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环境胁迫以及病原菌侵染会引起植物光合作用以及水分代谢失衡[1-4]。病菌侵染往往会导致植物组织坏死、净光合速率显著降低、碳同化减少、生长放缓甚至出现植物死亡的现象[1, 5-8]。叶锈病、叶斑病等通过调节气孔开度以及抑制酶和光合作用中心改变气体交换[9-11];枝干溃疡类病害也远程改变寄主植物的叶部光合特征[12-14]。本课题组前期研究表明溃疡病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、烂皮病菌(Valsa sordida)侵染早中期,新疆杨叶片净光合速率和气孔导度显著下降[15]。病菌对光合作用的抑制会减少光合产物的合成,同时,虽然溃疡类病害主要发生于枝干韧皮部,但也能侵入木质部,并最终在侵染点周围形成坏死性病斑。因此我们推测,溃疡病害的发生不仅可以抑制韧皮部碳水化合物的长距离运输,造成枝干碳饥饿[15],也可能阻碍木质部水分的向上运输[16]。
病原菌可以通过不同的途径影响植物水分代谢,如根腐病原菌可以破坏植物根系,减少水分的吸收[17],而叶部病原真菌通过调控气孔开度影响植物的水分散失[18]。枝干溃疡类病菌侵染会造成气孔导度降低,进而影响寄主叶片的蒸腾速率和水分利用效率[12, 14]。研究发现,在榛子(Corylus avellana L.)和溃疡类病菌(Anisogramma anomal)的互作系统中,临近溃疡病区域的水分运输会受到限制,进而造成溃疡病区域远端的冠层枝枯[16];溃疡病菌(Quambalaria coyrecup)引起桉树(Corymbia calophylla Lindl.)边材功能丧失,进而降低全株导水率[14],即病原真菌造成林木衰亡的原因之一是水力学失败。
碳饥饿、水力学失败以及两者共同作用造成的韧皮部运输功能失败(不包括结构破坏)是干旱导致的树木衰亡的3种可能途径[19-20]。研究发现,碳饥饿和水力学失败之间彼此影响、相互作用,水分胁迫可以抑制韧皮部碳水化合物的运输,碳水化合物储量下降可能会通过再填充受损导致水力学失败,二者独立或者联合作用提高干旱胁迫下植物的死亡率[20-22]。研究表明,病原菌胁迫引起的林木衰亡与碳饥饿或者水力学失败有关[14-16, 23-26]。然而,在病害发展的不同阶段,病菌导致树木死亡的具体方式可能并不相同。我们的研究发现,溃疡病菌侵染通过抑制碳代谢途径整体基因的表达,诱导早期碳饥饿[26];进一步研究发现,病原真菌侵染诱导早中期枝干韧皮部运输功能障碍,但水分运输状况没有明显的改变。然而,多项研究发现,在溃疡类病害发生晚期,树木水分运输状况发生显著改变[14, 16],但是,我们认为,病害发生后期出现的水力学失败是碳饥饿导致的结果,而非引起树木衰亡的主要原因。因此,溃疡类病害发生的生理机制仍有很多亟待解决的问题。
本研究以1年生新疆杨(Populus alba Linn. var. pyramidalis)为植物材料,采用微环割方法接种杨树烂皮病菌,通过测定气体交换参数、光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光、叶片水势以及根部非结构性碳水化合物含量等指标,研究寄主植物光合机制对病害胁迫的响应,枝干病菌侵染对根部碳代谢特征的影响等,揭示烂皮病菌侵染下杨树碳水代谢特征的变化,为树木溃疡类病害的有效控制奠定理论及实验基础。
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本研究以1年生新疆杨扦插苗为植物材料,扦插幼苗在含有混合基质(草炭土∶珍珠岩 = 6∶1)的塑料花盆中栽培,培养于中国林科院林业新技术研究所植物生理研究室试验地。烂皮病菌(Valsa sordida)菌株CZC[15]实验菌株活化后接种于PDA培养基(pH 6.0),25℃暗培养7天后接种新疆杨。
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选取生长健壮、无病虫害、长势一致的54株新疆杨1年生幼苗作为实验材料。实验设置表皮环割接种烂皮病菌(V. sordida)菌株CZC(Vso)、表皮环割接种空白PDA对照(Ctrl)和未环割对照(UC)共3个处理,每个处理18株苗木。Vso处理方法:用75%酒精对枝干表面灭菌,锋利刀片剥开并去掉距基部30 cm处杨树枝干环周表皮,高度为1 cm,接种PDA培养基上培养1周的V. sordida CZC菌块(长3 cm,宽1 cm),封口膜包裹保湿培养;Ctrl处理方法:将CZC菌块更换为空白PDA培养基,其它操作相同。
分别在接种后10、20、30天(dpi)测定叶片生理指标(光合及气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、正午水势)并收集根部样品以测定非结构性碳水化合物含量,每个处理每次测定6个生物学重复。光合测定在上午9:00—11:00完成,正午水势在光合参数测定之后完成。试验期间保持充足的灌水以及适当的管理。
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采用Li-6400XT光合仪(LI-COR,Lincoln,USA)测定苗木净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)等指标。测定时采用LED红蓝光源以及环境CO2浓度,设置光合有效辐射(PAR)1 500 μmol·m−2·s−1、气体流速500 μmol·s−1。光合测定采用杨树自顶部向下第4~6片成熟叶。根据公式(1)、(2),计算水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls):
$ WUE={P}_{\rm{n}}/Tr $
(1) $ {L_{\rm{s}}} = 1 - {C_{\rm{i}}}/{C_{\rm{a}}} \;\;\left( {{C_{\rm{a}}}{\text{为空气中}}{\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}{\text{浓度}}} \right) $
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光响应曲线测定于接种后15天进行,所用光合仪同上,测定时间为上午9:00—12:00。自然光对植物叶片充分诱导后,在2 000、1 800、1 600、1 400、1 200、1 000、800、600、400、200、100、50、0 μmol·m−2·s−1光合有效辐射梯度下,测定植株的净光合速率(Pn),每个处理3个生物学重复。CO2浓度设置为400 μmol·mol−1,叶室温度和相对湿度同环境参数。
采用非直角双曲线模型,根据公式(3)拟合光合响应曲线:
$ {P_{\rm{n}}} = \frac{{\alpha I + {P_{{\rm{nmax}}}} - \sqrt {{{(\alpha I + {P_{{\rm{nmax}}}})}^2} - 4\theta \alpha I{P_{{\rm{nmax}}}}} }}{{2\theta }} - {R_{\rm{d}}} $
(3) 其中,Pn为净光合速率(μmol·m−2·s−1),α为光合响应曲线的初始量子效率,I为光合有效辐射,Pnmax为最大净光合速率(μmol·m−2·s−1),θ为光响应曲线曲角(0 < θ ≤ 1),Rd为暗呼吸速率(μmol·m−2·s−1)。
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叶绿素荧光参数采用Li-6400XT荧光叶室进行测定。将叶片充分暗适应30 min,测定其初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)和PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),以及光适应下(20~30 min)的稳态荧光(Fs)、光下最大荧光(Fm)和光下最小荧光(Fo')。叶绿素荧光与光合参数测定选用同一叶片。根据公式(4)、(5)、(6),计算PSII的实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和电子传递速率(ETR):
$ {\varPhi }_{\rm{PSII}}=({F}_{{\rm{m}}{'}}-{F}_{{\rm{s}}})/{F}_{{\rm{m}}{'}} $
(4) $ qP=({F}_{{\rm{m}}{'}}-{F}_{{\rm{s}}})/({F}_{{\rm{m}}{'}}-{F}_{{\rm{o}}{'}}) $
(5) $ ETR={\varPhi }_{\rm{PSII}}\times {{PFD}}\times 0.84\times 0.5 $
(6) 其中,PFD为光子通量密度(μmol·m−2·s−1)。
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采集植株细根,杀青并烘干至恒质量,研磨、100目筛过滤后,采用植物可溶性糖和淀粉试剂盒(BC0035 和BC0705;Solarbio Life Sciences)测定接种后10、20、30 d非结构性碳水化合物含量。每个处理测定6个生物学重复。
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采用SAPSII植物水势压力室(Model 3115, Sec Instruments, USA)测定叶片正午水势(Midday water potential, Ψmd)。水势与光合参数、叶绿素荧光测定选用同一叶片,水势测定进行3次,分别在接种后10、20、30 d的12:00—12:30完成。
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采用R 3.5.0进行数据统计以及可视化分析,不同处理之间的差异显著性采用One-way ANOVA分析,并用Tukey检验(P < 0.05)进行多重比较,各项统计数据均为平均值 ± 标准误差。本研究对Gs、Ci与Pn,Gs、VPD与Tr,以及Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR与Pn作回归分析,所有拟合均进行T检验(P < 0.001)。
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除10 dpi(接种后10天)之外,环割对照(Ctrl)和未环割对照(UC)植株的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)无显著差异(ANOVA,P > 0.05)。与环割对照相比,烂皮病菌侵染(Vso)导致新疆杨叶片的Pn和Gs(10~30 dpi)显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)(20~30 dpi)显著升高,气孔限制值(Ls)(20~30 dpi)显著降低(ANOVA,P < 0.05),且Ls随处理时间呈缓慢下降的趋势,30 dpi时达到最低值(下降66.5%)。相关性分析揭示Pn和Gs呈正相关(R2 = 0.91,P < 0.001),Pn和Ci呈负相关(R2 = 0.49,P < 0.001)(图1),该结果说明烂皮病菌主要以非气孔限制方式抑制新疆杨的光合作用。
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如图2所示,随光合有效辐射(PAR)的增加,环割对照(Ctrl)、未环割对照(UC)和烂皮病菌侵染(VSo)植株的净光合速率(Pn)均呈上升的趋势;Ctrl和UC对照的光响应无显著差异(ANOVA,P > 0.05);除0和50 μmol·m−2·s−1光强外,经VSo处理的植株净光合速率(Pn)显著低于Ctrl和UC对照(ANOVA,P < 0.05)。利用非直角双曲线模型拟合曲线并计算相应参数,结果显示烂皮病菌侵染显著降低新疆杨叶片最大净光合速率(Pnmax)(76.9%)及表观量子效率(AQY)(46.1%),并显著升高暗呼吸速率(Rd)(82.1%)及光补偿点(LCP)(242.4%)(ANOVA,P < 0.05)(表1)。此外,病菌侵染条件下新疆杨叶片光饱和点(LSP)相比对照显著降低(P < 0.05)(表1)。以上结果表明,烂皮病菌侵染严重抑制新疆杨叶片的光合以及利用弱光的能力,同时加快暗呼吸速率。
图 2 烂皮病菌侵染下新疆杨苗木光合响应曲线
Figure 2. Photosynthetic response curve of P. alba var. pyramidalis seedlings under the infection of V. sordida
表 1 烂皮病菌侵染下新疆杨苗木光响应曲线拟合参数
Table 1. The light response curve parameters of P. alba var. pyramidalis seedlings under the infection of V.sordida
处理 Treatment Rd/(μmol·m−2·s−1) AQY/(μmol /μmol photons) Pnmax/(μmol·m−2·s−1) LCP/(μmol·m−2·s−1) LSP/(μmol·m−2·s−1) Vso 2.04 ± 0.03 a 0.0269 ± 0.01 b 4.19 ± 0.84 b 79.1 ± 21.17 a 237.00 ± 38.20 b Ctrl 1.12 ± 0.14 b 0.049 9 ± 0.01 a 18.17 ± 0.32 a 23.1 ± 5.35 b 397.67 ± 79.43 a UC 1.07 ± 0.12 b 0.041 5 ± 0.01 a 19.63 ± 0.97 a 26.4 ± 6.5 b 505.33 ± 57.95 a 注:数据为平均值 ± 标准误(n = 7),不同字母表示处理间的显著差异(P < 0.05,ANOVA)。
Note: Data indicate the mean ± standard error (n = 7). Different letters indicate significant (P < 0.05, ANOVA) differences between the treatments. -
接种后10 d,环割对照(Ctrl)植株的实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著高于未环割对照(UC)植株(ANOVA,P < 0.05),除此之外,试验期间Ctrl和UC对照植株的PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、ΦPSII、ETR及qP均无显著差异。除30 dpi的qP之外,烂皮病菌侵染(VSo)显著降低新疆杨叶片的Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR、qP(ANOVA,P < 0.05)(图3)。以上结果揭示烂皮病菌侵染导致新疆杨叶片PSII与PSI之间的电子传递受阻、光能转化效率降低及天线色素捕获的光能用于光化学反应的份额减少,进而导致了新疆杨叶片净光合速率的降低。
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结果显示,环割对照(Ctrl)不改变根部组织中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量(ANOVA,P > 0.05)。与环割对照相比,烂皮病菌侵染(VSo)显著降低根部组织中可溶性糖(20~30 dpi)和淀粉含量(10~30 dpi)(ANOVA,P < 0.05)(图4A、B)。另外,值得注意的是,30 dpi时,Ctrl和未环割对照(UC)植株的根部组织中可溶性糖含量显著高于10、20 dpi,同时20、30 dpi时根部组织淀粉显著高于10 dpi(ANOVA,P < 0.05),显示Ctrl和UC植株根部组织的NSC逐渐积累。然而,烂皮病菌处理下,根部组织可溶性糖和淀粉含量在实验期间无显著增加(ANOVA,P > 0.05)且NSC含量显著低于环割对照Ctrl(P < 0.05,图4C),因此,本研究结果显示,烂皮病菌侵染导致根部NSC含量始终维持在10 dpi时的水平。
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结果显示,除10 dpi时的蒸腾速率外,环割对照(Ctrl)和未环割对照组(UC)的蒸腾速率(Tr)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)以及水分利用效率(WUE)、叶片水势(Ψmd)无显著差异(ANOVA,P > 0.05)(图5)。然而,与Ctrl相比,烂皮病菌侵染(VSo)导致新疆杨叶片的Tr和WUE显著降低,VPD显著升高(ANOVA,P < 0.05)。接种后10、30 d,烂皮病菌处理与Ctrl及UC对照植株水势相同,并且20 dpi时新疆杨叶片Ψmd显著高于Ctrl(ANOVA,P < 0.05)。该结果说明烂皮病菌侵染不仅未造成新疆杨叶片水分状况的恶化,甚至对水分状况有一定改善。
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相关性分析显示,气孔导度(Gs)与蒸腾速率(Tr)呈正相关(R2 = 0.94,P < 0.001)(图6A),而Tr与水汽压亏缺(VPD)呈负相关(R2 = 0.78,P < 0.001)(图6B)。叶片正午水势(Ψmd)与Gs以及VPD均无线性关系(图6C、D),说明烂皮病菌侵染引起的气孔关闭与叶部水分状况无关。净光合速率与Fv/Fm、ΦPSII以及ETR均呈正相关(图7),说明病菌侵染造成净光合速率降低的同时,也影响叶片的光合特性。
烂皮病菌侵染对新疆杨光合特性及碳水代谢的影响
Effects of Valsa sordida Infection on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Carbon-Water Metabolism in Populus alba var. pyramidalis
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摘要:
目的 研究烂皮病菌侵染对新疆杨叶片光合响应以及水分代谢特征的影响,探讨病菌侵染下杨树光合作用与水分代谢之间的相关性,为杨树烂皮病的发生及控制提供理论及实验依据。 方法 以1年生新疆杨为植物材料,采用枝干表皮微环割方法接种烂皮病菌,研究烂皮病菌侵染10~30天新疆杨的叶片气体交换、叶绿素荧光、根部非结构性碳水化合物以及叶片正午水势等指标,分析蒸腾速率、正午水势分别与气孔导度以及水汽压亏缺之间的关系。 结果 与环割对照相比,烂皮病菌侵染显著降低新疆杨叶片的净光合速率(62.45%~91.05%)、气孔导度(64.19%~87.43%)、光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(19.13%~42.79%)、实际光化学效率(46.04%~69.93%)、电子传递速率(52.58%~68.03%)等参数;显著抑制新疆杨叶片最大净光合速率(76.94%)、光饱和点(40.40%)及表观量子效率(46.09%),并显著升高暗呼吸速率(82.14%)及光补偿点(242.42%)。烂皮病菌侵染显著降低根部可溶性糖(35.06%~44.50%,20~30天)及淀粉含量(35.77%~58.39%,10~30天)。烂皮病菌侵染显著抑制叶片的蒸腾速率(57.36%~80.49%)、水分利用效率(24.92%~70.55%)以及升高水汽压亏缺(13.59%~33.65%)和叶片正午水势(39.74%,20天)。相关性分析结果表明蒸腾速率与气孔导度呈正相关,与水汽压亏缺呈负相关;叶片正午水势与气孔导度及水汽压亏缺均无线性关系,烂皮病菌侵染导致的气孔关闭与叶片水分状况无关。 结论 烂皮病菌侵染下新疆杨叶片净光合速率降低的主要原因是叶片光能转化、光合电子传递及光能利用受阻。烂皮病菌侵染并未造成新疆杨叶部水分胁迫,甚至有一定的改善作用;同时,影响寄主根系的碳积累,导致根部非结构性碳水化合物含量始终在胁迫初期时的水平。 Abstract:Objective The photosynthetic response and water metabolism characteristics of P. alba var. pyramidalis leaves were studied, and the correlation between photosynthesis and water metabolism of poplar under pathogen infection was discussed in this study, so as to provide theoretical and experimental basis for the occurrence and control of the poplar Valsa canker disease. Method Using a girdling-inoculation system, we evaluated gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in root and midday water potential of one-year poplar saplings with Valsa canker disease, and analyzed the relationship between transpiration rate, midday water potential and stomatal conductance, vapor pressure deficit. Result Compared with girdle control, Valsa canker significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate (62.45% to 91.05%), stomatal conductance (64.19% to 87.43%), the maximum photochemical efficiency (19.13% to 42.79%), actual photochemical efficiency (4.04% to 69.93%) and electron transport rate (52.58% to 68.03%); also decreased the maximum net photosynthetic rate (76.94%), light saturation point (40.40%) and apparent quantum efficiency (46.09%), and increased dark respiration rate (82.14%) and light compensation point (242.42%). Valsa canker infection significantly decreased soluble sugar (35.06% to 44.50%, 20-30 day) and starch content (35.77% to 58.39%, 10-30 day) in roots. The fungi inhibited leaf transpiration rate (57.36% to 80.49%), water use efficiency (24.92% to 70.55%), and increased water vapor pressure deficit (13.59% to 33.65%) and midday water potential (39.74%, 20 day). The results of correlation analysis showed that transpiration rate was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and negatively correlated with water vapor pressure deficit, and there was no linear relationship between midday water potential and stomatal conductance and water vapor pressure deficit. Stomatal closure caused by Valsa canker infection was not related to leaf water status. Conclusion The main reasons for the decrease of net photosynthetic rate of poplar leaves were that leaf light energy conversion, photosynthetic electron transport and light energy utilization were hindered. Valsa infection did not cause water stress, even had some improvement. And had an important effect on the carbon accumulation of host roots, leading to the content of non-structural carbohydrates in roots was always at the initial level of infection. -
表 1 烂皮病菌侵染下新疆杨苗木光响应曲线拟合参数
Table 1. The light response curve parameters of P. alba var. pyramidalis seedlings under the infection of V.sordida
处理 Treatment Rd/(μmol·m−2·s−1) AQY/(μmol /μmol photons) Pnmax/(μmol·m−2·s−1) LCP/(μmol·m−2·s−1) LSP/(μmol·m−2·s−1) Vso 2.04 ± 0.03 a 0.0269 ± 0.01 b 4.19 ± 0.84 b 79.1 ± 21.17 a 237.00 ± 38.20 b Ctrl 1.12 ± 0.14 b 0.049 9 ± 0.01 a 18.17 ± 0.32 a 23.1 ± 5.35 b 397.67 ± 79.43 a UC 1.07 ± 0.12 b 0.041 5 ± 0.01 a 19.63 ± 0.97 a 26.4 ± 6.5 b 505.33 ± 57.95 a 注:数据为平均值 ± 标准误(n = 7),不同字母表示处理间的显著差异(P < 0.05,ANOVA)。
Note: Data indicate the mean ± standard error (n = 7). Different letters indicate significant (P < 0.05, ANOVA) differences between the treatments. -
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