-
林木种子园是以生产遗传品质较高的林木种子为目的的生产基地,主要分为无性系种子园和实生种子园,其中无性系种子园以能保持优树的优良品质、来源清楚以及开花结实较早等优点而被广泛应用[1-2]。开花物候是植物重要的生活史特征之一[3],同时还是一个重要的适合度因子(植物或植物群体对环境适应性的影响因子),对生殖成功有重要的影响[4-5]。种子园内亲本花期同步性是影响种子园产量和质量的关键因素,亲本花期不同步,会限制亲本间基因的充分交流,降低种子遗传品质,减少种子园产量[6-7]。估算无性系花期同步指数可以评价种子园无性系之间有效异交水平和遗传多样性状况,对于指导种子园控制授粉和辅助授粉工作及去劣疏伐有积极的指导意义和重要的参考价值[7-9]。目前,国内外许多建园树种,如马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)[2]、油松(P. tabulaeformis Carrière)[10]、北美红栎(Quercus rubra Line.)[11]、辐射松(P. radiate D. Don)[12]、柚木(Tectona grandis Linn. f)[13]和杉木(Cunnighamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.)[14]等都开展了这方面的研究,并为种子园经营管理提供了科学依据。但这些研究多是针对风媒传粉树种,而对雌雄同花虫媒传粉的阔叶树种子园较少报道。
木荷(Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.)属山茶科(Theaceae)木荷属(Schima Reinw.)常绿阔叶大乔木,花白色,常多朵排成总状花序,雌雄同花,虫媒传粉[15]。木荷叶革质,含水量大,材性优良,抗逆性强,是我国南方各省区的珍贵优质阔叶用材和高效生物防火树种。但有关木荷育种的研究起步较晚,涉及到种子园营建及花期同步性等方面的研究较少,目前仅辛娜娜等[16]对6个不同产地木荷优树无性系花期物候进行了分析。本研究在木荷种子园无性系连续2 a开花结实调查的基础上,进一步研究各无性系开花性状的遗传差异,分析各无性系间花期同步指数及年度稳定性,以期为木荷种子园丰产经营提供科学依据。
-
木荷单花一般在清晨开放,依其形态和散粉特征可分为3个时期:(1)花瓣松动至花药完全开裂;(2)柱头伸长,顶端乳突状突起明显,不断分泌粘液;(3)花药全部开裂或枯死,柱头变褐或枯黄,花瓣卷缩枯萎。通过对各无性系花期分析(图 1)可以看出,无性系开花持续时间为10~28 d,2015年内,15、33和60号无性系开花最早,并最早达到开花盛期,33、61和64号最早进入开花末期;2016年内,60号开花最早,较2015年晚2 d,并最早达到盛花期,33号最早进入末花期。年内和年间各无性系的始花期、盛花期和末花期的日期及各时段持续天数存在较大的差异。例如,2015年内64与72、103号无性系盛花期仅有2 d重叠。在整体水平上,2016年种子园各无性系的始花期、盛花期和末花期较2015年存在较为明显的延迟现象。进一步分析花期物候进程发现,2014年积温(6 202.2 ℃)略高于2015年(6 162.6 ℃)。2015年仅存在一个开花高峰时段(5月27日),降雨量仅4.4 mm,而2016年存在两个开花高峰时段(5月25日和6月3日),其中第1个开花高峰时段降雨量与2015年基本相同,为4.1 mm,而第2个开花高峰时间降雨较多,为33.2 mm(图 2)。种子园内无性系分株开花强度的主要分布频度在1.0%~30.0%之间(图 3),其分布频度的偏斜率为1.88;其中以10.0%左右的开花强度分布频度最高,达到总频度的42.4%。
图 1 木荷种子园无性系花期观测结果(月-日)
Figure 1. Observation result of flowering period of S. superba clones (month-day)
-
木荷种子园无性系的始花时间、花期长度、开花数、座果数之间的相关分析结果显示(表 1),始花时间与开花数和座果数存在负相关关系,而与花期长度存在正相关关系。花期长度与开花数和座果数均成极显著正相关关系,开花数与座果数间也存在极显著的正相关关系。表明开花数多的无性系比开花数少的无性系花期更长、座果数更多,花期持续时间长的无性系比花期持续时间短的无性系座果数更多。开花数目多、花期长均有利于提高植株的座果率。
表 1 种子园无性系花量、始花时间、花期长度及座果率的相关分析
Table 1. Correlation analyses among flower number, onset, flowering duration and fruit set in seed orhcard
项目
Item开花数
Flower number座果数
Fruit set始花时间
Onset花期长度
Duration开花数Flower number - 座果数Fruit set 0.926** - 始花时间Onset -0.15 -0.17 - 花期长度Duration 0.415** 0.456** 0.073 - 注:**相关性极显著(双尾检验)。
Note: **Correlation is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed). -
从图 4可以看出,木荷种子园内约75%的无性系之间的花期同步指数大于0.6,表明这些无性系之间的花期同步性较高,但仍有约14%(2015年)和13%(2016年)的无性系间的同步指数低于0.5,这不利于木荷种子园内无性系之间充分的随机交配。花期同步指数在无性系组合间有明显的差异(表 2),如以2015年的观察结果为例,17、24号与其它无性系花期同步指数均较高,整体水平分别为0.857和0.854,而5、72号与其它无性系花期同步指数均较低,分别为0.558和0.552。同一无性系与其它无性系的花期同步指数也有较大差异,如17号无性系与21号花期同步指数达到0.981,但与29号的同步性则为0.599,而11号无性系与其它无性系的同步指数变化则相对较小。
表 2 木荷种子园各无性系之间的花期同步指数
Table 2. Flowering synchronization (C) among clones in S. superba seed orchard
无性系号
Clone整体水平
With all other clones (2015)5 11 12 13 15 17 21 24 26 27 29 33 43 60 61 64 70 72 103 整体水平
With all other clones (2016)5 0.558 0.449 0.308 0.879 0.394 0.308 0.656 - 0.813 0.474 0.505 0.080 0.777 0.512 0.385 0.786 0.918 0.857 0.917 0.589 11 0.797 0.636 0.849 0.553 0.906 0.892 0.761 - 0.682 0.865 0.931 0.645 0.604 0.793 0.676 0.735 0.537 0.640 0.468 0.705 12 0.822 0.500 0.913 0.591 0.929 0.984 0.753 - 0.715 0.928 0.881 0.662 0.659 0.884 0.905 0.659 0.546 0.594 0.327 0.716 13 0.831 0.511 0.820 0.920 0.632 0.577 0.842 - 0.950 0.719 0.677 0.246 0.936 0.706 0.646 0.879 0.988 0.917 0.822 0.739 15 0.811 0.432 0.880 0.926 0.919 0.975 0.876 - 0.762 0.980 0.978 0.570 0.695 0.829 0.748 0.773 0.595 0.701 0.422 0.751 17 0.857 0.702 0.881 0.924 0.961 0.886 0.789 - 0.709 0.956 0.932 0.642 0.640 0.852 0.827 0.681 0.534 0.620 0.325 0.720 21 0.854 0.645 0.872 0.906 0.969 0.933 0.981 - 0.922 0.907 0.902 0.377 0.911 0.796 0.685 0.951 0.814 0.856 0.710 0.795 24 0.844 0.503 0.869 0.962 0.982 0.955 0.951 0.963 - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 0.737 0.779 0.838 0.828 0.744 0.707 0.881 0.804 0.748 0.844 0.798 0.323 0.982 0.817 0.737 0.949 0.938 0.925 0.832 0.806 27 0.831 0.435 0.789 1.000 0.990 0.900 0.931 0.943 0.972 0.698 0.958 0.504 0.788 0.879 0.786 0.826 0.684 0.749 0.526 0.787 29 0.591 0.074 0.704 0.721 0.698 0.848 0.599 0.700 0.761 0.333 0.722 0.524 0.731 0.821 0.706 0.831 0.656 0.766 0.549 0.773 33 0.798 0.297 0.814 0.936 0.909 0.927 0.825 0.871 0.946 0.559 0.925 0.887 0.282 0.582 0.633 0.360 0.204 0.271 0.000 0.406 43 0.788 0.750 0.879 0.882 0.841 0.790 0.917 0.861 0.860 0.897 0.781 0.435 0.701 0.791 0.727 0.942 0.916 0.869 0.831 0.770 60 0.804 0.368 0.870 0.937 0.951 0.946 0.892 0.915 0.966 0.671 0.953 0.851 0.965 0.772 0.881 0.805 0.679 0.654 0.579 0.756 61 0.769 0.299 0.754 0.908 0.960 0.908 0.872 0.895 0.963 0.606 0.973 0.798 0.949 0.729 0.967 0.648 0.600 0.559 0.393 0.679 64 0.791 0.412 0.841 0.893 0.902 0.958 0.864 0.922 0.930 0.670 0.915 0.853 0.929 0.705 0.922 0.892 0.868 0.879 0.841 0.789 70 0.808 0.838 0.877 0.851 0.847 0.773 0.953 0.908 0.838 0.942 0.811 0.454 0.679 0.899 0.771 0.714 0.769 0.926 0.863 0.722 72 0.552 0.882 0.591 0.525 0.510 0.462 0.681 0.631 0.514 0.759 0.441 0.132 0.320 0.703 0.384 0.342 0.430 0.781 0.804 0.740 103 0.567 0.975 0.656 0.515 0.523 0.443 0.719 0.659 0.516 0.800 0.444 0.076 0.305 0.774 0.378 0.307 0.421 0.834 0.857 0.601 注:下方为2015年花期同步指数,上方为2016年花期同步指数。-表示该无性系已死亡或未开花。
Note: Below was the C value in 2015, above was the C value in 2016.-means the clone was died or no blossom. -
2015年度内木荷种子园各无性系的花期同步指数主要集中在大于0.8的范围内,大于0.9的无性系相对较多;而2016年度内各无性系在大于0.6的各个范围内分布较为均匀,0.8~0.9范围内分布的无性系则相对较多(图 4)。2015年和2016年平均花期同步指数变动系数分别为12.02%~46.48%和15.38%~51.20%,平均为25.21%和26.28%(表 3)。方差分析表明,2015年(F=5.842,P < 0.01)和2016年(F=4.818,P < 0.01)年度内无性系的平均花期同步指数均存在极显著变异。
表 3 木荷种子园无性系的平均花期同步指数变异系数
Table 3. The coefficient of variation of mean value of flowering synchronization in S. superba seed orchard
无性系号
Clone观测年度Year 无性系号
Clone观测年度Year 2015 2016 2015 2016 5 42.24 43.33 29 46.48 19.78 11 12.02 21.75 33 37.47 51.20 12 19.11 28.34 43 14.53 22.07 13 19.96 25.88 60 26.42 15.38 15 22.32 24.56 61 30.20 21.15 17 12.78 29.13 64 23.64 18.46 21 13.61 17.43 70 14.20 28.85 24 19.98 - 72 36.36 23.27 26 19.19 19.45 103 41.29 42.62 27 27.14 20.39 平均Mean 25.21 26.28 从整体来看,木荷种子园内无性系年度间花期平均同步指数变化范围为0.406~0.857,平均为0.737。方差分析结果表明,年度间花期同步指数间不存在显著变异(F=1.387,P=0.247>0.05),2015年与2016年的花期同步指数呈正相关(r=0.229,P=0.361>0.05),但未达到显著水平(图 5),说明木荷种子园无性系的花期同步指数具有一定的相对稳定性。
木荷种子园无性系开花物候及同步性分析
Flowering Phenology and Synchronization of Clones among Plant Ages in a Seed Orchard of Schima superba
-
摘要:
目的 研究种子园无性系的花期物候特征和花期同步性及影响因子对种子园科学管理具有指导意义。 方法 2015年和2016年连续2 a对木荷无性系种子园中19个无性系进行花期物候调查,分析其开花物候与花期同步指数。 结果 木荷种子园各无性系开花持续时间为10~28 d,2016年较2015年晚2 d进入始花期。相关分析结果表明,开花数多的无性系比开花数少的无性系花期更长、座果数更多,花期持续时间长的无性系比持续时间短的无性系座果数更多。无性系组合间花期同步指数有较大差异,2015年和2016年变化范围分别为0.552~0.857和0.406~0.808,平均分别为0.758和0.713,其中花期同步指数大于0.80的无性系分别在50%和40%以上。年度内花期同步指数变异系数分别为12.016%~46.476%和15.375%~51.202%,无性系之间平均花期同步指数存在极显著变异(P < 0.01)。年度间花期平均同步指数为0.737,平均花期同步指数间不存在显著变异(P>0.05)。年度间花期同步指数相关系数为0.229,表明年度间花期同步指数具有一定的相关性,但不显著。 结论 木荷种子园无性系年度间花期同步指数较为稳定,可根据开花物候和花期同步指数对无性系进行筛选和优化,同时辅以人工授粉等措施弥补花期同步性差异,以达到提高种子园种子产量和质量的目的。 Abstract:Objective Studying the characteristic of flowering phenology and the variation and stability of flowering synchronization of clones. Method Based on data of florescence period and flower number of 19 clones in a seed orchard of Schima superba which entered the stages of normal flowering and seed setting in 2015 and 2016, the flowering phenology and synchronization of each clone were estimated. Result The flowering of clones lasted for 10 to 28 days, and the first flowering date in 2016 was 2 days later than 2015. The correlation analysis showed that the clones with more flowers had a longer flowering duration and more fruit set than the clones with fewer flowers, and the longer the flowering duration, the more the fruit set. There were obvious difference of flowering synchronization among parent clone combinations. The index of flowering synchronization ranged from 0.552 to 0.857 and from 0.406 to 0.808, with an average of 0.758 and 0.713 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. More than 50% clones had a flowering synchronization (C) which greater than 0.8 in 2015, and more than 40% clones had a C value which greater than 0.8 in 2016. The coefficient of variation (CV) of C value ranged from 12.016% to 46.476% and 15.375%-51.202%, respectively, during the year. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant variance of C value among clones during the year at 0.01 level. The average of C value among years was 0.737, and ANOVA analysis showed that there was no significant variance of C value among years at 0.05 level. The coefficient of correlation between 2015 and 2016 was 0.229, indicating that there was a correlation of C value among years, but it was not significant. Conclusion The C value among years is stable in the seed orchard. We could screen and optimize the clones in seed orchard based on the flowering phenology and synchronization, and combined with hand-pollination to decrease the difference of flowering synchronization among clones, that will improve the yield and quality of seed in S. superba seed orchard. -
Key words:
- Schima superba
- / seed orchard
- / flowering phenology
- / flowering synchronization
- / stability
-
表 1 种子园无性系花量、始花时间、花期长度及座果率的相关分析
Table 1. Correlation analyses among flower number, onset, flowering duration and fruit set in seed orhcard
项目
Item开花数
Flower number座果数
Fruit set始花时间
Onset花期长度
Duration开花数Flower number - 座果数Fruit set 0.926** - 始花时间Onset -0.15 -0.17 - 花期长度Duration 0.415** 0.456** 0.073 - 注:**相关性极显著(双尾检验)。
Note: **Correlation is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed).表 2 木荷种子园各无性系之间的花期同步指数
Table 2. Flowering synchronization (C) among clones in S. superba seed orchard
无性系号
Clone整体水平
With all other clones (2015)5 11 12 13 15 17 21 24 26 27 29 33 43 60 61 64 70 72 103 整体水平
With all other clones (2016)5 0.558 0.449 0.308 0.879 0.394 0.308 0.656 - 0.813 0.474 0.505 0.080 0.777 0.512 0.385 0.786 0.918 0.857 0.917 0.589 11 0.797 0.636 0.849 0.553 0.906 0.892 0.761 - 0.682 0.865 0.931 0.645 0.604 0.793 0.676 0.735 0.537 0.640 0.468 0.705 12 0.822 0.500 0.913 0.591 0.929 0.984 0.753 - 0.715 0.928 0.881 0.662 0.659 0.884 0.905 0.659 0.546 0.594 0.327 0.716 13 0.831 0.511 0.820 0.920 0.632 0.577 0.842 - 0.950 0.719 0.677 0.246 0.936 0.706 0.646 0.879 0.988 0.917 0.822 0.739 15 0.811 0.432 0.880 0.926 0.919 0.975 0.876 - 0.762 0.980 0.978 0.570 0.695 0.829 0.748 0.773 0.595 0.701 0.422 0.751 17 0.857 0.702 0.881 0.924 0.961 0.886 0.789 - 0.709 0.956 0.932 0.642 0.640 0.852 0.827 0.681 0.534 0.620 0.325 0.720 21 0.854 0.645 0.872 0.906 0.969 0.933 0.981 - 0.922 0.907 0.902 0.377 0.911 0.796 0.685 0.951 0.814 0.856 0.710 0.795 24 0.844 0.503 0.869 0.962 0.982 0.955 0.951 0.963 - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 0.737 0.779 0.838 0.828 0.744 0.707 0.881 0.804 0.748 0.844 0.798 0.323 0.982 0.817 0.737 0.949 0.938 0.925 0.832 0.806 27 0.831 0.435 0.789 1.000 0.990 0.900 0.931 0.943 0.972 0.698 0.958 0.504 0.788 0.879 0.786 0.826 0.684 0.749 0.526 0.787 29 0.591 0.074 0.704 0.721 0.698 0.848 0.599 0.700 0.761 0.333 0.722 0.524 0.731 0.821 0.706 0.831 0.656 0.766 0.549 0.773 33 0.798 0.297 0.814 0.936 0.909 0.927 0.825 0.871 0.946 0.559 0.925 0.887 0.282 0.582 0.633 0.360 0.204 0.271 0.000 0.406 43 0.788 0.750 0.879 0.882 0.841 0.790 0.917 0.861 0.860 0.897 0.781 0.435 0.701 0.791 0.727 0.942 0.916 0.869 0.831 0.770 60 0.804 0.368 0.870 0.937 0.951 0.946 0.892 0.915 0.966 0.671 0.953 0.851 0.965 0.772 0.881 0.805 0.679 0.654 0.579 0.756 61 0.769 0.299 0.754 0.908 0.960 0.908 0.872 0.895 0.963 0.606 0.973 0.798 0.949 0.729 0.967 0.648 0.600 0.559 0.393 0.679 64 0.791 0.412 0.841 0.893 0.902 0.958 0.864 0.922 0.930 0.670 0.915 0.853 0.929 0.705 0.922 0.892 0.868 0.879 0.841 0.789 70 0.808 0.838 0.877 0.851 0.847 0.773 0.953 0.908 0.838 0.942 0.811 0.454 0.679 0.899 0.771 0.714 0.769 0.926 0.863 0.722 72 0.552 0.882 0.591 0.525 0.510 0.462 0.681 0.631 0.514 0.759 0.441 0.132 0.320 0.703 0.384 0.342 0.430 0.781 0.804 0.740 103 0.567 0.975 0.656 0.515 0.523 0.443 0.719 0.659 0.516 0.800 0.444 0.076 0.305 0.774 0.378 0.307 0.421 0.834 0.857 0.601 注:下方为2015年花期同步指数,上方为2016年花期同步指数。-表示该无性系已死亡或未开花。
Note: Below was the C value in 2015, above was the C value in 2016.-means the clone was died or no blossom.表 3 木荷种子园无性系的平均花期同步指数变异系数
Table 3. The coefficient of variation of mean value of flowering synchronization in S. superba seed orchard
无性系号
Clone观测年度Year 无性系号
Clone观测年度Year 2015 2016 2015 2016 5 42.24 43.33 29 46.48 19.78 11 12.02 21.75 33 37.47 51.20 12 19.11 28.34 43 14.53 22.07 13 19.96 25.88 60 26.42 15.38 15 22.32 24.56 61 30.20 21.15 17 12.78 29.13 64 23.64 18.46 21 13.61 17.43 70 14.20 28.85 24 19.98 - 72 36.36 23.27 26 19.19 19.45 103 41.29 42.62 27 27.14 20.39 平均Mean 25.21 26.28 -
[1] 沈熙环. 种子园技术[M]. 北京: 北京科学技术出版社, 1992. [2] 谭小梅, 金国庆, 张一, 等. 截干矮化马尾松二代无性系种子园开花结实的遗传变异[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2011, 39(4): 39-42. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2011.04.013 [3] Ollerton J, Lack A J. Flowering phenology: An example of relaxation of natural selection?[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1992, 7(8): 274-276. [4] Abe T. Flowering phenology, display size, and fruit set in an understory dioecious shrub, Aucuba japonica(Cornaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88(3): 455-461. doi: 10.2307/2657110 [5] Primack R B. Relationships among flowers, fruits, and seeds[J]. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 2003, 18(1): 409-430. [6] Gunaga R P, Vasudeva R. Overlap index: a measure to assess flowering synchrony among teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) clones in seed orchards[J]. Current Science, 2009, 97(6): 941-946. [7] Torimaru T, Wang X R, Fries A, et al. Evaluation of pollen contamination in an advanced Scots pine seed orchard[J]. Silvae Genetica, 2009, 58(5): 262-269. [8] 陈晓阳, 黄智慧. 杉木无性系开花物候对种子园种子遗传组成影响的数量分析[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 1995, (3): 1-9. [9] Hansen O K. Mating patterns, genetic composition and diversity levels in two seed orchards with few clones-Impact on planting crop[J]. Forest Ecology & Management, 2008, 256(5): 1167-1177. [10] 李悦, 王晓茹, 李伟, 等. 油松种子园无性系花期同步指数稳定性分析[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2010, 32(5): 88-93. [11] Alexander L W, Woeste K E. Phenology, dichogamy, and floral synchronization in a northern red oak[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2016, 46(5): 629-636. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-2015-0312 [12] Codesido V, Merlo E, Fernandezlopez J. Variation in reproductive phenology in a Pinus radiata D. Don seed orchard in northern Spain[J]. Silvae Genetica, 2005, 54(54): 246-256. [13] Lyngdoh N, Gunaga R P, Joshi G, et al. Influence of geographic distance and genetic dissimilarity among clones on flowering synchrony in a Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) clonal seed orchard[J]. Silvae Genetica 2012, 61(1-2): 10-18. [14] 方乐金, 施季森. 杉木种子园无性系结实稳定性的遗传变异[J]. 南京林业大学学报: 自然科学版, 2004, 28(1): 17-20. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2004.01.004 [15] 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 中国植物志: 第49卷第3分册山茶科[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1998: 224. [16] 辛娜娜, 张蕊, 徐肇友, 等. 不同产地木荷优树无性系生长和开花性状的分析[J]. 植物资源与环境学报, 2014, (4): 33-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7895.2014.04.05 [17] Dafni A. Pollination ecology: a practical approach[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992: 165-198 [18] Herrera J. Flowering and fruiting phenology in the coastal shrublands of Doana, south Spain[J]. Plant Ecology, 1986, 68(2): 91-98. doi: 10.1007/BF00045059 [19] 杜荣骞. 生物统计学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2009. [20] Ollerton J A. Evidence for stabilising selection acting on flowering time in Arum maculatum (Araceae): the influence of phylogeny on adaptation[J]. Oecologia, 1999, 119(119): 340-348. [21] Rathcke A B, Lacey E P. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants[J]. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 2003, 16(4): 179-214. [22] Buide M L, Diazperomingo J A, Guitian J. Flowering phenology and female reproductive success in Silene acutifolia Link ex Rohrb[J]. Plant Ecology, 2002, 163(1): 93-103. doi: 10.1023/A:1020356706052 [23] Dafni A. Practical pollination biology[M]. Cambridge, Ontario, Canada: Enviroquest Ltd, 2005: 3-26. [24] 马文宝, 施翔, 张道远, 等. 准噶尔无叶豆的开花物候与生殖特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(4): 760-767. doi: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.04.004 [25] 陈香, 胡雪华, 陆耀东, 等. 中国特有植物血水草开花物候与生殖特性[J]. 生态学杂志, 2011, 30(9): 1915-1920. [26] 孙颖, 王阿香, 刘颖竹, 等. 大花百子莲的开花物候与生殖特性[J]. 西北植物学报, 2013, 33(12): 2423-2431. doi: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2013.12.2423 [27] Askew G R, Blush T D. Short note: an index of phenological overlap in flowering for clonal conifer seed orchards[J]. Silvae Genetica, 1990, 168-171. [28] El-Kassaby Y A, Ritland K, Fashler A M K. The role of reproductive phenology upon the mating system of a Douglas-fir seed orchard[J]. Silvae Genetica, 1988, 37(4): 76-82. [29] 张骁, 唐晓杰, 程广有. 黄檗种子园花期同步指数[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2016, 44(7): 46-50. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2016.07.010