• 中国中文核心期刊
  • 中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)核心库来源期刊
  • 中国科技论文统计源期刊(CJCR)
  • 第二届国家期刊奖提名奖

2020 Vol. 33, No. 4

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2020, 33(4): 0-0.
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contents
2020, 33(4): 1-2.
Abstract:
Analysis of α-Linolenic Acid Content and Related Genes in Seeds of Sea Buckthorn Cultivars
ZHANG Tong, LYU Zhong-rui, WEI Ji-hua, ZHANG Guo-yun, LUO Hong-mei, HE Cai-yun
2020, 33(4): 1-8. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.001
Abstract:
Objective To study the differences of gene regulation in seeds of two sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) cultivars with different α-linolenic acid content and to find the method of further increase the content of α-linolenic acid in H. rhamnoides seed. Method The difference in α-linolenic acid content and the expressed genes in the seeds of two H. rhamnoides cultivars were analyzed and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and transcriptomics. Result The proportion of α-linolenic acid in H. rhamnoides 'Mongolia' (XY) and H. rhamnoides ‘Sinensis’ (FN) seeds was different. The fatty acid with the highest content of XY was α-linolenic acid, followed by linoleic acid. The content of α-linolenic acid in FN was lower than that of linoleic acid. In semi-mature stage (T2), the expression levels of gene FAD2 and gene FAD3 in XY were 3.83 times and 13.63 times that in FN respectively. The expression of gene FAD7 in XY was 2.09 times and 1.72 times that in FN in immature stage (T1) and T2respectively. It was consistent with the trend of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid content. On the contrary, the expressions of gene LOX3.1 and gene LOX3.2 in FN were 8.02 times and 7.12 times that of XY in T2 respectively. Conclusion The high accumulation of α-linolenic acid in H. rhamnoides seeds is due to the synergistic effect of multiple genes. High expression of gene FAD2, FAD3, FAD7 and low expression of gene LOX3.1, LOX3.2 contribute to the accumulation of α-linolenic acid.
Effect of Planting Density on Growth and Wood Property of Three Populus×euramericana Cultivars
LIU Ning, DING Chang-jun, LI Bo, DING Mi, SU Xiao-hua, HUANG Qin-jun
2020, 33(4): 9-18. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.002
Abstract:
Objective To study the impact of planting density on Populus×euramericana cultivars so as to benefit the selection and cultivation of fast-growing and high-yielding poplar plantation. Method The test was conducted in Dalinghe Plain, northeast China, taking three Populus×euramericana cultivars (“J2”, “Bofeng 1” and “Bofeng 3”) as trial materials. Four planting densities of 2 m×3 m, 2 m×4 m, 2 m×5 m and 2 m×6 m were designed. The DBH of the 2nd to the 8th year, the preservation rate of the 1st to 8th year, the physical properties of the 1st to the 8th year, the anatomical properties of the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th year, and the chemical composition of the Populus×euramericana wood were measured and calculated. The effects of cultivars, planting density and cultivars×planting density on DBH of Populus×euramericana were evaluated by two-factor variance analysis year by year, and multiple comparisons were made for each trait. Result Cultivars and planting density had significant effects on DBH growth (p < 0.01). Planting density×cultivars had significant effects on DBH growth from the 1st to the 6th years (p < 0.05), but there was no significant interaction effect from the 7th to the 8th years (p > 0.05). Among various planting densities, the preservation rate of “J2” decreased significantly year by year, and the DBH and preservation rate of each density were the worst in the 8th year. The preservation rate of “Bofeng 1” was the highest with the planting density of 2 m×6 m. The DBH of “Bofeng 3” was the largest with the planting density of 2 m×6 m. Higher planting densities (2 m×3 m and 2 m×4 m) would significantly lower the preservation rate of Populus×euramericana in the early growth stage, while lower planting densities (2 m×5 m and 2 m×6m) would decrease more slowly. Multiple comparisons of wood properties showed that planting density had little significant effect on wood properties. The ratio of fiber length to width and total lignin content of wood increased with the increase of planting density. The smaller planting density increased the fibril angle, the content of cellulose and the content of holocellulose. Conclusion The adaptability of the three Populus×euramericana cultivars is different. The performance of “Bofeng 1” and “Bofeng 3” are better than “J2”. Larger afforestation density will inhibit the preservation rate, breast diameter, and wood properties of the three cultivars; with the lower afforestation density, Populus×euramericana will have a higher preservation rate. With the increase of forest age, the wood basic density, fiber length, fiber length to width ratio of Populus×euramericana will increase significantly, the wood microfibril angle, wood fiber tissue ratio will decrease significantly, and the fiber width variation is small. The effect of the interaction of afforestation density and variety on DBH decreases with the age of the plantation. When establishing Populus×euramericana plantation for pulpwood, the initial planting density should not be less than 2 m×6 m, and match the tree species with the site in order to maximize the output. In the experiment, the wood properties of Populus×euramericana are suitable for paper and pulp production. The high preservation rate of "Bofeng 1" is suitable for the establishment of pulpwood plantation, and "Bofeng 3" has the potential to develop large-diameter industrial plantation.
Effect of Egg Storage Period on the Larva and Pupa Developmental Duration and Adult Quantity of Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire)
WANG Li-na, TANG Yan-long, CAI Hong-guang, QIAN Zheng-min
2020, 33(4): 19-25. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.003
Abstract:
Objective To understand the effects of egg storage period on the immature development and adult quantity of Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire). Method Six groups of fresh parasitoid eggs were stored for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days in the condition of 12℃ and RH 60%. These parasitoid eggs treated were then placed at 27℃ and RH 60% for hatching. The newly hatched parasitoid larvae were inoculated on a host, and the immature durations, cocooning rate, eclosion rate, numbers of adults, and weight of individual adult were subsequently recorded. Result The results showed that different low-temperature storage duration for parasitoid eggs would significantly influence their hatching rate. The hatching rates were higher than 92.6% as the eggs stored less than 45 days; while the hatching rates decreased to 62.1% and 44.4% when the eggs were stored for 60 and 75 days, respectively. Similarly, the parasitoid larval and pupal durations, cocooning and eclosion rate, numbers of adults, and weight of individual adult also showed significant differences under different egg storage durations. The cocooning rate increased from 45.7% to 54.8% as the eggs were stored from 0 to 15 days, but decreased to 26.1% once the eggs were stored for 60 days. The relative high eclosion rates were observed which ranged from 80.7% to 96.2% in different treatments. The larval duration was prolonged with the increase of egg storage period, but the pupal duration showed irregular fluctuations. The maximum amount of emerged adults was 5 adults for the treatment of eggs stored for 15 days. In addition, the mean body size of adult incubated from the eggs under 15 days of egg storing treatment was invariably larger than that from that of other treatments. Conclusion It is proved that the optimum cold storage period of D. helophoroides eggs is 15 days, and the acceptable stored period should not exceed 45 days.
Effect of Pinus massoniana Stand Structure on Hydrological Effects of Litter Layer and Soil Layer
YUAN Xiu-jin, XIAO Wen-fa, PAN Lei, WANG Xiao-rong, HU Wen-jie, CUI Hong-xia, LEI Jing-pin
2020, 33(4): 26-34. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.004
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Objective By monitoring the hydrological effects of litter layer and soil layer of Pinus massoniana forest with different stand structure, the main structural factors and their correlations were explored. Method In this study, nine P. massoniana forest plots were selected from Jiulingtou Forest Farm in the Three Gorges Reservoir area to investigate the stand structure parameters, such as leaf area index, DBH, crown width, angle scale, Margltf richness index and forest competition index, etc. The water-holding characteristics of the litter layer and the soil layer were quantitatively studied by the indoor soaking method and the ring knife method, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis, principal component analysis, redundant analysis and other methods were used to analyze the relationship between stand structure and hydrological effects of litter layer and soil layer. Result The results showed that the forest competition index, leaf area index and stand density were significantly positively correlated with the maximum water holding capacity of the soil and the total effective water storage capacity of the litter layer (P<0.05). The Margltf richness index was significantly positively correlated with the maximum water holding capacity of the soil, but not with the total effective water holding capacity of the litter layer. The variable combination of stand structure explained 54.06% and 61.80% of the hydrological effects of the litter layer and soil layer of P. massoniana forest, respectively. Conclusion The stand structure is closely related to the hydrological effects of the litter layer and the soil layer, that is, the stronger the forest tree competitiveness, the better the forest growth condition, the more the stand accumulation amount, the better the hydrological effect of the litter layer and the soil layer.
The Relationship Between Rubber Molecular Weight and Expression of EuREF1 Genes in Eucommia ulmoides Olive
RAN Xin, ZHAO De-gang
2020, 33(4): 35-41. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.005
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Objective To study the relationship between EuREF1 and molecular weight and rubber content, and to understand the synthesis mechanism of gutta-percha. Method In mid-April to mid-June when the new stems and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides grew rapidly, RT-PCR technique was used to analyze the expression level of EuREF1 gene in male and female leaves and stems, and Soxhlet extraction and GPC/SEC were used respectively to detect the rubber content and molecular weight of rubber in leaves and stems. Result From April to June, the expression levels of EuREF1 in female leaves, stems and male leaves, stems were significantly or extreme-significantly positively correlated with the rubber content and molecular weight in these plant organs (R=0.898 2−0.988 0). Among the leaves, stems, fruit of female and leaves, stems of male, the proportion of molecular weight of 1.0×106 Da to 5.0×106 Da was the highest, and the rubber with length of 1.5×104 to 7.4×104 isoprene residues was the most. Conclusion The results suggest that the product of EuREF1 gene is closely related to the accumulation of gutta-percha and may also plays an important role in the elongation of rubber chain.
Characteristic of Species Diversity in Stands of Different Restoration Models in Jiulian Mountain, Jiangxi Province
LIU Bin, ZHANG Can-can, WANG Jin-song, LI Zhang-min, OUYANG Yuan-li, CHEN Wei, CHEN Fu-sheng, BU Wen-sheng
2020, 33(4): 42-52. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.006
Abstract:
Objective Artificial recovery and natural recovery are the main ways to recover forest, and they are different in the direction and speed of recovery. The analysis of the difference of stand structure and species composition between the two recovery forests and the primary forest is helpful to understand the change of forest biodiversity under different recovery models, which provides theoretical and practical basis for the artificial recovery and reconstruction of forest ecosystem. Method Based on coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest with 36 years natural recovery after artificial planting Chinese fir, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest with 32 years natural recovery after clear cutting and primary forest with no human disturbance in Jiulian Mountain (hereinafter referred to as the Chinese fir forest, the secondary forest, the primary forest), we analyze species composition, species diversity and dominance, community structure and functional group across these three forests at three different growth stages (Sapling 1 cm ≤ DBH < 5 cm、treelet 5 cm ≤ DBH < 10 cm and adult tree DBH ≥10 cm), to explore the recovery characteristic change of subtropical forest biodiversity between different recovery modes. Results There were 4983 individuals in the Chinese fir forest, belonging to 75 species, 29 families. There were 2 879 individuals in the secondary forests, belonging to 73 species, 26 families. There are 4770 individuals in the primary forests, belonging to 126 species, 38 families. The basal area of saplings in the primary forest or the Chinese fir forest was twice as many as that in the secondary forest, and there was no significant difference in the treelet stage among the three forests. The basal area of the adult trees in the secondary forest and Chinese fir forest was respectively 37% and 70% of the primary forest. The trend of species-area, species-abundance of individuals and species-species rank between Chinese fir forest and secondary forest was similar. However, the accumulation rate of secondary forest species with the increase number of individuals at the sapling stage was higher than that of Chinese fir forest. The rate of species accumulation in the Chinese fir forest at adult tree stage was faster than that of secondary forest. The overall species richness of Chinese fir forest was close to that of secondary forest, about 55% of the primary forest, but the species richness of sapling and adult tree of secondary forest was less than that of Chinese fir forest. Moreover, Shannon-Wiener index of the secondary forest was significantly higher than that of the Chinese fir forests, and there was no significant difference among different stages. The DBH and height of the secondary forest in sapling and treelet stage were significantly higher than that of the Chinese fir forest, while the DBH in adult tree stage was significantly lower than that of the Chinese fir forest. The important value of pioneer species was the highest in each growth stage of the secondary forest, and the important value of shade tolerant species was the lowest in the adult stage of the Chinese fir forest. Conclusion The species composition, species diversity and species number of the artificial recovery and natural recovery communities were successional towards the local climax community. Compared with the natural restored secondary forest, the artificial restored Chinese fir forest is more beneficial to the accumulation of species individual number and biomass in the short-term recovery, and can form the complex vertical community more quickly, whereas the secondary forest of natural recovery is more advantageous to the recovery of species diversity.
Visual Simulation of Thinning of Chinese Fir Based on Stand Spatial Vertical Structure Characteristics
ZHU Xin-ran, LYU Yong, ZHANG Huai-qing, ZHANG Jiang, YANG Ting-dong, ZHANG Hong
2020, 33(4): 53-58. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.007
Abstract:
Objective To add stand vertical spatial structure as a parameter into forest structure module of three-dimensional visualization simulation system to make better use of vertical structure as a parameter in thinning. Method Using the forest structure function module in the forest three-dimensional scene visualization simulation system, by reading the data of individual trees in Chinese fir sample plot survey table, a kind of vertical space structure parameter \begin{document}$A\_P{v_i}$\end{document} was introduced, the real situation of the plot was simulated in the virtual scene to analyze the spatial structure parameters of the plot. Result The average \begin{document}$A\_P{v_i}$\end{document} was closer to 0 than the original thinning intensity after considering the thinning intensity of the vertical structure of the stand. The competition in the plot was more uniform. The average \begin{document}$A\_P{v_i}$\end{document} of plot 1 decreased from 0.46 to −0.24, the average \begin{document}$A\_P{v_i}$\end{document} of plot 2 decreased from 0.46 to 0, the average \begin{document}$A\_P{v_i}$\end{document} of plot 3 increased from −0.19 to −0.04, and the average \begin{document}$A\_P{v_i}$\end{document} of plot 4 decreased from 0.40 to 0.04. No significant change was observed for the average angular scale, and all the four plots were randomly distributed. Among the four plots, the average size ratio decreased significantly except for the plot 3. Conclusion The thinning intensity taking stand vertical structure into consideration can better improve the competition status of the stand compared with the established thinning intensity specified by the forest management plan, and make the competition within the stand approaching to balance. The forest three-dimensional scene visualization simulation system can accurately simulate the forest-like immersive scenes and their spatial structure changes after thinning with different thinning intensities.
Estimation of Forest Stand Mean Height Based on Airborne LiDAR Point Cloud Data
ZHAO Xun, YUE Cai-rong, LI Chun-gan, ZHANG Li-mei, GU Lei
2020, 33(4): 59-66. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.008
Abstract:
Objective Based on the airborne LiDAR point cloud data obtained in the experimental area of the Gaofeng Forest Farm in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in September 2016 to estimate the stand mean height by extracting the LiDAR point cloud characteristic variables at the spatial stand scale of 30 m×30 m . Method The data of mean height obtained from 105 stands were randomly divided into training samples (79) and test samples (26) according to a ratio of 3:1. Two machine learning algorithms, namely random forest regression and support vector regression, were adopted to conduct regression modeling of 79 training samples and corresponding LiDAR point cloud feature variables. The modeling schemes include random forest model, support vector machine model and random forest + support vector combination model. Secondly, the 26 test sample data were used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the model. Finally, the accuracy evaluation indexes corresponding to the training samples and the test samples in the three models were counted, and a model with high prediction accuracy and strong generalization ability was taken as the final model to map the stand mean height of forest. Result The result showed that the determination coefficient (R2) of the training samples and the test samples of the random forest model were 0.8861 and 0.8375, respectively, and the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 1.22 and 1.56, respectively. The R2 of the training samples and the test samples of support vector machine model were 0.8864 and 0.8409, respectively, and the RMSE were 1.21 and 1.54, respectively. The R2 of the training samples and the test samples of the combined model were 0.8598 and 0.8532 respectively, and the RMSE were 1.35 and 1.48 respectively. Conclusion The combined model has the best generalization ability and prediction accuracy, followed by support vector machine and the random forest. The combined model can effectively complete the mapping of stand mean height in the study area.
Accurate Measurement of Individual Tree Position Based on DBH Extraction of Terrestrial Laser Scanning
LIANG Xiao-jun, PANG Yong, CHEN Bo-wei
2020, 33(4): 67-74. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.009
Abstract:
Objective To develop a spatial correction method based on the position of DBH center extracted from terrestrial laser scanning in order to match the position of individual trees to center of trunk precisely. Method Hough transform method was used to extract the DBH and circular center of individual trees from point cloud data of high-density terrestrial laser scanning in the sample plots. Then, based on the DBH data obtained from field survey, the relative spatial positions of individual trees were matched to the extracted DBH center of individual trees by the spatial point correction methods. Finally, the location matching of individual trees was realized by CHM feature analysis. Result The trial plots were located at Mengjiagang Forest Farm in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province. The relevant results of three Larix olgensis Henry forest plots with different stem densities were compared and analyzed. The errors of extracted DBH were within 1 cm. And when the DBH error was within 2 cm, the correct matching rate of individual trees position in high, middle and low stem density plots were 91%, 92.5% and 98.6% respectively. Besides, the relative spatial position errors of all matched field surveys were within 1 m and the errors of geographical position matching with the airborne LiDAR CHM products were within 0.5 m. Conclusion The method of extracting DBH from terrestrial laser scanning to match spatial positions of individual trees can greatly improve the precision of individual trees spatial position. It can both provide precise location information for individual trees segementation in local sample plot, and give reliable location verification information for large-scale remote sensing data. Overall, it is approved as a reliable method for individual trees position measurement and multi source data matching.
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Robinia pseudoacacia Seedlings to NaCl Stress
GAN Hong-hao, ZHAO Shuai, YANG Ze-kun, CHU Jian-min
2020, 33(4): 75-82. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.010
Abstract:
Objective To study the physiological and biochemical responses of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings to NaCl stress, and provide a theoretical basis for establishing an ecological physiological index system of R. pseudoacacia resistance. Method One-year-old R. pseudoacacia seedlings were used to observe the effects of different NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 mmol·L−1) on the growth, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoregulatory substances, ion distribution, the transcriptional expression of aquaporins and Na+/H+ reverse transporters. Result The growth of R. pseudoacacia was inhibited under NaCl stress, with the decreases of relative water content, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthesis parameters of leaves, and the increase of the water use efficiency and stomatal limit value. The MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, APX and GR) and osmotic regulatory substance (free proline, amino acids and soluble protein) increased in roots and leaves of R. pseudoacacia under NaCl stress. Also, the ion equilibrium of Na+, K+ and Mg2+ in roots and leaves of R. pseudoacacia changed, but there was no significant difference in the content of Ca2+ in roots and leaves under different NaCl concentrations. NaCl stress induced the transcription and expression of the aquaporin gene (TIP1;1, PIP1;1 and PIP2;1) in roots, aquaporin gene (TIP1;1 and PIP1;1) in leaves and Na+/H+ antiporter gene NHX1 in roots and leaves of R. pseudoacacia. Conclusion R. pseudoacacia can improve the salt adaptability by increasing leaf water use efficiency, synthesizing and accumulating antioxidant enzymes and osmotic adjustment substances, and inducing transcriptional expression of related genes.
Screening Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria from Chinese Fir Plantation Soil and Optimizing Its Culture Conditions
WEI Yi-hui, CHEN Jia-qi, DONG Yu-hong, HOU Ling-yu, JIAO Ru-zhen
2020, 33(4): 83-91. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.011
Abstract:
Objective To isolate and screen phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria from the soil of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation in red soil region and optimize its culture conditions. Method The phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria were isolated and screened by Pikovskava (PVK) medium. The strains with strong phosphorus-solubilizing capacity were identified by physiological and biochemical tests and 16SrDNA gene sequence alignment. Single factor test was used to compare the phosphorus-solubilizing capacity of the strains under different culture time, initial pH, culture temperature, inoculum size, carbon source, nitrogen source and phosphorus source. Orthogonal test was used to optimize the culture conditions of the strains. Result Thirteen strains were screened out, among which the phosphorus-solubilizing capacity of strain P5 was the highest. The content of available phosphorus of strain P5 in PVK was 196.61 mg·L−1. Strain P5 were identified as Burkholderia ubonensis by physiological and biochemical tests and sequence analysis of 16SrDNA gene. Single factor test showed that strain P5 was resistant to high temperature and low pH. The result of the orthogonal experiment indicated that the optimal culture condition of strain P5 are as follows: 2.0% (w/v) sucrose, 0.2% (w/v) ammonium chloride, pH 5.5, 30℃, under which the maximum phosphorus-solubilizing capacity could be up to 268.69 mg·L−1 and the content of available phosphorus was about 40% higher. Conclusion The result indicates that strain P5, a highly efficient phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, could be a potential candidate for the development of microbial fertilizer applied to environmentally stressed soil due to their phosphorus-solubilizing capacity and tolerance to high temperature and low pH.
Response Mechanism of CO2 Flux to Extreme Drought on An Plateau Peatland
WU Hai-dong, YAN Zhong-qing, ZHANG Ke-rou, WANG Jin-zhi, KANG Xiao-ming
2020, 33(4): 92-101. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.012
Abstract:
Objective To study the mechanism of extreme drought on carbon dioxide (CO2) flux on plateau peatland. Method The field control experiment and static box method were used to measure the CO2 flux change on Zoige plateau peatland under extreme drought by using the fast greenhouse gas analyzer, and the change mechanism was analyzed combining with the measurement of environmental factors and soil enzyme activity. Result (1) Extreme drought significantly reduced the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (Re) and gross primary productivity (GPP) of peatland ecosystem on Zoige plateau (P<0.05). (2) The sensitivity of Re to air temperature and soil temperature decreased under the influence of extreme drought. (3) The NEE was significantly correlated with β-glucosidase (BG), α-glucosidase (P<0.05), the Re was significantly correlated with β-xylosidase, β-D-cellobiosidase (P<0.05), and the GPP was significantly correlated with BG (P<0.05). Conclusion Under extreme drought, the CO2 flux of plateau peatland ecosystem will decrease significantly, and its sensitivity to environmental factors will also be weakened. The changes of NEE and Re are affected by different soil enzyme activities. With the increase of soil depth, the correlation of soil temperature with NEE and Re shows an opposite trend.
Effect of Chlorine Fertilization on the Shoot Quality of Phyllostachys violascens
YANG Li-ting, CHEN Shuang-lin, GUO Zi-wu, XU Sen, GU Rui
2020, 33(4): 102-107. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.013
Abstract:
Objective To study the effect of chlorine fertilization on the quality of Phyllostachys violascens shoots, and to contribute for the high-efficiency cultivation of high-quality bamboo shoots. Method High-yielding Ph. violascens plantation were selected, and the fertilization treatments with high (34%), medium (24%) and low (12%) chlorine content were set up to observe the influence of chlorine fertilization on sensory, nutritional and taste characters of shoots. Result The results showed that chlorine fertilization influenced the sensory character slightly, while affected the nutrient and taste greatly. With the increasing of chlorine content in fertilizer, the contents of protein, total amino acid and its component, lignin, cellulose, the proportion of bitter amino acids decreased gradually, while the contents of aromatic amino acids decreased in the beginning and then increased. The contents of fat, starch and proportion of essential, flavor and sweet amino acids increased. Furthermore, there were significant difference on contents of fat, protein, total amino acid and its component, the proportion of flavor and aromatic amino acids among the three treatments, and the content of cellulose under high fertilization treatment was smaller than that under medium and low fertilization treatments, while that of fat changed in opposite trends. With the increasing of chlorine content, the content of soluble sugar, ratio of sugar to acid and chlorine increased, while the contents of oxalic acid, tannin and total acid decreased, but there were significant difference on the contents of oxalic acid, tannin and total acid among the three fertilization treatments. Conclusion It is indicated that chlorine fertilization will influence the sensory character of shoot slightly, while the fibrous materials content decrease, and delicious and sweet components increase, especially under high fertilization treatment. Additional, further research should be conducted on the effect of high chlorine fertilization on soil properties, especially for the influence of chlorine accumulation on structure and function of soil microbial community.
Study on the Relationship Between Mineral Elements and Fruit Quality of ‘Jiro’ Persimmon Fruit
XU Yang, GONG Bang-chu, LIU Tong-xiang, WU Kai-yun, DING Yu, QIU You-shang, FAN Jin-gen
2020, 33(4): 108-116. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.014
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the relationship between mineral elements contents and fruit quality of Diospyros kaki Thunb. ‘Jiro’ fruit. Method The correlation and path coefficient of nine mineral elements and six fruit quality indexes were analyzed on nineteen D. kaki Thunb. ‘Jiro’ orchards in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. Result The fruit weight was extremely significant and positively correlated with the N, Ca and Mg contents. The fruit firmness was significantly and positively correlated with the Ca content, the soluble solids was significantly and negatively correlated with the N, Ca, Cu and Zn contents. Path analysis further demonstrated that the N and Ca contents had the significantly direct-negative effect on fruit weight (path coefficient −0.420 0 and −0.386 0). The Ca content had the greatest direct-positive effect on the firmness (0.363 0), and the greatest direct-negative effect on fruit shade index (−0.405 0). The soluble solid content was significantly and direct-negatively affected by the Ca and N contents (−0.667 0 and −0.367 0). Vitamin C content was significantly and direct-negatively affected by the P content (−0.495 0), direct-positively affected by the Ca and K contents (0.428 0 and 0.394 0). The carotenoid content was extremely significant and direct-negatively affected by the K content (−0.777 0), significantly and direct-positively affected by the N, P and Mn contents (0.452 0, 0.421 0 and 0.392 0). Conclusion The N, P, K and Ca contents of persimmon fruits are closely related to fruit quality. The P and K are significantly related to Vitamin C and Carotenoid contents. The N had direct-negative effect on the fruit weight and soluble solid content. Calcium is significantly related to fruit weight, fruit shape index, Vitamin C content, soluble solid content and fruit firmness. Reducing N application and rationalizing the proportion of P, K, Ca nutrient elements will benefit the high quality D. kaki Thunb. ‘Jiro’ production in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province.
Content Analysis of Polyphenols in Flowers of Yellow Camellia
JIANG Li-na, LI Ji-yuan, Fan Zheng-qi, TONG Ran, MO Run-hong, LI Zhi-hui, JIANG Chang-jie
2020, 33(4): 117-126. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.015
Abstract:
Objective To study the polyphenols in the flowers of yellow Camellia and their relationship with plant classification, and provide reference for the application of polyphenols in the classification of yellow Camellia. Method The author used HPLC to determine 9 polyphenolic components in the petals, stamens and sepals of the full flowering flowers of 22 species of yellow Camellia, and the cluster analysis were used to study the relationship between them and the taxonomy of yellow Camellia. Result Among the 9 polyphenols tested, GCG, ECG, and CG were detected in all samples, while GA, GC, EGC, C, EC, and EGCG were not detected in some samples. EC was the most abundant, followed by EGC, GCG and ECG. The total polyphenols were significantly positively correlated with these 4 components. The contents of EGC, C, EC, EGCG, GCG, ECG as well as total polyphenols were the highest in sepals, followed by stamens and petals. The content of CG was the highest in petals, followed by stamens and sepals. The contents of GA and GC were the highest in stamens, followed by sepals and petals. The results of cluster analysis showed that the similarity rate of stamen polyphenols with classification systems was the highest, which was 80.00%−90.00%. The similarity rates of sepal polyphenols content and petals polyphenols content were 75.00%−88.89% and 58.33%−81.82%, respectively. Conclusion The highest polyphenolic content in the flowers of yellow Camellia is EC, and the main polyphenolic constituents are EC, EGC, GCG and ECG. The polyphenolic content is the highest in sepal followed by stamen and lowest in petal. The clustering results of stamen polyphenols can be used as an important supplement to the phylogenetic classification of yellow Camellia.
Eco-stoichiometric Characteristics of Understory Vegetation and Litter Layer of Subalpine Forest in Central Yunnan, China
ZHANG Nai-mu, WANG Ke-qin, SONG Ya-li, ZHANG Yu-jian, DU Yun-xiang
2020, 33(4): 127-134. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.016
Abstract:
Objective To understand the C, N, P stoichiometric ratio pattern of the components in the understory vegetation layer and litter layer of the typical forest ecosystem in Mopan Mountain area, and to observe the influence of tree species and organs on the C, N, P stoichiometric characteristics of the understory vegetation layer and litter layer, so as to provide reference for nutrient redistribution in the forest ecosystem. Method Five typical forests were studied in subalpine forest in central Yunnan, the samples of understory vegetation and litters from different forests were collected in the field. The stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, and P in different organs of understory vegetation layer and components of litters layer were measured. Result The results showed that the C contents in the understory vegetation layers (shrub leaves, stems and roots, above-ground and underground parts of herbs) and litter layers (undecomposed layer, semi-decomposed layer, fully decomposed layer) of the five forest types were 410.17-561.08 and 81.47-625.8 mg·g−1, the N contents were 3.07-15.89 and 9.87-17.5 mg·g−1, and the P contents were 0.35-0.9 and 0.37-0.93 mg·g−1. In different organs and decomposition levels, the C, N, and P contents of the shrub layer ranked as leaf > root > stem, and the C and P contents of the herb layer ranked as aboveground > underground part, while and the N content was the opposite; N and P content of the litter layers ranked as completely decomposed layer > semi-decomposed layer > undecomposed layer, and the C content was the opposite. Conclusion The growth of the understory vegetation layer of the five forest types in subalpine forest in central Yunnan is relatively slow, limited by both nitrogen and phosphorus. The decomposition rate of litters is slower, and the nutrient cycling capacity is low. Therefore, it is considered that appropriate protection of understory vegetation layer will improve the soil fertility and maintain long-term stable productivity of stand.
Study on Constituents of Ilex cornuta var. fortunei Fruit and Their Antioxidant and Bacteriostatic Activity
SHE Xin-song, ZHAI Da-cai, HU Zong-hao, TENG Yun-yun, ZHU Wen-pei, LI Shi-zhuang, BAI Xiao-hui
2020, 33(4): 135-142. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.017
Abstract:
Objective To explore the chemical composition and function of the fruit of Ilex cornuta var. fortunei for the purpose of development and utilization. Method Firstly, 1-butanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether were used to extract the active components from the fruit of I. cornuta var. fortunei. Then the free radical scavenging assays against 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) coupled with the filter paper slice bacteriostasis were used to evaluate their antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities. Meanwhile, the chemical components of 1-butanol extraction were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Result The 1-butanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts from the crude methanol extract of the fruits of I. cornuta var. fortunei had significant scavenging effects on ABTS and DPPH free radicals, and the scavenging rate was positively correlated with the extract concentration. The results of antibacterial test showed that the 1-butanol extraction had the best antibacterial effect among all strains tested, and had the strongest bacteriostatic effect among the three extractants. The ethyl acetate extraction and the petroleum ether extract had the best antibacterial effect on Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Proteusbacillus vulgaris. Combining with GC-MS and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology, it was reported for the first time that the fruits of I. cornuta var. fortunei contains chlorogenic acid, a medicinal ingredient with antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Conclusion In this study, a variety of extractants were used for the first time to extract and identify the components of the fruits of I. cornuta var. fortunei, and the results show that the extracts have significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities..
Soil Enzyme Activity and Its Ecological Stoichiometry in Four Typical Coniferous Planted Forests in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China
HU Chen, HE Yun-long, HUANG Jin-lian, LEI Jing-pin, CUI Hong-xia, TANG Wan-peng, MA Guo-fei
2020, 33(4): 143-150. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.018
Abstract:
Object To study the role of soil enzyme activity and its ecological stoichiometry in limiting soil microbial nutrients and indicating soil nutrient availability. Method Soil enzyme activity and its ecological stoichiometry, along with soil physical and chemical properties, were measured in Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis, Larix gmelinii and Pinus armandii forests in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve. Result The soil β-glucosidase (BG) activity in C. japonica, P. armandii and L. gmelinii forests was significantly higher than that in M. glyptostroboides forest. The soil β-acetylglucosidase (NAG) activity in L. gmelinii forest was significantly higher than that in other forests. There was no significant difference in soil acid phosphatase (AP) activity among the four types of forest stands. Soil BG∶NAG and BG∶AP in M. glyptostroboides forest were significantly lower than that in other forests. Soil BG∶NAG in L. gmelinii forest was also significantly lower than that in C. japonica and P. armandii forests. Soil NAG∶AP in L. gmelinii forest was significantly higher than that in other forests. Soil NAG∶AP (1.01±0.22) in the region indicated the soil microbes were limited by soil nitrogen. Redundancy analysis showed that soil organic carbon and pH value were important factors influencing soil enzyme activity. Conclusion Forest stand is an important factor influencing soil enzyme activity and the ecological stoichiometry of soil enzyme. The effect on soil organic C and pH is the key factor regulating soil enzyme activity.
Effects of Natural Rainfall on Soil Respiration of Caragana Plantation in Alpine Sandland
DAI Jie, JIA Zhi-qing, LI Qing-xue, HE Ling-xian-zi, YANG Kai-yue, GAO Ya
2020, 33(4): 151-159. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.019
Abstract:
Objective Caragana intermedia plantation in Gonghe Basin of Qinghai province was used to analyze the relationship between soil respiration and environmental factors, and the effects of natural rainfall on soil respiration and environmental factors, so as to provide reference for estimation of soil carbon flux and the study of carbon cycle in the alpine sandy plantations. Method A 30-days' continuous positioning observation was conducted in July, 2018. The changes of soil respiration rate, environmental factors and natural rainfall process were analyzed quantitatively. Result (1) The soil respiration was affected by environmental factors such as solar radiation, air temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture, among which the total solar radiation showed a more direct effect. (2) Soil respiration in non rainy day was mainly affected by soil temperature and moisture of the surface soil layer, while during rainfall, it was mainly affected by deep soil temperature and moisture. The natural rainfall with cumulative rainfall more than 0.8 mm showed an inhibitory effect on the daily average of soil respiration, and the excitation effect usually occurred on the next day after the end of rainfall, and lasted about 3 days. (3) Soil respiration rate was inhibited when the rainfall was more than 0.07 mm, and the inhibition rate was the highest when the cumulative rainfall reached 10.44 mm and rainfall time reached 3−4 hours. (4) Natural rainfall caused a short-term increase of the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature. Conclusion Soil respiration in the study area is mainly due to plant root autotrophic respiration, the natural rainfall process has a significant inhibitory effect on it, and the excitation effect occurs in the next day after the rain ends. Natural rainfall can increase the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature.
Influence of Sooty Blotch on Photosynthetic and Eco-physiological Characteristics of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis
LIU Wei-yi, HUI Chao-mao, LIU Guang-lu, LIU Guo-wu, LUO Xuan-hang, LIU Yong-jiao
2020, 33(4): 160-168. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.020
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effect of sooty blotch on growth of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, and provide a reference for scientific cultivation and management of this bamboo. Method Healthy and infected bamboo were selected as the experimental material. Li-6400 portable photosynthesis was used to measure the photosynthetic characteristics of Ph. nigra var. henonis, and physiological characteristics, components and biomass were measured in laboratory. Finally, the effects of sooty blotch were evaluated from the viewpoint of physiological metabolism. Result (1) The results showed that the sooty blotch could affect the photosynthesis of Ph. nigra var. henonis significantly, it can reduce the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, but increase the intercellular CO2 concentration and chlorophyll content. The light intensity was the main factor affecting the photosynthetic rate of healthy bamboo, while intercellular CO2 concentration and the atmosphere CO2 concentration were the main factor affecting the photosynthetic rate of infected bamboo. (2) Once the bamboo was infected with sooty blotch, its soluble protein(SP)content decreased, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Therefore, the speed of leaf degeneration accelerated, the function of transforming light into chemical energy decreased. (3) The standing culms index of normal bamboo were larger than those of infected bamboo. Except the difference of ground diameter and height under branches, the DBH, height of whole plant and thick wall rate were significantly different (P<0.05), and the biomass of normal bamboo was significantly larger than that of infected bamboo. Conclusion Sooty blotch affects the photosynthetic characteristics of Ph. nigra var. henonis, reduces its photosynthesis, changes the physiological indexes of leaves, and accelerates the decline of leaves, thus affecting the index and biomass of Ph. nigra var. henonis, and reduces its productivity. The infected bamboo will be affected not only on appearance, but also the whole bamboo forests. Chemical control is necessary to control over the spread of sooty blotch. The bamboo forests should be pruned to control the appropriate density, and to ensure the ventilation and light transmission, decrease the occurrence of disease.
Reviews
Research Progress on Egg Parasitoids of Longicorn Beetle and Their Prospect in Biocontrol Application
ZHANG Yan-long, TANG Yan-long, WANG Xiao-yi, CAO Liang-ming  , YANG Zhong-qi
2020, 33(4): 169-176. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.021
Abstract:
In this paper, the research progress on egg parasitoids of longicorn beetles was reviewed. The existing literatures showed that most of the research in this field was focused on the description of new species discovered (morphological, molecular biology), biology, behavior, reproduction and genetic diversity, as well as chemical ecology. Most of them belongs to fundamental research. The studies on egg parasitoids of longicorn beetle are far less than those on other pests. Only a few species of longicorn beetle’s egg parasitoids have been deeply discussed in terms of their behavioral and chemical ecology mechanisms. However, the research on the application of parasitoid wasps of longicorn beetle eggs in biological control practice was very little. The main reason maybe that it is difficult to obtain the parasitoids from longicorn beetle eggs and the research on feeding technology is weak. Therefore, the large-scale breeding technology of longicorn beetle egg parasitoids restricts its biological control and utilization. This review tries to provide a convenient way to comprehensively understand the research progress of parasitic natural enemies of longicorn beetle eggs, and provides reference for further research and utilization of longicorn beetle egg parasitoids.
Scietific Notes
A Preliminary Study of Yeyi Mechanism in Dendrobium catenatum Leaves
ZHENG Bao-qiang, QIAO Hong-juan, LI Bai-jun, KAO Tachung, ZHANG Yan, WANG Yan
2020, 33(4): 177-183. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.022
Abstract:
Objective To find the mechanism of Yeyi (a mutation of de-greening) of Dendrobium catenatum leaves and provide information for breeding novel orchid cultivar. Method The normal D. catenatum leaf (WT), the green parts of mutant leaf (YYG) and the white parts of mutant leaf (YYW) were used to study the molecular mechanism of Yeyi formation by observing the microstructure, the quantification of chlorophyll and its precursor, and the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of chlorophyll biosynthesis related genes . Result There was almost no green cell and the cellular structure of chloroplasts appeared abnormal in YYW. Among the precursors of chlorophyll, the coproporphyrinogen Ⅲ content in YYW was significant lower than that in WT and YYG, whereas the contents of protoporphyrin IX, Mg- Protoporphyrin IX and Protochlorophyllide in WT and YYG were higher than that in YYW. In addition, the qRT-PCR result suggested that the expressional levels of DcHEMF, DcHEMG, and DcCHLH were significantly down-regulated in YYW. Conclusion The down-regulated expression of DcHEMF, DcHEMG, and DcCHLH prevents coproporphyrinogen Ⅲ from flowing into chlorophyll biosynthesis in YYW, which will lead to the decrease of chlorophyll content and is the main reason for appearing the phenotype of Yeyi in D. catenatum.
Plant Volatiles-based Attract-and-kill Technology Against Two Species of Gall-inducing Pests on Phyllostachys praecox
GENG Xian-sheng, SHU Jin-ping, ZHANG Wei, SHI Jian
2020, 33(4): 184-190. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.023
Abstract:
Objective To develop a plant volatiles-based attracticide against Tetramesa phyllostrachitis and T. bambusae, and to optimize the factors affecting the efficiency of trapping. Method The attractiveness of 7 candidate attractants were assessed, the effects of different heights and trap types on the efficiency of trapping were compared, and the population dynamics of the 2 species of pests in Phyllostachys praecox forest were monitored. Result The amount of T. phyllostrachitis trapped by methyl salicylate, cis-3-hexen-1-ol and 1 000 times dilution of trans-2-hexenal were 154.40±129.04, 35.20±35.75 and 24.00±20.30, respectively, which were significantly more than that of the control group (P<0.05). The amount of T. bambusae trapped by 1 000 times dilution of trans-2-hexenal, 10 000 times dilution of cis-3-hexen-1-ol and 1 000 times dilution of β-ionone were 29.50±28.43, 25.67±16.26 and 20.25±3.95, respectively, which were significantly more than that of the control group (P<0.05). The amount of gall-inducing pests trapped in the upper and medium layers of the canopy were significantly more than that in the lower layers of the canopy (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the amount of gall-inducing pests trapped in the upper and medium layers of the canopy (P>0.05). The amount of gall-inducing pests trapped by different types of trap had significantly different (P<0.05), the wing traps caught more pest than delta traps (P<0.05), while delta traps caught more than bucket traps (P<0.05), fly traps (P<0.05) and moth traps (P<0.05). Conclusion From late April to early May, more T. phyllostrachitis and T. bambusae can be trapped by wing traps, when the traps are suspended in the middle or upper layers of canopy, and the mixture of methyl salicylate and cis-3-hexen-1-ol at a ratio of 30:1 is used as attractant.