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营养与生殖是自然界生物生存繁衍的永恒主题,在长期的进化过程中,不同昆虫或同种昆虫的雌雄个体各自形成了特定的行为来完成营养摄取,实现种群繁衍[1-2]。对昆虫寄主选择、生殖等特定行为的研究为探索和理解昆虫与环境间互作的生态机制及协同进化过程创造了独特途径,同时也可为发展害虫行为调控的策略和方法提供了新的思路,因此昆虫特定行为的研究一直是昆虫学研究的重点和热点[3]。
“趋泥”(mud-puddling)行为是热带和亚热带地区蝶、蛾类鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)昆虫中一种较为常见的成虫聚集行为。迄今为止,国内外学者已对大量昆虫的趋泥行为进行了报道[4-7],但对于“昆虫为何趋泥?” “什么样的昆虫要趋泥?” “趋泥行为的生态学意义是什么?”等一系列关于昆虫趋泥行为的核心问题的回答是争论多于结论[7]。近年来,随着国内外学者对于昆虫趋泥行为研究的深入,与其相关的行为、生理及生态机制等领域均有一些新的进展[7-11],本文将对昆虫趋泥行为的研究历史、驱动力机制、泥源搜索机制及生理生态适应性等方面的研究进展进行综述,以为这一特定行为的研究提供参考。
昆虫趋泥行为的研究进展
A Review on Mud-puddling Behavior of Herbivorous Arthropods
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摘要: 昆虫取食、生殖等行为一直备受行为学家和进化生物学学家的关注。趋泥行为是鳞翅目昆虫中较为常见的一种补充营养的特殊行为。随着众多假说的提出,趋泥行为发生的内在机制逐渐成为行为生态学和进化生物学研究的热点问题之一。尽管昆虫趋泥行为的报道较多,但现有的理论和试验数据尚存分歧。本文简要回顾了昆虫趋泥行为的研究历史、介绍了趋泥行为发生的性别、虫龄差异及驱动力假说,评述了这一行为对昆虫生态适应及生殖生理的影响,并提出了应整合多个层面上的研究来探讨昆虫趋泥行为在生态学以及昆虫进化过程中的意义。Abstract: The behavior of feeding and reproduction of herbivorous arthropods have received much attention from behavioral ecologists and evolutional biologists. The mud-puddling behavior, including feeding on mud, various excrements and secretions of vertebrates, and carrion, is thought to be a special behavior of supplementary feeding in lepidopteran arthropods. With the introduction of various hypotheses, the occurrence mechanism of mud-puddling has become one of the hot topics in behavioral ecology and evolutional biology. Though a wealth of observations have been added to literature, the controversies still exist mainly due to lack of convincing experimental data demonstrating the underlying mechanisms. This paper briefly reviews the history of the research on the behavior of insects, introduces the hypotheses of sex and age differentials and the driving mechanisms of mud-puddling of phytophagous herbivores, discusses the effect of this behavior on the ecological fitness and reproduction, and presents the suggestions on the methodology of future's study.
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