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植物在受到昆虫侵袭时会通过调节体内化学物质的组成和数量来降低其营养水平,从而对昆虫的取食产生拮抗[1],这些化学物质包括蛋白质、糖、氮、叶绿素等生理物质[2-4]。营养物质和次生代谢物质是植物化学防御系统的重要屏障,已经在多种寄主与害虫间被证实,如南美斑潜蝇[5](Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard)、松墨天牛[6](Monochamus alternatus Hope)、绿盲蝽[7](Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür)等昆虫在危害其寄主时,寄主叶片中的可溶性糖、蛋白质含量等物质均发生了变化,并且变化与危害程度也有一定的关系。通常植物在遭受植食性昆虫为害后,能通过自身的生理、生化及形态特征等多方面的变化而产生诱导抗虫性[8],如烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius))取食可引起辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)的营养物质和抗性物质含量向着有利于提高抗虫性的方向改变[9]。在害虫攻击寄主植物的过程中,昆虫产卵可作为早期受损信号诱导植株产生直接或间接抗性[10]。有研究表明, 在豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)豆荚中,豌豆象鼻虫(Bruchus pisorum L.)产卵会触发未分化细胞的生长,导致卵从叶片表面抬升,增加了卵干燥、被捕食或从豆荚上脱落的风险[11],这些产卵诱导的反应目的是去掉或杀死植物上的卵来避免卵孵化出幼虫造成的伤害[12-13],这都属于直接抗性,由卵块沉积物诱导的进一步直接抗性是已经产卵和邻近产卵的叶片对产卵雌虫形成威慑[14]。产卵作为激发子有能力诱导植物挥发物,已经证实带有卵块的豆科植物、榆树叶片和松针的萜类挥发物在数量和质量上都有变化[15-17]。比起被严重侵染的叶片,榆黄萤叶甲(Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller)雌虫更喜欢在未侵染的叶片上产卵[18];再者,被卵块沉积物诱导产生的间接抗性包括挥发物的释放或产卵叶片表面化学物质的改变从而吸引卵寄生蜂,如欧洲赤松(Pinus sylvestris L.)松枝在叶蜂(Diprion pini (L.))产卵后能释放挥发物吸引卵寄生蜂(Chrysonotomyia ruforum(Krausse))[19]。相似的三级营养关系在榆树(Ulmus spp.)[20]和菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.)[21]上都已发现。另外,已有实验证实与产卵叶片邻近的未产卵叶片确实表现出了系统性的诱导抗性[20-22]。
杨小舟蛾(Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger))属于鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)舟蛾科(Notodontidae),该虫产卵量较大,以幼虫群集啃食叶片为主,危害严重时常在短期内将一片杨树林叶子吃光,是危害杨树最严重、治理最困难的害虫之一。近年来,围绕该虫开展了相关研究,包括羽化节律及其影响因子等方面[23]。昆虫产卵可以作为寄主植物产生抗性的一个信号,但是关于产卵后植株内含物的含量如何变化少有报道,并且产卵是否会诱导邻近植株产生抗性也未见报道。基于此,笔者选取杨树与杨小舟蛾为研究对象,其中,杨树以欧美杨108号(108杨)(Populus × euramericana ‘Guariento’)和欧美杨111号(111杨)(P. × euramericana‘Bellotto’)作为模式寄主,前人研究发现杨小舟蛾对108杨和111杨具有不同的产卵选择性[24]。通过杨小舟蛾的产卵处理,观察产卵植株和邻近植株对幼虫生长的影响,并测定各处理叶片内含物的含量变化,分析产卵植株以及与产卵植株邻近的植株是否产生诱导抗虫性,从寄主生理层面上揭示杨小舟蛾产卵能引起杨树产生抗性,为今后进一步探讨产卵行为与寄主抗性的关系奠定基础,并为该虫的综合治理提供新的视角和思路。
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图 1表明:杨小舟蛾幼虫分别取食108杨和111杨产卵植株、邻近植株和对照植株的叶片,幼虫存活率均差异不显著。
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108杨产卵植株和邻近植株的可溶性总糖的含量均显著低于对照植株;但产卵和邻近植株的多糖、葡萄糖、果糖和二糖的含量与对照植株均差异不显著;三糖只在产卵植株和邻近植株中检测到(表 1)。
表 1 108杨不同处理的可溶性糖含量
Table 1. The content of soluble sugar in differenttreatments of '108'
mg·g-1 不同处理
Differenttreatments多糖
Polysaccharide三糖
Trisaccharide二糖
Disaccharide葡萄糖
Glucose果糖
Fructose总糖
Total sugar产卵植株Oviposited plants 150.40±21.27 a 0.65±0.65 a 18.49±6.97 a 10.32±4.94 a 18.34±5.92a 198.19±4.33 b 邻近植株Neighboring plants 160.49±7.97 a 0.75±0.75 a 17.78±5.29 a 5.75±1.47 a 16.48±1.91 a 201.25±2.66 b 对照植株Control plants 167.70±0.75 a 0 a 16.70±0.16 a 10.87±0.07 a 19.89±0.16 a 215.15±1.03 a 注:同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。下同。
Note: Values with different small letter within the same line have significant difference(p < 0.05). The same below.111杨产卵植株的可溶性总糖含量显著低于邻近植株,但产卵和邻近植株与对照植株均差异不显著;产卵和邻近植株的二糖含量均显著低于对照植株,果糖和葡萄糖含量均与对照差异不显著;邻近植株的多糖含量显著高于产卵植株,但与对照差异不显著;111杨的3种处理中都未检测到三糖(表 2)。
表 2 111杨不同处理的可溶性糖含量
Table 2. The content of soluble sugar in differenttreatments of '111'
mg·g-1 不同处理
Differenttreatments多糖
Polysaccharide三糖
Trisaccharide二糖
Disaccharide葡萄糖
Glucose果糖
Fructose总糖
Total sugar产卵植株Oviposited plants 162.15±15.67 b 0 8.21±1.48 c 11.86±3.25 a 15.28±1.65 a 197.51±13.27 b 邻近植株Neighboring plants 206.21±3.95 a 0 15.29±1.69 b 7.96±1.23 a 14.88±0.59 a 244.33±4.02 a 对照植株Control plants 167.70±10.61 ab 0 32.31±1.67 a 7.14±0.31 a 18.02±1.00 a 225.17±11.47 ab -
108杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的全N含量和总糖/全N均与对照植株差异不显著。邻近植株的游离氨基酸总量显著高于产卵和对照植株,产卵植株与对照差异不显著(表 3)。
表 3 108杨不同处理的全N、游离氨基酸总量及总糖/全N
Table 3. The contentof total nitrogen and free amino acidsand the ratio of total sugar to total nitrogenin differenttreatments of '108'
不同处理
Differenttreatments全N
Total nitrogen
/%总糖/全N
Total sugar/
total nitrogen游离氨基酸总量
Total free amino
acids/(mg·g-1)产卵植株
Oviposited plants2.23±0.51 a 9.29±2.64 a 2.60±0.33 b 邻近植株
Neighboring plants2.80±0.70 a 7.53±2.10 a 7.44±0.17 a 对照植株
Control plants3.07±0.23 a 7.04±0.60 a 3.46±0.07 b 111杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的全N含量均显著低于对照植株,总糖/全N均显著高于对照;产卵植株的游离氨基酸总量显著低于邻近植株和对照植株,且邻近植株与对照的差异不显著(表 4)。
表 4 111杨不同处理的全N、游离氨基酸总量及总糖/全N
Table 4. The contentof total nitrogen and free amino acidsand the ratio of total sugar to total nitrogenin differenttreatments of '111'
不同处理
Differenttreatments全N
Total nitrogen
/%总糖/全N
Total sugar/
total nitrogen游离氨基酸总量
Total free amino
acids/(mg·g-1)产卵植株
Oviposited plants2.07±0.48 b 9.70±1.22 a 5.24±0.21 b 邻近植株
Neighboring plants2.37±0.42 b 10.54±1.79 a 11.33±0.69 a 对照植株
Control plants3.97±0.05 a 5.67±0.51 b 10.09±0.59 a -
108杨产卵叶片的单宁含量显著高于对照叶片,邻近叶片的单宁含量与对照差异不显著;111杨产卵叶片和邻近叶片的单宁含量均显著高于对照(图 2)。
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108杨和111杨产卵叶片的总酚含量均显著高于对照,邻近叶片的总酚含量与对照均差异不显著(图 3)。
杨小舟蛾产卵行为对2种黑杨派无性系叶片的营养物质及抗性物质的影响
Effects of Oviposition Behavior of Micromelalopha sieversi on Nutrient and Resistances in Leaves of Two Clones of Populus Section Aigeiros
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摘要:
目的 以2种黑杨派无性系为研究对象,观察杨小舟蛾产卵后产卵植株和邻近植株对幼虫生长的影响并测定各处理叶片营养物质和次生代谢物质的含量变化,探讨2种黑杨派无性系在杨小舟蛾产卵后是否产生诱导抗性。 方法 杨小舟蛾在欧美杨108号(108杨)和欧美杨111号(111杨)产卵后,观察幼虫取食产卵植株、邻近植株和对照植株叶片的存活状况,再分别测定3种处理叶片的可溶性糖、全N、游离氨基酸、单宁和总酚5个指标的含量变化,研究2种黑杨派无性系诱导抗性的产生情况。 结果 取食2种黑杨派无性系3种处理叶片的幼虫存活率均差异不显著。108杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的可溶性总糖含量均显著低于对照;111杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的二糖和全N含量均显著低于对照植株,且产卵植株的游离氨基酸含量显著低于对照,同时,108杨邻近植株的游离氨基酸总量显著高于产卵植株和对照;111杨的产卵和邻近植株的总糖/全N值都显著高于对照。108杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照,而邻近植株的二者含量与对照差异不显著。111杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照;同时邻近植株的单宁含量显著高于对照,而总酚含量与对照差异不显著。 结论 杨小舟蛾产卵使2种黑杨派无性系的产卵植株和邻近植株的营养物质含量都发生改变并且次生代谢物质含量不同程度增加。所以,2种黑杨派无性系的产卵和邻近植株都产生了一定的诱导抗虫性。 Abstract:Objective To study the induced resistance of two clones of Populus section Aigeiros after oviposition of Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) through observing the effects of the oviposited and neighboring plants on the growth of the larvae and measuring the contents of nutrients and secondary metabolites. Method The survival of larvae feeding on the oviposited, neighboring and controlled leaves of Populus×euramericana 'Guariento' and P.×euramericana 'Bellotto' was observed, then the contents of soluble sugar, total nitrogen, free amino acid, tannin and total phenol in the leaves of three treatments were measured to study the induced resistance of the two clones after oviposition of M.sieversi. Result There was no significant difference inthe survival rate of larval among the three treatments.The content of total soluble sugar in the oviposited and neighboring plants of P.×euramericana. 'Guariento' was significantly lower than that of the control plants. The content of disaccharide and total nitrogen in the oviposited and neighboring plants of P.×euramericana. 'Bellotto' was significantly lower than that of the control plants, and the content of free amino acids in the oviposited plants was significantly lower than that of the control plants.At the same time, the total amount of free amino acids in the neighboring plants of P.×euramericana. 'Guariento' was significantly higher than that of the oviposited and the control plants. The ratio of total sugar to total nitrogen in the oviposited and neighboring plants of P.×euramericana. 'Bellotto' were significantly higher than those of the control plants. The contents of tannin and total phenol in the oviposited plants of P.×euramericana. 'Guariento' were significantly higher than that of the control plants, while there was no significant difference between the neighboring plants and the control plants. The contents of tannin and total phenol in the oviposited plants of P.×euramericana. 'Bellotto' was significantly higher than that in the control plants, and the content of tannin in the neighboring plants was significantly higher than that of the control plants. Conclusion The content of nutrients in the oviposited and neighboring plants of the two clones changed and the content of secondary metabolites increased at different degrees.Therefore, both the oviposited and neighboring plants of the two clones can produce certain induced insect resistance after oviposition of M.sieversi. -
表 1 108杨不同处理的可溶性糖含量
Table 1. The content of soluble sugar in differenttreatments of '108'
mg·g-1 不同处理
Differenttreatments多糖
Polysaccharide三糖
Trisaccharide二糖
Disaccharide葡萄糖
Glucose果糖
Fructose总糖
Total sugar产卵植株Oviposited plants 150.40±21.27 a 0.65±0.65 a 18.49±6.97 a 10.32±4.94 a 18.34±5.92a 198.19±4.33 b 邻近植株Neighboring plants 160.49±7.97 a 0.75±0.75 a 17.78±5.29 a 5.75±1.47 a 16.48±1.91 a 201.25±2.66 b 对照植株Control plants 167.70±0.75 a 0 a 16.70±0.16 a 10.87±0.07 a 19.89±0.16 a 215.15±1.03 a 注:同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。下同。
Note: Values with different small letter within the same line have significant difference(p < 0.05). The same below.表 2 111杨不同处理的可溶性糖含量
Table 2. The content of soluble sugar in differenttreatments of '111'
mg·g-1 不同处理
Differenttreatments多糖
Polysaccharide三糖
Trisaccharide二糖
Disaccharide葡萄糖
Glucose果糖
Fructose总糖
Total sugar产卵植株Oviposited plants 162.15±15.67 b 0 8.21±1.48 c 11.86±3.25 a 15.28±1.65 a 197.51±13.27 b 邻近植株Neighboring plants 206.21±3.95 a 0 15.29±1.69 b 7.96±1.23 a 14.88±0.59 a 244.33±4.02 a 对照植株Control plants 167.70±10.61 ab 0 32.31±1.67 a 7.14±0.31 a 18.02±1.00 a 225.17±11.47 ab 表 3 108杨不同处理的全N、游离氨基酸总量及总糖/全N
Table 3. The contentof total nitrogen and free amino acidsand the ratio of total sugar to total nitrogenin differenttreatments of '108'
不同处理
Differenttreatments全N
Total nitrogen
/%总糖/全N
Total sugar/
total nitrogen游离氨基酸总量
Total free amino
acids/(mg·g-1)产卵植株
Oviposited plants2.23±0.51 a 9.29±2.64 a 2.60±0.33 b 邻近植株
Neighboring plants2.80±0.70 a 7.53±2.10 a 7.44±0.17 a 对照植株
Control plants3.07±0.23 a 7.04±0.60 a 3.46±0.07 b 表 4 111杨不同处理的全N、游离氨基酸总量及总糖/全N
Table 4. The contentof total nitrogen and free amino acidsand the ratio of total sugar to total nitrogenin differenttreatments of '111'
不同处理
Differenttreatments全N
Total nitrogen
/%总糖/全N
Total sugar/
total nitrogen游离氨基酸总量
Total free amino
acids/(mg·g-1)产卵植株
Oviposited plants2.07±0.48 b 9.70±1.22 a 5.24±0.21 b 邻近植株
Neighboring plants2.37±0.42 b 10.54±1.79 a 11.33±0.69 a 对照植株
Control plants3.97±0.05 a 5.67±0.51 b 10.09±0.59 a -
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