2014 Vol. 27, No. 1
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2014, 27(1): 1-5.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Taking one scene TM image of Xishuangbanna of Yunnan as an example, the main factors affecting the classification and regression tree method were analyzed. The results show that in the parameters under identical circumstances, the training data has higher classification accuracy if the field investigation data covering all the classification data were used rather than the system layout data. It also shows that selecting various bands of parameters can also improve the precision of classification effectively.
Taking one scene TM image of Xishuangbanna of Yunnan as an example, the main factors affecting the classification and regression tree method were analyzed. The results show that in the parameters under identical circumstances, the training data has higher classification accuracy if the field investigation data covering all the classification data were used rather than the system layout data. It also shows that selecting various bands of parameters can also improve the precision of classification effectively.
2014, 27(1): 6-10.
Abstract:
Taking Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), the most important coniferous species in southern China, as the study object, the compatible two-entry and single-entry (diameter at breast height-DBH, and diameter at root collar-DRC) volume equations, height-DBH regression model, and DRC-DBH regression model were established using the error-in-variable simultaneous equation approach. Based on the three height-DBH models and two DRC-DBH models, four compatible volume equation systems were established simultaneously, which were compared with six statistics. The results show that the compatible volume equation system composed of simple height-DBH model and DRC-DBH model is quite sound, the mean prediction error (MPE) of two-entry volume equation is 1.31% and the MPE's of single-entry equations based on DBH and DRC are 3.66% and 7.39%, respectively. The tree volume equations developed in this paper can be applied for volume estimation of Chinese fir forests under different circumstances.
Taking Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), the most important coniferous species in southern China, as the study object, the compatible two-entry and single-entry (diameter at breast height-DBH, and diameter at root collar-DRC) volume equations, height-DBH regression model, and DRC-DBH regression model were established using the error-in-variable simultaneous equation approach. Based on the three height-DBH models and two DRC-DBH models, four compatible volume equation systems were established simultaneously, which were compared with six statistics. The results show that the compatible volume equation system composed of simple height-DBH model and DRC-DBH model is quite sound, the mean prediction error (MPE) of two-entry volume equation is 1.31% and the MPE's of single-entry equations based on DBH and DRC are 3.66% and 7.39%, respectively. The tree volume equations developed in this paper can be applied for volume estimation of Chinese fir forests under different circumstances.
2014, 27(1): 11-16.
Abstract:
To investigate the pollination characteristics of Melastoma dendrisetosum C. Chen, the flowering phenology, the pollinators, their behavior, the frequency of pollinator' visiting and climate condition were observed. Besides, the pollen viability, the stigma acceptability, P/O (pollen/ovule rate) and the breeding system of M. dendrisetosum were examined, which was studied in Diaoluo National Nature Reserve, Hainan Province, China. The results showed that M. dendrisetosum is typically heteranthery. The flowers of M. dendrisetosum come into blossom at 5:30-8:30 a.m., into ful1-blown at 8:30-9:00 a.m. and into petal-shut at 7:00 p.m. The florescence of individual flower and population flowers were 12-14 hours and 36±2 days respectively. There was no nectar in the flowers. The species of pollinator were Xylocopidae, Anthophoridae, Formicidae, Syrphidae and etc. The most effective pollinator was carpenter bee. The field experiments indicated that the fruit sets were significantly high in both artificially out-crossed and self-pollinated flowers, while no fruit set was observed in bagged emasculated flowers and the unpollinated bagged flowers. These indicated that there were no self-compatible, no self-pollination and agamospermy in this species. Pollinators were necessary for it. The breeding system of M. dendrisetosum was a typical facultative inbred type. The relative reproductive success (RRS) was 0.035, pollen and pollinator limitation were the most important limiting factors to M. dendrisetosum.
To investigate the pollination characteristics of Melastoma dendrisetosum C. Chen, the flowering phenology, the pollinators, their behavior, the frequency of pollinator' visiting and climate condition were observed. Besides, the pollen viability, the stigma acceptability, P/O (pollen/ovule rate) and the breeding system of M. dendrisetosum were examined, which was studied in Diaoluo National Nature Reserve, Hainan Province, China. The results showed that M. dendrisetosum is typically heteranthery. The flowers of M. dendrisetosum come into blossom at 5:30-8:30 a.m., into ful1-blown at 8:30-9:00 a.m. and into petal-shut at 7:00 p.m. The florescence of individual flower and population flowers were 12-14 hours and 36±2 days respectively. There was no nectar in the flowers. The species of pollinator were Xylocopidae, Anthophoridae, Formicidae, Syrphidae and etc. The most effective pollinator was carpenter bee. The field experiments indicated that the fruit sets were significantly high in both artificially out-crossed and self-pollinated flowers, while no fruit set was observed in bagged emasculated flowers and the unpollinated bagged flowers. These indicated that there were no self-compatible, no self-pollination and agamospermy in this species. Pollinators were necessary for it. The breeding system of M. dendrisetosum was a typical facultative inbred type. The relative reproductive success (RRS) was 0.035, pollen and pollinator limitation were the most important limiting factors to M. dendrisetosum.
2014, 27(1): 17-23.
Abstract:
With the Styrax tonkinensis from Jishui, Jiangxi Province, the morphological structure of pollen was observed under SEM. The storage methods determining the pollen viability were compared among culture in vitro, I2-KI staining and TTC staining. Meanwhile, the effects of different storage condition on pollen germination was investigated. The results show that the pollen of S. tonkinensis with microreticulate ornamentation in outer wall is 3-colpate and prolate. The average polar and equatorial axis of the pollen is 52.33±0.577 μm and 26.89±0.502 μm. The method of culture in vitro is the most effective to the determination of pollen viability. The best combination for pollen germination is 10% sucrose, 0.05 g·L-1 boric acid, 100 mg·L-1 GA3, 3 h. -80℃ sealed storage is the best storage condition to keep the vitality of pollen. After 180 days'storage, the germination rate of the pollen is still as high as 40.97%.
With the Styrax tonkinensis from Jishui, Jiangxi Province, the morphological structure of pollen was observed under SEM. The storage methods determining the pollen viability were compared among culture in vitro, I2-KI staining and TTC staining. Meanwhile, the effects of different storage condition on pollen germination was investigated. The results show that the pollen of S. tonkinensis with microreticulate ornamentation in outer wall is 3-colpate and prolate. The average polar and equatorial axis of the pollen is 52.33±0.577 μm and 26.89±0.502 μm. The method of culture in vitro is the most effective to the determination of pollen viability. The best combination for pollen germination is 10% sucrose, 0.05 g·L-1 boric acid, 100 mg·L-1 GA3, 3 h. -80℃ sealed storage is the best storage condition to keep the vitality of pollen. After 180 days'storage, the germination rate of the pollen is still as high as 40.97%.
Research on Spatial Pattern of Poplar Canker Disease’s Incidence Rate Based on Meteorological Factor
2014, 27(1): 24-30.
Abstract:
Based on China's nationwide poplar canker disease data from 2002 to 2012, and taking the prefecture-level average incidence rate of poplar canker as a prediction indicator, the meteorological data in these prefectures was calculated by ClimateChina v4.40, a climate simulation software. By means of partial least squares regression, the regression equation about the average incidence rate and meteorological factor, i.e. the spatial pattern model of poplar canker average incidence rate, was established, and combined with geo-spatial data and attribute data, the potential trend of poplar canker was predicted. The results show that the spatial pattern model built with 12 meteorological factors has high reliability. Based on the model, it is estimated that compared with the data of 2002—2012, the spatial pattern of average incidence of poplar canker in 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s will decrease in area but more severely in some area of North China, Central China and East China. In addition, the disease will cause more serious damage and will move northward in Northeast China.
Based on China's nationwide poplar canker disease data from 2002 to 2012, and taking the prefecture-level average incidence rate of poplar canker as a prediction indicator, the meteorological data in these prefectures was calculated by ClimateChina v4.40, a climate simulation software. By means of partial least squares regression, the regression equation about the average incidence rate and meteorological factor, i.e. the spatial pattern model of poplar canker average incidence rate, was established, and combined with geo-spatial data and attribute data, the potential trend of poplar canker was predicted. The results show that the spatial pattern model built with 12 meteorological factors has high reliability. Based on the model, it is estimated that compared with the data of 2002—2012, the spatial pattern of average incidence of poplar canker in 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s will decrease in area but more severely in some area of North China, Central China and East China. In addition, the disease will cause more serious damage and will move northward in Northeast China.
2014, 27(1): 31-37.
Abstract:
The decoloring effect of 12 macroporous resins on crude polysaccharide extracted from white wax scale, Ericeruspela pela (Chavannes), was studied. The cellular antioxidant activity of crude and decolorant polysaccharide on proliferation effect of SH-SY5Y cells induced by hydrogen peroxide were evaluated. The resin NKA-9 was selected for kinetic study based on the results of adsorption properties comparing of macroporous adsorption resins and the static adsorption test. The dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments were conducted to establish the optimum parameters of NKA-9 as: one volume solution of crude polysaccharide was loaded in column at the flow rate 1 bed volume per hour under the condition of 30 ℃ and pH 8.0. The decolorant polysaccharide was collected by washing adsorbate-laden column using five bed volume of deionized water. The decoloration rate was 71.4%, the yield of polysaccharide was 60%, the deproteinization rate was 51.9%. The results of cellular antioxidant activity assay showed that the cell livability could be increased only at the concentration of 1 000 μg·mL-1 crude polysaccharide. But the decolorant polysaccharide at the concentrations of 10 1 000 μg·mL-1 could reduce the cell death rate of SH-SY5Y. Among them, the decolorant polysaccharide at the concentrations of 1 000μg·mL-1 could reduce the cell death rate notably. The cellular antioxidant activity of decolorant polysaccharide was enhanced after decoloring by NKA-9.
The decoloring effect of 12 macroporous resins on crude polysaccharide extracted from white wax scale, Ericeruspela pela (Chavannes), was studied. The cellular antioxidant activity of crude and decolorant polysaccharide on proliferation effect of SH-SY5Y cells induced by hydrogen peroxide were evaluated. The resin NKA-9 was selected for kinetic study based on the results of adsorption properties comparing of macroporous adsorption resins and the static adsorption test. The dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments were conducted to establish the optimum parameters of NKA-9 as: one volume solution of crude polysaccharide was loaded in column at the flow rate 1 bed volume per hour under the condition of 30 ℃ and pH 8.0. The decolorant polysaccharide was collected by washing adsorbate-laden column using five bed volume of deionized water. The decoloration rate was 71.4%, the yield of polysaccharide was 60%, the deproteinization rate was 51.9%. The results of cellular antioxidant activity assay showed that the cell livability could be increased only at the concentration of 1 000 μg·mL-1 crude polysaccharide. But the decolorant polysaccharide at the concentrations of 10 1 000 μg·mL-1 could reduce the cell death rate of SH-SY5Y. Among them, the decolorant polysaccharide at the concentrations of 1 000μg·mL-1 could reduce the cell death rate notably. The cellular antioxidant activity of decolorant polysaccharide was enhanced after decoloring by NKA-9.
2014, 27(1): 38-44.
Abstract:
Based the forest resource inventory data of Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, the annual cut of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) timber forests were calculated by multi-goal programming and traditional rotation cutting formulas separately, and the different results for the same management period (2009-2019) from these two approaches were discussed. It shows that the harvest is generally larger by rotation cutting formulas, and the annual economic benefits of unit area by goal programming is 10-20 times that by rotation cutting formulas. Application of goal programming in forest harvest can regulate forest structure for normal forest, make forest better and achieve the maximum timber harvest and production and maximum net present value.
Based the forest resource inventory data of Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, the annual cut of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) timber forests were calculated by multi-goal programming and traditional rotation cutting formulas separately, and the different results for the same management period (2009-2019) from these two approaches were discussed. It shows that the harvest is generally larger by rotation cutting formulas, and the annual economic benefits of unit area by goal programming is 10-20 times that by rotation cutting formulas. Application of goal programming in forest harvest can regulate forest structure for normal forest, make forest better and achieve the maximum timber harvest and production and maximum net present value.
2014, 27(1): 45-52.
Abstract:
Pollination biology of Acacia mangium Willd. was investigated at aspects of floral phenology, floral morphology, anthesis, pollination success and so on through routine observation combined with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in clone seed orchard at Shazui Town, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province. The result showed that the A. mangium flowers between Sep. and Oct. Its flowering was not continuous, containing 6 to 7 flowering stages. Individual plant flowered in synchrony, showing the "mass-flowering pattern". The spike inflorescence consists of (172.7±27.1) flowers, including hermaphrodite flowers and male flowers. The male flowers account to (10.35±7.78)% per spike. The pistil contained (14.11±1.05) ovules with a long, solid style. Cup-liked stigma was suitable for one polyad, which comprising 16 pollen grains. The pollen to ovule (P/O') valued 1.13. When anthesis began, Pistil was the first organ to extend and receptive making protogynous sensible. SEM revealed that the dehiscent lines existed at Stage2 and 3; however, the anthers began to dehisce at Stage 4, about 7:00－9:00 following abundant pollen shedding at 9:00－12:00. The stigmas gone through morphology changes showed as exudates were emerged apparently during the first half-day after anthesis, predicting the coming of receptivity period. The results will helpful for Acacia breeding in the future.
Pollination biology of Acacia mangium Willd. was investigated at aspects of floral phenology, floral morphology, anthesis, pollination success and so on through routine observation combined with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in clone seed orchard at Shazui Town, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province. The result showed that the A. mangium flowers between Sep. and Oct. Its flowering was not continuous, containing 6 to 7 flowering stages. Individual plant flowered in synchrony, showing the "mass-flowering pattern". The spike inflorescence consists of (172.7±27.1) flowers, including hermaphrodite flowers and male flowers. The male flowers account to (10.35±7.78)% per spike. The pistil contained (14.11±1.05) ovules with a long, solid style. Cup-liked stigma was suitable for one polyad, which comprising 16 pollen grains. The pollen to ovule (P/O') valued 1.13. When anthesis began, Pistil was the first organ to extend and receptive making protogynous sensible. SEM revealed that the dehiscent lines existed at Stage2 and 3; however, the anthers began to dehisce at Stage 4, about 7:00－9:00 following abundant pollen shedding at 9:00－12:00. The stigmas gone through morphology changes showed as exudates were emerged apparently during the first half-day after anthesis, predicting the coming of receptivity period. The results will helpful for Acacia breeding in the future.
2014, 27(1): 53-58.
Abstract:
Based on field observation and indoor study on the eclosion rhythm characteristics, the difference in eclosion process from 1st to 4th generation, the statistics of eclosion rate and the eclosion period of generations were investigated. The factors impacting eclosion were analyzed by orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that the eclosion of Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) showed the "hump" rhythm characteristic, one peak at 4:00 and another one at 17:00. There were differences in eclosion process from the first generation to the 4th generation under the same condition. The period in which 80% eclosion finished became shorter in every generation, and so was the interval of peak between the male and female emergence in the same generation. The average emergence rates among first generation to 4th generation were significantly different which were (31.41±1.16)%, (43.67±1.84)%, (38.20±1.39)% and (27.81±2.42)% respectively. The development durations among first generation to 4th generation were also significantly different which were (10.71±0.45), (8.56±0.17), (6.88±0.68) and (6.43±0.66) d respectively. Statistical results verified that the eclosion rates were significantly difference among different temperature and relative humidity treatments, but not among the different photoperiod treatments. The best temperature of photophase was (30±1) ℃, and the dark period temperature was (24±1) ℃, and the humidity were photophase (50±10)%, dark period (70±10)%.
Based on field observation and indoor study on the eclosion rhythm characteristics, the difference in eclosion process from 1st to 4th generation, the statistics of eclosion rate and the eclosion period of generations were investigated. The factors impacting eclosion were analyzed by orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that the eclosion of Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) showed the "hump" rhythm characteristic, one peak at 4:00 and another one at 17:00. There were differences in eclosion process from the first generation to the 4th generation under the same condition. The period in which 80% eclosion finished became shorter in every generation, and so was the interval of peak between the male and female emergence in the same generation. The average emergence rates among first generation to 4th generation were significantly different which were (31.41±1.16)%, (43.67±1.84)%, (38.20±1.39)% and (27.81±2.42)% respectively. The development durations among first generation to 4th generation were also significantly different which were (10.71±0.45), (8.56±0.17), (6.88±0.68) and (6.43±0.66) d respectively. Statistical results verified that the eclosion rates were significantly difference among different temperature and relative humidity treatments, but not among the different photoperiod treatments. The best temperature of photophase was (30±1) ℃, and the dark period temperature was (24±1) ℃, and the humidity were photophase (50±10)%, dark period (70±10)%.
2014, 27(1): 59-65.
Abstract:
Based on the forest management inventory data of Casuarina equisetifolia fast-growing plantation in Wenchang, Hainan province in 2005, the forest growth and yield model system was established by using parameter replacement method. The model system takes the stand dominant height model as a basis, the stand basal area forecast as the centre and the stand volume as target variable. The results showed that: each model in the model system had much higher precision and a good adaptability, the difference between estimated value and observed value was not significant by testing, indicating that the dominant height, basal area and volume growth of C. equisetifolia can be properly evaluated. Therefore, this model system can be put into use to estimate the growth and yield of C. equisetifolia fast-growing plantation in the research area. The method of establishing model system can provide a reference for developing growth model and other similar models based on one-time data. And it can also provide theoretical basis for forest management plan of forest management units, which lack of site-specific long-term observation data and a large amount of stem analysis data at present.
Based on the forest management inventory data of Casuarina equisetifolia fast-growing plantation in Wenchang, Hainan province in 2005, the forest growth and yield model system was established by using parameter replacement method. The model system takes the stand dominant height model as a basis, the stand basal area forecast as the centre and the stand volume as target variable. The results showed that: each model in the model system had much higher precision and a good adaptability, the difference between estimated value and observed value was not significant by testing, indicating that the dominant height, basal area and volume growth of C. equisetifolia can be properly evaluated. Therefore, this model system can be put into use to estimate the growth and yield of C. equisetifolia fast-growing plantation in the research area. The method of establishing model system can provide a reference for developing growth model and other similar models based on one-time data. And it can also provide theoretical basis for forest management plan of forest management units, which lack of site-specific long-term observation data and a large amount of stem analysis data at present.
2014, 27(1): 66-70.
Abstract:
The bamboo wireworm Melanotus cribricollis is a devastating pest of underground bamboo shoots in southern China. To explore an alternative control strategy with fungal biocontrol agents, the authors bioassayed the virulence of three Metarhizium strains against Melanotus cribricollis larvae (120-150 mg per capita) in small cups filled with 50 g soil containing 5×106 conidia per gram of soil. The application of the stains Metarhizium pingshaense WP08 and Metarhizium anisopliae 30104 resulted in the corrected mortalities of 90.0% and 66.3% during a 30-day period under controlled conditions, respectively, whereas Metarhizium anisopliae LRC112 showed no lethal effect on the larvae. Time-mortality analysis led to the median lethal time (LT50) estimates of 15.8 and 25.8 days for the two virulent strains. The high-virulence strain Metarhizium pingshaense WP08 was further assayed for its lethal effect on the larvae in contact of conidia mixed with corn bait and soil respectively. As a result, the soil mixture caused higher mortality (60.1%) and shorter LT50 (22.6 days) than the bait mixture (52.0%; 28.0 days).
The bamboo wireworm Melanotus cribricollis is a devastating pest of underground bamboo shoots in southern China. To explore an alternative control strategy with fungal biocontrol agents, the authors bioassayed the virulence of three Metarhizium strains against Melanotus cribricollis larvae (120-150 mg per capita) in small cups filled with 50 g soil containing 5×106 conidia per gram of soil. The application of the stains Metarhizium pingshaense WP08 and Metarhizium anisopliae 30104 resulted in the corrected mortalities of 90.0% and 66.3% during a 30-day period under controlled conditions, respectively, whereas Metarhizium anisopliae LRC112 showed no lethal effect on the larvae. Time-mortality analysis led to the median lethal time (LT50) estimates of 15.8 and 25.8 days for the two virulent strains. The high-virulence strain Metarhizium pingshaense WP08 was further assayed for its lethal effect on the larvae in contact of conidia mixed with corn bait and soil respectively. As a result, the soil mixture caused higher mortality (60.1%) and shorter LT50 (22.6 days) than the bait mixture (52.0%; 28.0 days).
2014, 27(1): 71-76.
Abstract:
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique was used to detect the genetic diversity and relationships in 29 samples of yellow camellias from Golden Camellia Park in Nanning, Guangxi Province. 133 discernible loci were obtained from all the samples by using 14 primers and 126 bands were polymorphic. The average percentage of polymorphic bands was 94.74%, Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index were 0.360 6 and 0.531 4, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficients among the tested samples ranged from 0.481 to 0.835, indicating a wide gene pool and much high gene diversity among species from Camellia Sect. Chrysantha Chang. A dendrogram showing genetic relationships among these samples was constructed by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) based on Nei genetic similarity. According to the dendrogram, 29 materials could be divided into 3 groups. Camellia achrysantha formed the first group, C. pingguoensis var. terminalis and C. lungzhouensis were classified into the third group, and the others were classified into the second group. The results suggested that the similarity coefficient between C. xiashiensis and C. micrantha was the highest, and the two taxa should be merged into C. limonia; C. longgangensis and C. ptilosperma were closely related to each other, and they should be merged into the same species; C. lungzhouensis and C. chrysanthoides might be two distinct species.
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique was used to detect the genetic diversity and relationships in 29 samples of yellow camellias from Golden Camellia Park in Nanning, Guangxi Province. 133 discernible loci were obtained from all the samples by using 14 primers and 126 bands were polymorphic. The average percentage of polymorphic bands was 94.74%, Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index were 0.360 6 and 0.531 4, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficients among the tested samples ranged from 0.481 to 0.835, indicating a wide gene pool and much high gene diversity among species from Camellia Sect. Chrysantha Chang. A dendrogram showing genetic relationships among these samples was constructed by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) based on Nei genetic similarity. According to the dendrogram, 29 materials could be divided into 3 groups. Camellia achrysantha formed the first group, C. pingguoensis var. terminalis and C. lungzhouensis were classified into the third group, and the others were classified into the second group. The results suggested that the similarity coefficient between C. xiashiensis and C. micrantha was the highest, and the two taxa should be merged into C. limonia; C. longgangensis and C. ptilosperma were closely related to each other, and they should be merged into the same species; C. lungzhouensis and C. chrysanthoides might be two distinct species.
2014, 27(1): 77-81.
Abstract:
Taking Bombyx mori L as research object, its pupa were regularly anatomized and the characteristic parameters of thirty different individuals of Lepidoptera wings were microscopically measured. The results show that the development period within the pupal phase is 12-15 days, and can be divided into four stages. The wing presents different development characteristics at each stage. The forewing is triangle with 22.243 mm in perimeter and 28.305 mm2 in area and the length of nine primary veins is between 3-8 mm. As a sector, the circumference of hind wing is 16.571 mm with 19.936 mm2 in area, while the length of nine primary veins is between 2-6 mm. There are great changes in the perimeter and area of Lepidoptera wings after eclosion. As the forewing for example, the perimeter increase as 1.9 times and area of 3.1 times as those in late pupae period. For the hind wing, the perimeter increase as 2.1 times and area of 3.8 times as those in late pupae period. Namely Lepidoptera wings acquire larger surface area through the procession of eclosion. And there is no significant change in the location of veins while the length is 2.1 times as that of the late pupae period. By tracking the dynamic development of Lepidoptera and holographic recording the whole process of eclosion of B. mori, a insect-inspired deployable structure is put forward to afford design ideas and basic data for the development of new space deployment structure.
Taking Bombyx mori L as research object, its pupa were regularly anatomized and the characteristic parameters of thirty different individuals of Lepidoptera wings were microscopically measured. The results show that the development period within the pupal phase is 12-15 days, and can be divided into four stages. The wing presents different development characteristics at each stage. The forewing is triangle with 22.243 mm in perimeter and 28.305 mm2 in area and the length of nine primary veins is between 3-8 mm. As a sector, the circumference of hind wing is 16.571 mm with 19.936 mm2 in area, while the length of nine primary veins is between 2-6 mm. There are great changes in the perimeter and area of Lepidoptera wings after eclosion. As the forewing for example, the perimeter increase as 1.9 times and area of 3.1 times as those in late pupae period. For the hind wing, the perimeter increase as 2.1 times and area of 3.8 times as those in late pupae period. Namely Lepidoptera wings acquire larger surface area through the procession of eclosion. And there is no significant change in the location of veins while the length is 2.1 times as that of the late pupae period. By tracking the dynamic development of Lepidoptera and holographic recording the whole process of eclosion of B. mori, a insect-inspired deployable structure is put forward to afford design ideas and basic data for the development of new space deployment structure.
2014, 27(1): 82-85.
Abstract:
Fatty acyl-CoA reductase(FAR1) plays a key role in the white wax secretion of Ericerus pela. In present study, the artificially synthesized polypeptide of E. pela FAR1 was used as antigen for the generation of polyclonal antibody. The obtained antibodies were purified by using activated sepharose and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The concentration and titer of the polyclonal antibody were determined by BCA KIT and ELISA respectively. The results indicated that the titer (1:512000) and the concentration (0.7 mg·mL-1) of anti-FAR1 polyclonal antibody could meet the requirements for later experiments, and the polyclonal antibody could be used to further study the location of FAR1 protein in the later research.
Fatty acyl-CoA reductase(FAR1) plays a key role in the white wax secretion of Ericerus pela. In present study, the artificially synthesized polypeptide of E. pela FAR1 was used as antigen for the generation of polyclonal antibody. The obtained antibodies were purified by using activated sepharose and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The concentration and titer of the polyclonal antibody were determined by BCA KIT and ELISA respectively. The results indicated that the titer (1:512000) and the concentration (0.7 mg·mL-1) of anti-FAR1 polyclonal antibody could meet the requirements for later experiments, and the polyclonal antibody could be used to further study the location of FAR1 protein in the later research.
2014, 27(1): 86-91.
Abstract:
By analyzing the main physical and chemical properties and nutrient contents of camellia seeds, the variation of fat transformation and nutrients during the process of oil-tea camellia seed maturation were studied. The results showed that with maturation, the moisture content of camellia seed declined, the fresh seed yield changed little, the kernel rate increased slightly, and the dry seed rate and seed oil content rose; the acid value and POV of camellia seed oil were overall downward; the relative content of oleic acid in the ripening process was overall upward, while the contents of linoleic acid and linolenic acid decreased. Both the linoleic acid and linolenic acid were very significantly negatively correlated with the oleic acid content (p≤0.01), the correlation coefficient were -0.978 and -0.957; the fat accumulation was negatively correlated with the total soluble sugar change (r=-0.289), and positively correlated with soluble starch change (r=0.836) and soluble protein changes (r=0.703). Basically, the α-tocopherol content increased in the initial phase, and reached the maximum 0.153 mg·g-1 on September 28th then remained stable. The contents of squalene and β-sitosterol increased in the initial phase and then decreased with the maturation of seed.
By analyzing the main physical and chemical properties and nutrient contents of camellia seeds, the variation of fat transformation and nutrients during the process of oil-tea camellia seed maturation were studied. The results showed that with maturation, the moisture content of camellia seed declined, the fresh seed yield changed little, the kernel rate increased slightly, and the dry seed rate and seed oil content rose; the acid value and POV of camellia seed oil were overall downward; the relative content of oleic acid in the ripening process was overall upward, while the contents of linoleic acid and linolenic acid decreased. Both the linoleic acid and linolenic acid were very significantly negatively correlated with the oleic acid content (p≤0.01), the correlation coefficient were -0.978 and -0.957; the fat accumulation was negatively correlated with the total soluble sugar change (r=-0.289), and positively correlated with soluble starch change (r=0.836) and soluble protein changes (r=0.703). Basically, the α-tocopherol content increased in the initial phase, and reached the maximum 0.153 mg·g-1 on September 28th then remained stable. The contents of squalene and β-sitosterol increased in the initial phase and then decreased with the maturation of seed.
2014, 27(1): 92-98.
Abstract:
In order to provide theoretical basis for vegetation restoration in rocky desertification district, the seedlings of 5 tree species, Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq., Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas, Platycladus orientalis (Linn.) Franco, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim, and Cinnamonum camphora L. with same age in the district were used as study objects, through potted water control experiments, to measure and calculate the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, and some other physiological and ecological index, and the adaptabilities and differences among the 5 tree species under different moisture gradients were compared. The results are as follows. (1) With the increasing drought stress, the chlorophyll content of 5 tree species changed in different levels, D. viscosa showed a trend of gradually reducing, P. orientalis and F. hodginsii showed a trend of decrease and then increase, while Z. bungeanum and C. camphora showed a trend of increase and then decrease; (2) The physiological and ecological parameters expressed different variation: the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance showed decreasing trends, and under moderate and severe drought stress, they reduced significantly, the net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis decreased by 100.5%, which was the sharpest decline under severe drought stress; the intercellular CO2 concentration dropped under mild drought stress, while increased under moderate and severe drought stress; the water use efficiency increased under mild and moderate drought stress, but decreased under severe drought stress; the water use efficiency of C. camphora decreased under severe drought, but still 1.05 times that of the contrast. (3) Based on a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and ecological indexes, it showed that all the seedlings could tolerate a certain degree of drought stress, belonging to the stronger drought-resistant ability trees, but the water control drought tolerance ability of C. camphora was higher than that of the other 4 species and is more capable to adapt to environment of rocky desertification district.
In order to provide theoretical basis for vegetation restoration in rocky desertification district, the seedlings of 5 tree species, Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq., Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas, Platycladus orientalis (Linn.) Franco, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim, and Cinnamonum camphora L. with same age in the district were used as study objects, through potted water control experiments, to measure and calculate the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, and some other physiological and ecological index, and the adaptabilities and differences among the 5 tree species under different moisture gradients were compared. The results are as follows. (1) With the increasing drought stress, the chlorophyll content of 5 tree species changed in different levels, D. viscosa showed a trend of gradually reducing, P. orientalis and F. hodginsii showed a trend of decrease and then increase, while Z. bungeanum and C. camphora showed a trend of increase and then decrease; (2) The physiological and ecological parameters expressed different variation: the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance showed decreasing trends, and under moderate and severe drought stress, they reduced significantly, the net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis decreased by 100.5%, which was the sharpest decline under severe drought stress; the intercellular CO2 concentration dropped under mild drought stress, while increased under moderate and severe drought stress; the water use efficiency increased under mild and moderate drought stress, but decreased under severe drought stress; the water use efficiency of C. camphora decreased under severe drought, but still 1.05 times that of the contrast. (3) Based on a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and ecological indexes, it showed that all the seedlings could tolerate a certain degree of drought stress, belonging to the stronger drought-resistant ability trees, but the water control drought tolerance ability of C. camphora was higher than that of the other 4 species and is more capable to adapt to environment of rocky desertification district.
2014, 27(1): 99-107.
Abstract:
Effect of thinning intensity (heavy thinning, moderate thinning and unthinning) and times of thinning (thinning once or twice a rotation) on stand growth and timber outturn of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were studied in Kaihua, Zhejiang Province. The first experiment was to cultivate big-diameter timber stand and thinned in the seventh year and fourteenth year, respectively, while the second experiment was to cultivate middle-diameter timber stand and thinned in the twelfth year. The results showed that there were no significant difference in tree height and total basal area among three thinning treatments in 22-year-old big-diameter timber stand and 19-year-old middle-diameter timber stand. The diameter at breast height (DBH) increased with the increase of thinning intensity. The average DBH value of big-diameter timber stand with heavy thinning and moderate thinning treatments increased by 13.78% and 9.69%, respectively, compared with the unthinned stand, while the DBH of middle-diameter timber stand with heavy thinning and moderate thinning treatments increased by 12.28 % and 7.02%. Thinning significantly increased the stem volume per tree, the living tree volume (LTV) of stand decreased with the increasing thinning intensity in the two experiments. In the first experiment, there was no significant differences in the LTV of 22-year-old stand among three thinning treatments (P>0.05). In the second experiment, the LTV of 19-year-old stand in the heavy thinning treatment was significantly lower than that in unthinned stand, there was no significant difference in LTV between the moderate thinning treatment and heavy thinning or unthinned treatments (P>0.05). The total stand volume (TSV) and total wood outturn (TWO) reduced with the increasing thinning intensity in the two experiments, there were no significant differences in TSV and TWO among the three thinning treatments (P>0.05). It is concluded that thinning intensity can not effectively increase the live tree volume and timber outturn, and the times of thinning has an important effect on timber outturn and timber size. For big-diameter timber cultivation of Chinese fir, twice thinning with 50% thinning intensity is appropriate in a rotation. It is suitable for middle-diameter timber cultivation with once moderate thinning (approximate 25%).
Effect of thinning intensity (heavy thinning, moderate thinning and unthinning) and times of thinning (thinning once or twice a rotation) on stand growth and timber outturn of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were studied in Kaihua, Zhejiang Province. The first experiment was to cultivate big-diameter timber stand and thinned in the seventh year and fourteenth year, respectively, while the second experiment was to cultivate middle-diameter timber stand and thinned in the twelfth year. The results showed that there were no significant difference in tree height and total basal area among three thinning treatments in 22-year-old big-diameter timber stand and 19-year-old middle-diameter timber stand. The diameter at breast height (DBH) increased with the increase of thinning intensity. The average DBH value of big-diameter timber stand with heavy thinning and moderate thinning treatments increased by 13.78% and 9.69%, respectively, compared with the unthinned stand, while the DBH of middle-diameter timber stand with heavy thinning and moderate thinning treatments increased by 12.28 % and 7.02%. Thinning significantly increased the stem volume per tree, the living tree volume (LTV) of stand decreased with the increasing thinning intensity in the two experiments. In the first experiment, there was no significant differences in the LTV of 22-year-old stand among three thinning treatments (P>0.05). In the second experiment, the LTV of 19-year-old stand in the heavy thinning treatment was significantly lower than that in unthinned stand, there was no significant difference in LTV between the moderate thinning treatment and heavy thinning or unthinned treatments (P>0.05). The total stand volume (TSV) and total wood outturn (TWO) reduced with the increasing thinning intensity in the two experiments, there were no significant differences in TSV and TWO among the three thinning treatments (P>0.05). It is concluded that thinning intensity can not effectively increase the live tree volume and timber outturn, and the times of thinning has an important effect on timber outturn and timber size. For big-diameter timber cultivation of Chinese fir, twice thinning with 50% thinning intensity is appropriate in a rotation. It is suitable for middle-diameter timber cultivation with once moderate thinning (approximate 25%).
2014, 27(1): 108-112.
Abstract:
Ten kinds of herbicide with different concentrations were sprayed on the stems and leaves of weeds in a one-year-old Amygdalus pcdunculata nursery. The results showed that the Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae weeds dominated in the nursery, and all the treatments had effect in controlling Chenopodiaceae weeds, while the treatment with the formula of 14% benazolin, 10.8% haloxyfop, 12.5% sethoxydim, 48% basagran, 10.8% haloxyfop+48% basagran, 12.5% sethoxydim+48% bentazone and 50% isoproturon had better effect in controlling Poaceae weeds. The herbicide-controlling spectrum of 50% isoproturon was the widest, and the 48% bentazone and 12.5% sethoxydim+48% bentazone treatment had the highest efficiency in weeds prevention, but both of them made serious damage on A. pcdunculata seedlings. The prevention efficiencies of 10.8% haloxyfop and 12.5% sethoxydim were 68% and 56% under high concentration treatment, and the A. pcdunculata did not represent injury symptoms, so they are suitable for weed prevention in the nursery of A. pcdunculata.
Ten kinds of herbicide with different concentrations were sprayed on the stems and leaves of weeds in a one-year-old Amygdalus pcdunculata nursery. The results showed that the Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae weeds dominated in the nursery, and all the treatments had effect in controlling Chenopodiaceae weeds, while the treatment with the formula of 14% benazolin, 10.8% haloxyfop, 12.5% sethoxydim, 48% basagran, 10.8% haloxyfop+48% basagran, 12.5% sethoxydim+48% bentazone and 50% isoproturon had better effect in controlling Poaceae weeds. The herbicide-controlling spectrum of 50% isoproturon was the widest, and the 48% bentazone and 12.5% sethoxydim+48% bentazone treatment had the highest efficiency in weeds prevention, but both of them made serious damage on A. pcdunculata seedlings. The prevention efficiencies of 10.8% haloxyfop and 12.5% sethoxydim were 68% and 56% under high concentration treatment, and the A. pcdunculata did not represent injury symptoms, so they are suitable for weed prevention in the nursery of A. pcdunculata.
2014, 27(1): 113-119.
Abstract:
In order to understand the content changes of endogenous hormones in lateral buds of Populus yunnanensis during different seasons, the lateral buds collected from stems of three-year old cuttings of P. yunnanensis were used as materials, contents of ABA, IAA and ZR in the lateral buds in the autumn, winter and spring were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results indicated that the contents of ABA and IAA were first decreased and then increased while the contents of ZR increased gradually, and the values of the three kinds of endogenous hormones reached maximum in spring. The content of each endogenous hormone among different seasons was different significantly. However, the ratio changes of ZR/ABA, ZR/IAA and ZR/(ABA+IAA) were first increased and then decreased, and all reached the maximum in winter, which were significantly higher than that in autumn and srping.
In order to understand the content changes of endogenous hormones in lateral buds of Populus yunnanensis during different seasons, the lateral buds collected from stems of three-year old cuttings of P. yunnanensis were used as materials, contents of ABA, IAA and ZR in the lateral buds in the autumn, winter and spring were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results indicated that the contents of ABA and IAA were first decreased and then increased while the contents of ZR increased gradually, and the values of the three kinds of endogenous hormones reached maximum in spring. The content of each endogenous hormone among different seasons was different significantly. However, the ratio changes of ZR/ABA, ZR/IAA and ZR/(ABA+IAA) were first increased and then decreased, and all reached the maximum in winter, which were significantly higher than that in autumn and srping.
2014, 27(1): 120-127.
Abstract:
GAPDH is a typical structural protein in eukaryote organism, which plays an important role involved in the biosynthesis of cell composition and the expression of genetic information. In order to reveal the biological function of GAPDH in the growth and development of Eucalyptus, 3 genes were obtained and named as EC-GAP1, EC-GAP2 and EC-GAP3 by amplification with primers for GAPDH genes conserved regions and RACE method from the young leaf of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The bioinformatics analysis suggested that the proteins encoded by corresponding genes owned the typical conserved domains of GAPDH and showed high homology with those of other plant species.
GAPDH is a typical structural protein in eukaryote organism, which plays an important role involved in the biosynthesis of cell composition and the expression of genetic information. In order to reveal the biological function of GAPDH in the growth and development of Eucalyptus, 3 genes were obtained and named as EC-GAP1, EC-GAP2 and EC-GAP3 by amplification with primers for GAPDH genes conserved regions and RACE method from the young leaf of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The bioinformatics analysis suggested that the proteins encoded by corresponding genes owned the typical conserved domains of GAPDH and showed high homology with those of other plant species.
2014, 27(1): 128-132.
Abstract:
To obtain high-quality DNA suitable for methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP), analysis, the mature cotyledon and tissue cultured cotyledon of walnut cultivar‘Liaoning-1’were used as the testing materials in the research of DNA isolation by 3 methods (SDS, high salt CTAB and modified high salt CTAB) and the mature leaf tissue was taken as the control. The concentration and intactness of the extracted DNA were determined using a spectrometer and by electrophoresis in 0.8% (w/v) agarose gels against standard solutions of lambda DNA. High quality DNA was extracted from leaf tissues using the high salt CTAB method and the modified high salt CTAB method. No detectable DNA was extracted from the mature cotyledon and cultured cotyledon using SDS method. The DNA with high quality but little quantity was extracted from the mature cotyledon but not the extract cultured cotyledon using the high salt CTAB method. The DNA with high quantity and quality suitable for MSAP analysis from both mature cotyledon and cultured cotyledon was extracted using the modified high salt CTAB method. The DNA extraction method of walnut cotyledon suitable for MSAP analysis was established, which could lay foundation for downstream molecular biology experiment and provide a reference to the polysaccharide removal research in DNA extraction procedure.
To obtain high-quality DNA suitable for methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP), analysis, the mature cotyledon and tissue cultured cotyledon of walnut cultivar‘Liaoning-1’were used as the testing materials in the research of DNA isolation by 3 methods (SDS, high salt CTAB and modified high salt CTAB) and the mature leaf tissue was taken as the control. The concentration and intactness of the extracted DNA were determined using a spectrometer and by electrophoresis in 0.8% (w/v) agarose gels against standard solutions of lambda DNA. High quality DNA was extracted from leaf tissues using the high salt CTAB method and the modified high salt CTAB method. No detectable DNA was extracted from the mature cotyledon and cultured cotyledon using SDS method. The DNA with high quality but little quantity was extracted from the mature cotyledon but not the extract cultured cotyledon using the high salt CTAB method. The DNA with high quantity and quality suitable for MSAP analysis from both mature cotyledon and cultured cotyledon was extracted using the modified high salt CTAB method. The DNA extraction method of walnut cotyledon suitable for MSAP analysis was established, which could lay foundation for downstream molecular biology experiment and provide a reference to the polysaccharide removal research in DNA extraction procedure.
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