forest, Betula luminifera forest and Castanopsis fargesii forest was collected by Tullgren dry funnel method in April, July and November 2016. Result A total of 3 785 soil Collembolans were captured, belonging to 4 orders, 15 families and 29 genera. The dominant genera are Folsomia, Entomobrya, Hypogastrura and Onychiurus, accounting for 71.08% of the total individuals. Most of the soil Collembolan distributed in the litter layer. The quantity of genus, quantity of individual, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the Margalef richness index were in order of F. lucida forest > C. fargesii forest > B. luminifera forest. The dominant genus of soil Collembolan was significant and positively correlated with total soil organic matter and soil nitrogen, but negatively correlated with soil total potassium and pH value. The quantity of genus, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the Pielou evenness index and the Margalef richness index were the highest in spring (April), while the largest quantity of individuals but the lowest Margalef richness index in autumn (November). Conclusion The structure and diversity of soil Collembolan community in Badagong Mountains National Nature Reserve are significantly affected by the seasonal variation and habitats. The vegetation types and soil physical and chemical properties of habitat shared the common distribution of soil Collembolan. Therefore, maintaining diversity of vegetation and preserving plant litter have a positive effect on promoting soil Collembolan diversity.
Identification and Phylogenetic Position of Pagiophloeus tsushimanus Based on COI and rDNA Sequences
2018, 31(3): 78-87.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.011
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Objective To analyze the phylogenetic position and genetic evolution of Pagiophloeus tsushimanus. Method Four DNA sequence fragments: cytochrome oxidase subunitⅠ(COI) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), V4 and V7 region of 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) and D2 region of 28S ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA) were amplified. Maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbor jointing (NJ) methods were used to build up phylogenetic trees of P. tsushimanus and related species in Curculionidae, so as to study the classification status of P. tsushimanus. Result Analysis on COI and rDNA suggested that P. tsushimanus belongs to Hylobiini of Molytinae. Conclusion According to the analysis, the results of 28S rDNA support the morphological classification of P. tsushimanus.
2018, 31(3): 88-94.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.012
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Objective To study whether there is a response of biomass growth rate of Larix gmelinii forest to nitrogen deposition, whether there is difference among years and whether different diameters can affect the response. Method This study simulated the change of atmospheric nitrogen deposition by artificial nitrogen addition method to investigate the response of biomass growth in three years to nitrogen deposition in L. gmelinii forests during the period of 2014-2016. The nitrogen was added from 2012, 4 nitrogen addition levels were set as control (CK, 0 g·m-2·a-1), low nitrogen (TL, 2.5 g·m-2·a-1), middle nitrogen (TM, 5 g·m-2·a-1) and high nitrogen (TH, 7.5 g·m-2·a-1). The growth season (May-October) will dissolve NH4NO3 in 32 L distilled water monthly, spray evenly on the sample plot with back atomize, and spray the same amount of pure water in the same way on the CK. Result (1) The biomass growth rate of every treatment was significantly higher in three years (P < 0.05). The annual biomass growth rate was significantly different (P < 0.05), and the growth rate of 2016 was significantly higher than that of the previous two years (P < 0.05). (2) There was no significant difference between the three treatments in 2014 (P < 0.05). The growth rate of TL in 2015 was significantly higher than that of TM and TH(P < 0.05). The growth rate of TL in 2016 was significantly higher than that of TH (P < 0.05). (3) Different treatments had different effects on different diameter class. Between 2014 and 2015, TL significant increased the biomass growth rate of L. gmelinii (P < 0.05) in 10 15 cm diameter. TM had a significant effect on the biomass growth rate of L. gmelinii of 10 15 cm and 15 20 cm diameter in all the 3 years (P < 0.05). In 2016, the biomass growth rate of L. gmelinii significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the 15 20 cm diameter. TH had more significant effect on the biomass growth rate of three diameters class (10 15, 15 20, and > 20 cm) than that < 10 cm (P < 0.05) in all the 3 years. Conclusion (1) Long-term nitrogen addition will lead to a growth rate gradually reduce or even suppress, which is likely to change the boreal forest carbon source & sink dynamic; (2) Since different diameter trees have different responses to the nitrogen deposition, it should be as the basal factor in simulation in order to increase the prediction accuracy about nitrogen deposition on the boreal forest carbon pool.
2018, 31(3): 95-103.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.013
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Objective To study the dynamic physio-ecological response and salt tolerance differences of plants under salt stress to select proper greening species in saline-alkali areas. Method Pot experiment was conducted with 2-year-old seedlings of Taxodium hybrid 'Zhongshanshan', Ficus microcarpa and Hibiscus hamabo, and three salt gradients were set to compare the dynamic characteristics of seedling growth and morphology, antioxidant enzyme system and osmoregulation system, and the principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to determine the differences of salt tolerance among the three species. Result Short-term salt stress (14 d) showed little influence on the survival rate, leaf shape and leaf color of the three species, but long-term salt stress (56 d) showed a significant effect on F. microcarpa, and the dynamic characteristics of comparative branch lengths differed obviously under salt stress. With increasing salt treatment time, leaf SOD activities of the three species showed a decreasing trend, the POD and APX activities increased at first and then decreased, and the MDA contents showed a general decreasing trend. The leaf soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of the three species decreased at first and then increased under salt stress, and the leaf comparative conductance increased significantly with the increase of salt concentration. The interaction of salt treatment time and species had significant effects on leaf SOD, POD activities and MDA contents. Principal components of salt tolerance in three species were distinct, indicating their different tolerance response characteristics. Conclusion The eco-physiological response characteristics of the three species show that the salt treatment has the greatest impact on F. microcarpa and less impact on A. hybrid and H. hamabo, consequently, H. hamabo and A. hybrid can be potentially prioritized as greening species in saline areas in Eastern China.
2018, 31(3): 104-113.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.014
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Objective To study the sequence characteristics of Phalaenopsis equestris. Method BLASTP was used to search the MYB transcription factors of P. equestris (PeMYBs) in the database of P. equestris whole genome, and then the conserved MYB domain and structural characteristics of PeMYBs were predicted. The sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiles of PeMYBs were conducted by using ClustalW, MEGA and HemI 1.0 softwares. Result 96 PeMYBs have conserved R2R3-MYB domains, 27 have R1-MYB domains, and 2 have R1R2R3-MYB domains. According to the classification criterion, the 96 R2R3-PeMYB members could be divided into 20 groups, and among them, some PeMYB genes were orthologs and PeMYB/AtMYB paralogs. They had different profiles in four organs, among them 39 PeMYBs were expressed in all the four organs, and 48 PeMYBs were specific expression or no expression in different organs. Conclusion The results of this study could provide references for further functional analysis of MYB genes in P. equestris.
2018, 31(3): 114-119.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.015
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Objective to illustrate the nutrition relationship of free amino acids in aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis, horn gall and host plant Rhus chinensis during their cooperative growth. Method The contents of free amino acids in aphid, horn gall, leaf with gall, leaf without gall and CK (leaf on the tree without aphid) were detected by automatic amino acid analyzer Biochrom30+, and the total amount of free amino acids (FAA), the content of essential amino acids (EAA), the ratio of EAA/TAA and several free amino acids in the early, middle and later stages of gall growth were analyzed by variance analysis. Result All samples in different stages contained the same components, including 32 free amino acids (17 protein amino acids and 15 non-protein amino acids) and 2 other components (no ammonia). The concentration of free amino acids (FAA) from big to small was aphid (5.569) > horn gall (2.122) > leaf with gall (0.560) > leaf not gall (0.537) > CK (-0.114). The amount of EAA in aphids increased gradually with the generation increasing. The variation range of EAA/TAA from big to small was CK (1.73%)>leaf with gall (0.52%) = leaf without gall (0.52%)>horn gall (0.43%) >aphid (0.02%). And the EAA/TAA of aphids was stable at 27.91 + 0.01%. It indicated that the parasitation of aphid may decrease the variation range of EAA/TAA in the tree significantly. The contents of arginine and phenylalanine in aphids increased by 2.93 times during the growth of horn gall, and the content of proline in plant tissues also increased, and its increasing range from big to small was horn gall (0.028) > leaf with gall (0.003) > leaf without gall (-0.001) > CK (-0.018). Conclusion The aphid parasitation cannot change the amino acid components in leaves of R. chinensis, but increase the concentrations of free amino acids. The increasing trend of total free amino acids in R. chinensis is almost consistent with the increasing trend of the aphid individual number and horn gall volume during the gall growth process and that may reflect the balance between the aphid feeding and plant defense.
2018, 31(3): 120-126.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.016
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Objective To understand the relation between environmental variables and suitable region of T.ciliata var. pubescens, which can provides reference to resource conservation, introduction and plantation for this plant. Method An MaxEnt model, because of the advantages of using presence-only data and performing well with small sample sizes, incomplete data and gaps, was employed to simulate the habitat suitability distribution. And the area under the receive operating characteristic curve(AUC)were used to examine the model's accuracy, the AUC is larger and predictions is more accuracy. So, based on the location in Yunnan province of T.ciliata var. pubescens, the MaxEnt was used to set up it's distributional model of potential habitat, one topographic variable and the six main bioclimatic variables influencing species distribution. Result The results show that the Mean training AUC and Mean test AUC were 0.891, 0.885, respectively, it illustrated that the prediction of T.ciliata var. pubescens's suitable habitats are reliable. CV of precipitation and Precipitation of the coldest quarter are significant factors, Range of annual temperature, Mean temperature of the coldest quarter, Precipitation of the wettest quarter, Precipitation of the driest quarter are secondary factors to determining T.ciliata var. pubescens's suitable habitat. Habitat suitability for current and future climate warming(2050S, 2070S) under scenarios RCP2.6 in Yunnan province and China were calculated. The result predictions the T.ciliata var. pubescens' suitable habitats change under different climate in intuitive and quantitative. Conclusion The habitat suitability of T.ciliata var. pubescensin Yunnan Province and China are predicted to deteriorate in slight with globalwarming.
2018, 31(3): 127-135.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.017
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Objective Studying the variation of negative air ion concentration in three main types of stand at Chongli district and the influencing factors in order to lay basis for ecological benefit evaluation and ecotourism planning. Method Based on continuous observation of negative air ion concentration in typical stand at Chongli, the diurnal variation of negative air ion concentration in poplar (Populus hopeiensis Hu et Chow) forest (PHF), birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) forest (BF), pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) forest (PF).and non-forest site (NF) was studied. The effects of meteorological factors and plant photosynthetic characteristics on negative air ion concentration were analyzed. The air quality of different stands was evaluated by unipolar coefficient method and air quality coefficient method. Result The variation trend of negative air ion concentration had two peaks. The lowest value appeared at noon but the maximum value appeared in different time. The negative air ion concentration in different stands was obviously different. Broadleaved forest was superior to coniferous forest. The negative air ion concentrations of PHF, BF, PF and NF were 1 101, 847, 755 and 344 ion·cm-3 respectively. The negative air ion concentration in different stands was negatively correlated with temperature, but positively correlated with humidity and the photosynthetic characteristics of plants. The single grade coefficients of PHF, BF, PF and non-forest land were 0.92, 1.01, 1.25 and 1.37. The air quality evaluation index of PHF, BF, PF and non-forest land were 1.25, 0.85, 0.80 and 0.27. Conclusion The concentration of negative air ions in different stands is different and the broadleaved forest is superior to coniferous forest. The concentration of air ions is affected by external climatic factors and the photosynthetic characteristics of plants. There are also differences in the air quality evaluation index of different stands. Reasonable allocation of forest resources is beneficial to air quality improvement.
2018, 31(3): 136-143.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.018
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Objective To study the effects of different drought stress on leaf structure of Camellia oleifera, in order to understand the mechanism of drought adaptation. Method 7-year-old C. oleifera 'Changlin-4'forests were tested by applying four levels of drought stress which soil moisture contents were kept as 15%-20% (severe drought stress), 20%-25% (moderate drought stress), 25%-30% (mild drought stress) and the control (natural condition). The leaf external morphological characters, stomatal characters of leaf lower epidermis, microstructure of mesophyll and main vein were measured by making paraffin sections, temporary sections and microscopic observation system. Result The results showed that the leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and saturated weight of C. oleifera declined with the decreasing of soil moisture, the drought stress significantly reduced the leaf thickness and leaf size, the stomatal area, perimeter, aperture, apparatus length and width of leaf lower epidermis also decreased significantly, the stomatal density decreased at first and then increased. As the drought stress became more intense, the thickness of leaf upper and lower epidermis decreased significantly, the upper and lower cuticle thickness increased significantly, the thickness of palisade tissue and the ratio of the palisade tissue and spongy tissue decreased significantly. As drought stress intensified, the thickness of the main veins of the leaves and the midrib protuberant degree increased significantly, the thickness of xylem under moderate drought stress and short diameter of vascular bundle under moderate and severe drought stress were significantly lower than that of the control, different treatments of drought stress had no significant effect on the thickness of phloem. Conclusion All of these changes in the leaf structure of C. oleifera were ecological adaptations to drought stress.C. oleifera could adjust the leaf structure to maintain their survival and growth based on the water deficit, indicating that C. oleifera has strong adaptability to drought stress.
2018, 31(3): 144-150.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.019
Abstract:
Objective To establish cotyledonary nodes regeneration system of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus. Method The effects of concentrations of 6-BA in seed germination medium, seed germination days, type of basal induction medium and 6-BA concentrations on the induction of cluster bud were studied using cotyledonary nodes of A. mongolicus as explants. The effects of exogenous hormones on elongation and rooting of explants were discussed as well. Result The results showed that:(1) The medium containing 6-BA can significantly promote the cotyledonary node growth and the induction of cluster bud compared to the medium without 6-BA. And when the 6-BA concentration was at 2.0 mg·L-1, the induction rate was up to 73.3% with 2.26 buds in average. (2) The days of seed germination also had a significant effect on the induction rate of cluster bud. The induction rate of the 7-day-old cotyledonary node reached the maximum of 74.7%, but had no statistically significant difference with the induction rate of the 9-, and 11-day-old cotyledonary nodes. (3) B5 or MS as the basal medium for induction of cluster bud had no difference, but B5 worked better in inhibiting browning. (4) For elongation culture, the optimal condition was 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.3 mg·L-1IAA with an elongation of 60.5%. (5) Although the root can be induced from the combination of different concentrations of auxins, the best rooting rate and the maximum number of root occurred when IBA was 1.0 mg·L-1. Conclusion The optimal cotyledonary nodes regeneration system of A. mongolicus includes the following steps:the cotyledonary nodes, cultivated on the MS medium containing 2.0 mg·L-16-BA in the dark after 7 to 11 days, are used in B5 medium containing 1.0 mg·L-16-BA to regenerate cluster bud. When the length of buds is about 0.3-0.5 cm, they are transferred to B5 medium with 1.0 mg·L-16-BA and 0.3 mg·L-1IAA for elongation culture. When the clumps stretch to 2-3 cm, the single plants are cut into 1/2B5 +1.0 mg·L-1IBA medium to take root. Compared with the callus tissue culture, this process can shorten the culture time, improve the serious brown and vitrification, and will lay the foundation of propagation and further genetic transformation for A. mongolicus.
2018, 31(3): 151-157.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.020
Abstract:
Dendrobium is one of the most important new floral resources with highly economic value. The advances in Dendrobium molecular biology were reviewed, including the development and application of modern molecular tools in the taxonomy; the cloning and characterization of key genes involved in the critical biological processes of Dendrobium, such as floral color, floral development and stress-tolerance; the establishment of genetic transformation systems and the research of transgenic technology. The main research directions of Dendrobium plants in China were analyzed, to offer the reference for further research.
Dendrobium is one of the most important new floral resources with highly economic value. The advances in Dendrobium molecular biology were reviewed, including the development and application of modern molecular tools in the taxonomy; the cloning and characterization of key genes involved in the critical biological processes of Dendrobium, such as floral color, floral development and stress-tolerance; the establishment of genetic transformation systems and the research of transgenic technology. The main research directions of Dendrobium plants in China were analyzed, to offer the reference for further research.
2018, 31(3): 158-166.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.021
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the differences in the composition and spatial structure of bud bank of Nitraria tangutorum seedling under the different nitrogen addition gradients, and nutrient limitation and nitrogen utilization, and to reveal the linkage between the quality of roots and cuttings and the bud bank, and finally elucidate the adaptation strategies of bud bank for the nitrogen availability. Method The bud bank traits of N. tangutorum seedlings under different nitrogen addition were studied using pot experiments. The N addition levels consist of 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 mmol·L-1. Result The nitrogen addition significantly increased the number of buds and vegetative shoots in bud bank, and significantly reduced the number of dormant buds and dormant shoots; meanwhile, the nitrogen addition promoted the bud production of secondary shoots and tertiary shoots. With the increasing of nitrogen addition, the relative position of vegetative shoots in bud bank had a tendency to move from base to tip. There was a quadratic nonlinear positive correlation between nitrogen balance index (NBI) and budding intensity, branching intensity, bud production of secondary and tertiary shoots of N. tangutorum seedling; The N content, accumulation amount (NAA) and the morphological traits underground were positively related to the number of buds and vegetative shoots, and negatively related to the number of dormant buds and dormant shoots. Conclusion Among the six nitrogen addition gradients, most of the indicators reached their maximum values in either 36 mmol·L-1 or 48 mmol·L-1 N addition levels, which were the optimum N additions for N. tangutorum seedlings. Nitrogen addition has a significantly influence on the bud bank size and spatial distribution of N. tangutorum seedlings, which also reflects a response to the changing nutrient availability.
2018, 31(3): 167-172.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.022
Abstract:
Objective To clarify the population structure of Tomicus species in Yunnan, and to elucidate its succession law so that to provide theoretical guidance for the management of Tomicus spp. Method Surveying, sampling and identifying Tomicus in occurrence areas of Yunnan, and comparing the population structures of Tomicus spp. between 1990s and 2010s at 3 spots (Shilin, Anning, and Qiubei). Result There are four Tomicus species in Yunnan Province, T. yunnanensis occupied 36.6% of the sampling population, T. minor occupied 38.1%, T. brevipilosus occupied 19.7%, and T. armandii occupied 5.6%. Recently, the population structure of T. yunnanensis and T. minor changed significantly compared with that in 1990s. The percentage of T. yunnanensis in population declined from 92.1% in 1990s to 42.7% in 2010s, correspondingly, the percentage of T. minor in population increased from 7.9% in 1990s to 57.3% in 2010s. Conclusion In Yunnan Pvrovince, after 20 years' population succession, T. yunnanensis is no longer the only Tomicus species damaging pine forests, the dominant Tomicus species are both T. yunnanensis and T. minor, indicating that pine forests in Yunnan, especially Pinus yunnanensis forest, are in sub-healthy even unhealthy situations. The results provide a new scientific data for Tomicus monitoring and control in Yunnan province.
2018, 31(3): 173-179.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.023
Abstract:
Objective The experiment aims at estimating the seed germination characteristics and the response to drought stress of Pinus densiflora, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Picea crassifolia which were widely used in arid area afforestation in north China. Pinus densiflora is a new species screened and verified in 2014 by the Liaoning Sand-Fixation Afforestation Research Institute. It grows well in Liaoning Province, and there is not any studies on its drought tolerance during seed germination. Gonghe County in Qinghai Province is a alpine sandy area. In order to provide reference for introducing Pinus densiflora in Qinghai sandy land, the tolerance of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Picea crassifolia, two common sandy Pinaceae plants in Qinghai province, to drought stress were compared with Pinus densiflora. Method Seed germination experiments were conducted using different concentrations of PEG-6000 solution to simulate the drought stress. The relative germination rate, relative root length, radicle length, vigor indexes, germination stress index and germination drought tolerance index of the three species were comprehensively evaluated by fuzzy membership function method. Result Low concentrations of PEG-6000 improved seed germination and the radicle length of the three species. The seed germination, radicle length, seed flesh weights, vigor indexes, germination stress index and germination drought tolerance index of the three species showed a trend of increase in initial and then decrease with increasing PEG-6000 concentration. The tolerance to water stress was Pinus densiflora > Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica > Picea crassifolia. Conclusion The drought tolerance of Pinus densiflora seed is superior to that of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Picea crassifolia, which indicates that Pinus densiflora is suitable to be planted in Qinghai province.
2018, 31(3): 180-185.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.03.024
Abstract:
Objective The flowering Pleioblastus pygmaeus in the bamboo garden of Nanjing Forestry University was used as study object to study the viability and storage of the bamboo pollen under different conditions, and provide data for the production practice of hybrid breeding. Method The effects of culture medium composition, sampling time, culture time and preservation conditions on pollen germination of P. pygmaeus were investigated with liquid culture. Result The pollen germinating percentage varied with different culture media and reached the highest at the medium with 10% source+0.01% H3BO3+0.06% CaCl2·2H2O for 2.5 h; the suitable temperature range for pollen germination was at 26~30℃. The pollen germinated at a decreasing rate as their storage prolonged. While preserving the pollen, the pollen germination of the fresh anthers was better than that after drying, and that the longevity of pollen could be extended appropriately at 4℃, in which the vitality of pollen maintained for 96.0 h. Conclusion The pollen of P. pygmaeus is suitable to cultivate in the culture medium with 10% source+0.01% H3BO3+0.06% CaCl2·2H2O. The suitable cultivation temperature is 26~30℃, and the suitable conservation condition is low temperature and non-drying environments which help prolong the life of pollen.
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