2016 Vol. 29, No. 2
Display Method:
2016, 29(2): 155-161.
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[Objective]To design the forest management models combining and assembling the existing, proven and effective management methods and techniques.[Method]The forest management types were determined by the number of large-and medium-diameter trees in the forest and the management measures were adopted based on a number of management experiments or research outcomes.The management objectives of natural forest were set as the protection and cultivation of healthy, stable, high-quality and efficient forest. By adjusting the small trees crowding,the uniformity of large tree, the forest layers, the sapling opening, the soil fertility maintenance and structure-based forest management technical measures, current natural forests can evolve into continual cover forests in the period of about a hundred years. [Result] 20 management models were designed, involving 3 categories of forests, namely 9 types of multi-storied uneven-aged coniferous forests (pine, spruce), 4 types of oak-broadleaved mixed forests and 7 types of pine-oak (broadleaved) mixed forests.The designed natural forest management models included whole stand management measures and individual tree management measures, while structure-based forest management technical measures were implemented in all measures of individual tree management.[Conclusion] The research provides both advanced and practical technology guidance for the protection and cultivation of the natural forest in Northwestern China.These management models can offer some management references for natural forests in other regions.
[Objective]To design the forest management models combining and assembling the existing, proven and effective management methods and techniques.[Method]The forest management types were determined by the number of large-and medium-diameter trees in the forest and the management measures were adopted based on a number of management experiments or research outcomes.The management objectives of natural forest were set as the protection and cultivation of healthy, stable, high-quality and efficient forest. By adjusting the small trees crowding,the uniformity of large tree, the forest layers, the sapling opening, the soil fertility maintenance and structure-based forest management technical measures, current natural forests can evolve into continual cover forests in the period of about a hundred years. [Result] 20 management models were designed, involving 3 categories of forests, namely 9 types of multi-storied uneven-aged coniferous forests (pine, spruce), 4 types of oak-broadleaved mixed forests and 7 types of pine-oak (broadleaved) mixed forests.The designed natural forest management models included whole stand management measures and individual tree management measures, while structure-based forest management technical measures were implemented in all measures of individual tree management.[Conclusion] The research provides both advanced and practical technology guidance for the protection and cultivation of the natural forest in Northwestern China.These management models can offer some management references for natural forests in other regions.
2016, 29(2): 162-166.
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[Objective]To reveal the morphological diversity and phenotypic traits among Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Azadirachta siamensis Val., Azadirachta excels (Jack) M. Jacobs and a variation type found in pure A. indica plantation domesticated in Yunnan, China. [Method]ANOVA, Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to study the 20 phenotypic traits of the three Azadirachta species and the variation type. [Result]There were wide variations in the morphologic features of Azadirachta. Among all morphologic features, the leaflet area had the maximum variation range which was 6.09~21.50 cm2, with highest variance coefficient of 51.70%; followed by seed width, ranged from 0.47 cm to 0.95 cm, with the variance coefficient of 30.34%; the leaflet number ranged from 7.00 to 12.33, with variance coefficient of 30.31%. Principal component analysis showed that the main variations were resulted from leaflet deflection, leaflet shape, fruit size, leaflet area, compound leaf length and leaflet number. Clustering analysis of species and the variation type of Azadirachta with Melia toosendanas outgroup by UPGMA method showed that Azadirachta could be divided into two groups. One is formed by A. indica, A. siamensis and the variation type, and the other group is formed by A. excelsa. The former could be further divided into two subgroups, A. indica and the variation type could be clustered into the same subgroup, and A. siamensis is in the other subgroup. The variation type was most similar to A. indica in phenotypic traits, but with possibility of natural variation of A. indica or natural hybridization between A. indica and A. siamensis, further research was required to confirm parents of the variation type.
[Objective]To reveal the morphological diversity and phenotypic traits among Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Azadirachta siamensis Val., Azadirachta excels (Jack) M. Jacobs and a variation type found in pure A. indica plantation domesticated in Yunnan, China. [Method]ANOVA, Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to study the 20 phenotypic traits of the three Azadirachta species and the variation type. [Result]There were wide variations in the morphologic features of Azadirachta. Among all morphologic features, the leaflet area had the maximum variation range which was 6.09~21.50 cm2, with highest variance coefficient of 51.70%; followed by seed width, ranged from 0.47 cm to 0.95 cm, with the variance coefficient of 30.34%; the leaflet number ranged from 7.00 to 12.33, with variance coefficient of 30.31%. Principal component analysis showed that the main variations were resulted from leaflet deflection, leaflet shape, fruit size, leaflet area, compound leaf length and leaflet number. Clustering analysis of species and the variation type of Azadirachta with Melia toosendanas outgroup by UPGMA method showed that Azadirachta could be divided into two groups. One is formed by A. indica, A. siamensis and the variation type, and the other group is formed by A. excelsa. The former could be further divided into two subgroups, A. indica and the variation type could be clustered into the same subgroup, and A. siamensis is in the other subgroup. The variation type was most similar to A. indica in phenotypic traits, but with possibility of natural variation of A. indica or natural hybridization between A. indica and A. siamensis, further research was required to confirm parents of the variation type.
2016, 29(2): 167-175.
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[Objective] Based on previous achievement on Melia SSR primer to select highly polymorphic, high stability and repeatability Melia azedarach primers, and to lay a foundation for constructing M. azedarach genetic map, QTL mapping and molecular marker-assisted selection and breeding. [Method]The SSR-PCR system was optimized through the single factor experiment and orthogonal test, and by using the genomic DNAs of M. azedarach from 8 provenances as templates, the SSR primers suitable for M. azedarach were screened from 135 pairs of primers. [Result]The optimal SSR-PCR system is as follows: 1.0 μL 50 ngoμL-1 genomic DNA, 1.2 μL 100 μmol·L-1 of each primer, 1.0 μL 10 mmol·L-1 dNTPs, 0.8 μL 25 mmol·L-1 Mg2+, 0.15 μL 5 U·μL-1 Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL 10×Buffer (Mg2+ free), and replenishing ddH2O to 15 μL. And, 15 pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism, high stability, and good repeatability, were finally screened out. [Conclusion]The SSR-PCR system of M. azedarach was successfully optimized, and 15 pairs of SSR primers applicable to neem were selected.
[Objective] Based on previous achievement on Melia SSR primer to select highly polymorphic, high stability and repeatability Melia azedarach primers, and to lay a foundation for constructing M. azedarach genetic map, QTL mapping and molecular marker-assisted selection and breeding. [Method]The SSR-PCR system was optimized through the single factor experiment and orthogonal test, and by using the genomic DNAs of M. azedarach from 8 provenances as templates, the SSR primers suitable for M. azedarach were screened from 135 pairs of primers. [Result]The optimal SSR-PCR system is as follows: 1.0 μL 50 ngoμL-1 genomic DNA, 1.2 μL 100 μmol·L-1 of each primer, 1.0 μL 10 mmol·L-1 dNTPs, 0.8 μL 25 mmol·L-1 Mg2+, 0.15 μL 5 U·μL-1 Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL 10×Buffer (Mg2+ free), and replenishing ddH2O to 15 μL. And, 15 pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism, high stability, and good repeatability, were finally screened out. [Conclusion]The SSR-PCR system of M. azedarach was successfully optimized, and 15 pairs of SSR primers applicable to neem were selected.
2016, 29(2): 176-182.
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[Objective]To reveal the genetic diversity and genetic structure in natural populations of Sapindus mukorossi. [Method]The genetic diversity and genetic structure of 265 S. mukorossi individuals sampled from 18 natural populations distributed in China were examined using fifteen inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers primers. [Result]The percentages of polymorphic bands (PPB) at the species and population level were 95.37% and 57.82%, respectively. The Shannon's indexes (I) of phenotypic diversity at the species and population level were 0.256 9 and 0.199 8, respectively, and Nei's genetic diversities (H) at the species and population level were 0.390 9 and 0.298 0, respectively. These results indicated that S. mukorossi contains relatively high levels of genetic diversity. There was genetic differentiation among the 18 populations to a certain level (GST: 0.233 7; FST: 22.22%; AMOVA genetic differentiation: 24.74%), and most of the genetic differentiation occurred within populations. The UPGMA clustering and Mantel test showed that there was no significant correlation between the geographical distance and genetic distance (r=0.066 7, P=0.541 7>0.05). [Conclusion]S. mukorossi was given priority to selfing. Its natural populations had abundant genetic diversity. And the genetic diversity of S. mukorossi within populations was higher than that among populations. The present study could provide a reference for the conservation and utilization of S. mukorossi.
[Objective]To reveal the genetic diversity and genetic structure in natural populations of Sapindus mukorossi. [Method]The genetic diversity and genetic structure of 265 S. mukorossi individuals sampled from 18 natural populations distributed in China were examined using fifteen inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers primers. [Result]The percentages of polymorphic bands (PPB) at the species and population level were 95.37% and 57.82%, respectively. The Shannon's indexes (I) of phenotypic diversity at the species and population level were 0.256 9 and 0.199 8, respectively, and Nei's genetic diversities (H) at the species and population level were 0.390 9 and 0.298 0, respectively. These results indicated that S. mukorossi contains relatively high levels of genetic diversity. There was genetic differentiation among the 18 populations to a certain level (GST: 0.233 7; FST: 22.22%; AMOVA genetic differentiation: 24.74%), and most of the genetic differentiation occurred within populations. The UPGMA clustering and Mantel test showed that there was no significant correlation between the geographical distance and genetic distance (r=0.066 7, P=0.541 7>0.05). [Conclusion]S. mukorossi was given priority to selfing. Its natural populations had abundant genetic diversity. And the genetic diversity of S. mukorossi within populations was higher than that among populations. The present study could provide a reference for the conservation and utilization of S. mukorossi.
2016, 29(2): 183-190.
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[Objective]To establish basis for breeding new poplar strains resisting to Osier weevil (Cryptorrhynchus lapathi), and to find out the relationship between the resistance level of poplar strains to Osier weevil and the physical properties of poplar trunks. [Method]The population density of Osier weevil on different poplar strains, the percentage of infested poplar strains, as well as the hardness of xylem and bark, thickness of bark, diameter at breast height (DBH), the parental origins of fifty one 10-to 11-year-old poplar strains were studied. [Result]The results showed that the average xylem hardness of strains immune to Osier weevil, the highly resistant strains, the resistant strains, the susceptible and the highly susceptible strains were (47.38±1.71) HD, (46.07±1.17) HD, (44.64±1.61) HD, (41.84±1.66) HD, and (40.73±2.04) HD, respectively. The average bark hardness of strains immune to Osier weevil, the highly resistant strains, the resistant strains, the susceptible and the highly susceptible strains were (40±3.53) HD, (39.99±0.96) HD, (37.63±0.46) HD, (32.35±1.54) HD, and (31.7±0.52) HD, respectively. The average DBH of strains immune to Osier weevil, the highly resistant strains, the resistant strains, the susceptible and the highly susceptible strains were (361.64±13.8) mm, (313.8±6.19) mm, (309.98±5.27) mm, (289.56±10.73) mm, and (287.67±17.49) mm, respectively. Most of the Populus deltoides × P. cathayana, P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii, and P. deltoides × P. suaveolens strains were resistant to Osier weevil, Most of the P. nigra × P. deltoides, P. nigra × P. simonii and P. deltoides strains were susceptible. [Conclusion]The harder the bark and xylem hardness of poplar strains, the higher their resistance level to Osier weevil. When the DBH is larger, its resistant ability might be higher. P. cathayana, P. simonii and P. maximowiczii strains were resistant to Osier weevil, while P. nigra and P. deltoides strains were susceptible. In the breeding of highly resistant strains to Osier weevil, P. cathayana, P. simonii and P. maximowiczii could be chosen as the parents, and P. deltoides, and P. nigra should not be chosen.
[Objective]To establish basis for breeding new poplar strains resisting to Osier weevil (Cryptorrhynchus lapathi), and to find out the relationship between the resistance level of poplar strains to Osier weevil and the physical properties of poplar trunks. [Method]The population density of Osier weevil on different poplar strains, the percentage of infested poplar strains, as well as the hardness of xylem and bark, thickness of bark, diameter at breast height (DBH), the parental origins of fifty one 10-to 11-year-old poplar strains were studied. [Result]The results showed that the average xylem hardness of strains immune to Osier weevil, the highly resistant strains, the resistant strains, the susceptible and the highly susceptible strains were (47.38±1.71) HD, (46.07±1.17) HD, (44.64±1.61) HD, (41.84±1.66) HD, and (40.73±2.04) HD, respectively. The average bark hardness of strains immune to Osier weevil, the highly resistant strains, the resistant strains, the susceptible and the highly susceptible strains were (40±3.53) HD, (39.99±0.96) HD, (37.63±0.46) HD, (32.35±1.54) HD, and (31.7±0.52) HD, respectively. The average DBH of strains immune to Osier weevil, the highly resistant strains, the resistant strains, the susceptible and the highly susceptible strains were (361.64±13.8) mm, (313.8±6.19) mm, (309.98±5.27) mm, (289.56±10.73) mm, and (287.67±17.49) mm, respectively. Most of the Populus deltoides × P. cathayana, P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii, and P. deltoides × P. suaveolens strains were resistant to Osier weevil, Most of the P. nigra × P. deltoides, P. nigra × P. simonii and P. deltoides strains were susceptible. [Conclusion]The harder the bark and xylem hardness of poplar strains, the higher their resistance level to Osier weevil. When the DBH is larger, its resistant ability might be higher. P. cathayana, P. simonii and P. maximowiczii strains were resistant to Osier weevil, while P. nigra and P. deltoides strains were susceptible. In the breeding of highly resistant strains to Osier weevil, P. cathayana, P. simonii and P. maximowiczii could be chosen as the parents, and P. deltoides, and P. nigra should not be chosen.
2016, 29(2): 191-195.
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[Objective]Use Bac-to-Bac expression system to express WS in Sf9 cell line. [Method]The WS coding sequence was cloned into plasmid pFastBacTMHT B, and then transformed Escherichia coli DH10BacTM. After resistant and blue-white screening, the recombinant bacmid rBacmid/EpelWS were obtained. The rBacmid/EpelWS was transfected into Sf9 cells.[Result]The Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the target protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of the infected cells.[Conclusion]The WS was expressed successfully, it lays the foundation for further research on the biochemical characteristics of WS of the Ericerus pela.
[Objective]Use Bac-to-Bac expression system to express WS in Sf9 cell line. [Method]The WS coding sequence was cloned into plasmid pFastBacTMHT B, and then transformed Escherichia coli DH10BacTM. After resistant and blue-white screening, the recombinant bacmid rBacmid/EpelWS were obtained. The rBacmid/EpelWS was transfected into Sf9 cells.[Result]The Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the target protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of the infected cells.[Conclusion]The WS was expressed successfully, it lays the foundation for further research on the biochemical characteristics of WS of the Ericerus pela.
2016, 29(2): 196-201.
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[Objective]Based on the data of tree height and crown characteristics obtained through LiDAR technology, forest volume and biomass can be derived. However, the reliable individual stem volume models based on tree height and crown characteristics are still not available. [Method]Using the mensuration data of 3 010 sample trees of four species groups, i.e., Picea, Abies, Quercus and Betula, the relationships between stem volume and tree size factors such as diameter at breast height (dbh), tree height and crown characteristics were analyzed; and applying logarithmic regression, the individual stem volume models based on tree height and crown characteristics were developed, which were evaluated with six statistics such as coefficient of determination (R2) and mean prediction error (MPE). [Result]The results showed that dbh was the most efficient explanatory variable for volume model, followed by the tree height, and then the crown length and the crown width. The two-variable volume model based on tree height and crown width was highly efficient, and the three-variable model including crown length improved only a little. The R2 values of four two-variable volume models based on tree height and crown width for Picea, Abies, Quercus and Betula were 0.81, 0.80, 0.76 and 0.77, respectively, and MPE's were 4.7%, 5.3%, 5.4% and 5.3%, respectively, indicating that the prediction precisions of the volume models were about 95%. [Conclusion]The quantitative analysis results in this study about relationship between stem volume and tree size factors could provide technical support for applying LiDAR technology to measure forest parameters; and the developed volume models would provide a quantitative basis for estimating individual volume through measurements of tree height and crown characteristics.
[Objective]Based on the data of tree height and crown characteristics obtained through LiDAR technology, forest volume and biomass can be derived. However, the reliable individual stem volume models based on tree height and crown characteristics are still not available. [Method]Using the mensuration data of 3 010 sample trees of four species groups, i.e., Picea, Abies, Quercus and Betula, the relationships between stem volume and tree size factors such as diameter at breast height (dbh), tree height and crown characteristics were analyzed; and applying logarithmic regression, the individual stem volume models based on tree height and crown characteristics were developed, which were evaluated with six statistics such as coefficient of determination (R2) and mean prediction error (MPE). [Result]The results showed that dbh was the most efficient explanatory variable for volume model, followed by the tree height, and then the crown length and the crown width. The two-variable volume model based on tree height and crown width was highly efficient, and the three-variable model including crown length improved only a little. The R2 values of four two-variable volume models based on tree height and crown width for Picea, Abies, Quercus and Betula were 0.81, 0.80, 0.76 and 0.77, respectively, and MPE's were 4.7%, 5.3%, 5.4% and 5.3%, respectively, indicating that the prediction precisions of the volume models were about 95%. [Conclusion]The quantitative analysis results in this study about relationship between stem volume and tree size factors could provide technical support for applying LiDAR technology to measure forest parameters; and the developed volume models would provide a quantitative basis for estimating individual volume through measurements of tree height and crown characteristics.
2016, 29(2): 202-208.
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[Objective]To study the decomposition dynamics of leaf litter and its relationship with soil chemical properties in two young plantation stands (monocultures of Betula alnoides and Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis) in subtropical China. [Method]The decomposition processes of leaf litter were measured using mesh nylon bag method. [Result]The decomposition coefficients of leaf litter of B. alnoides and E. urophylla × E. grandis were 0.96 a-1 and 0.88 a-1, respectively. During the 12-month decomposition, the organic carbon contents declined gradually in the two leaf litter. The total K and C/N ratio rapidly decrease at the early stage, and tended towards stability thereafter. The total N and total P in the two leaf litter increased gradually, whereas the N/P ratio increased at first and then decreased throughout the entire decomposition. In both early and late phase of decomposition, the dry mass loss of the leaf litter was correlated positively with the N contents (R=0.877 and 0.855, respectively), and a negative relation was observed with C/N ratio (R=-0.735 and-0.697, respectively). Compared with the E. urophylla × E. grandis stand, the B. alnoides had significantly higher contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, total P, total K as well as higher N/P ratio in 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil depth. However, the litter decomposition had no significant effects on SOC, total K, pH, C/N ratio and N/P ratio in 20-30 cm soil depth. The correlation analysis revealed that the organic C of leaf litter was significantly related to SOC, total N, total P, total K and N/P ratio, whereas the total N of leaf litter was significantly related to soil total N, pH and C/N ratio. [Conclusion]The nutrient contents of leaf litter were found to be significantly correlated with the soil nutrient condition. Compared with the E. urophylla × E. grandis, the nutrient contents of leaf litter were significantly higher in B. alnoides, and subsequently, faster decomposition rate of leaf litter resulted in higher soil nutrient contents.
[Objective]To study the decomposition dynamics of leaf litter and its relationship with soil chemical properties in two young plantation stands (monocultures of Betula alnoides and Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis) in subtropical China. [Method]The decomposition processes of leaf litter were measured using mesh nylon bag method. [Result]The decomposition coefficients of leaf litter of B. alnoides and E. urophylla × E. grandis were 0.96 a-1 and 0.88 a-1, respectively. During the 12-month decomposition, the organic carbon contents declined gradually in the two leaf litter. The total K and C/N ratio rapidly decrease at the early stage, and tended towards stability thereafter. The total N and total P in the two leaf litter increased gradually, whereas the N/P ratio increased at first and then decreased throughout the entire decomposition. In both early and late phase of decomposition, the dry mass loss of the leaf litter was correlated positively with the N contents (R=0.877 and 0.855, respectively), and a negative relation was observed with C/N ratio (R=-0.735 and-0.697, respectively). Compared with the E. urophylla × E. grandis stand, the B. alnoides had significantly higher contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, total P, total K as well as higher N/P ratio in 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil depth. However, the litter decomposition had no significant effects on SOC, total K, pH, C/N ratio and N/P ratio in 20-30 cm soil depth. The correlation analysis revealed that the organic C of leaf litter was significantly related to SOC, total N, total P, total K and N/P ratio, whereas the total N of leaf litter was significantly related to soil total N, pH and C/N ratio. [Conclusion]The nutrient contents of leaf litter were found to be significantly correlated with the soil nutrient condition. Compared with the E. urophylla × E. grandis, the nutrient contents of leaf litter were significantly higher in B. alnoides, and subsequently, faster decomposition rate of leaf litter resulted in higher soil nutrient contents.
2016, 29(2): 209-215.
Abstract:
[Objective]By investigating the intraspecific and interspecific competition of Pinus yunnanensis natural forest in Tianchi Natural Reserve of Yunlong County, Yunnan Province to reveal the rule of dynamic changes of intensity of competition within the community and the ecological adaptation mechanism of P. yunnanensis.[Method]Based on survey of substantial community plots, the competition intensity of forest stand, objective trees, competitive trees were analyzed by using Hegyi individual competitive indices (CI) model. The function model between DBH and the whole competition, intraspecific competition, interspecific competition were established by regression analysis method. [Result]The intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity of P. yunnanensis accounted for 80.16% and 19.84% in the total competition intensity, respectively, indicating that the competitive trees of P. yunnanensis natural forest were mainly come from intraspecific competition. The order of the intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity of the main accompanying species at the community level was: intraspecific > Viburnum cylindricum > P. armandii > Lyonia ovalifolia > Rhododendron decorum > Quercus aliena > Rhododendron delavayi > Alnus nepalensis. [Conclusion]There was a significantly negative correlation between the competition index of P. yunnanensis with the whole forest, accompanying species, intraspecific and the DBH of the objective trees, and nearly conformed to power function (CI=AD-B). The larger the DBH of the objective trees, the smaller the competitive trees in P. yunnanensis natural forest. The results predicted by the model is that when the DBH of P. yunnanensis is larger than 20 cm, the competitions will be less in intensity. The medium and young forests of P. yunnanensis with DBH below 20 cm should be the focus of tending and management.
[Objective]By investigating the intraspecific and interspecific competition of Pinus yunnanensis natural forest in Tianchi Natural Reserve of Yunlong County, Yunnan Province to reveal the rule of dynamic changes of intensity of competition within the community and the ecological adaptation mechanism of P. yunnanensis.[Method]Based on survey of substantial community plots, the competition intensity of forest stand, objective trees, competitive trees were analyzed by using Hegyi individual competitive indices (CI) model. The function model between DBH and the whole competition, intraspecific competition, interspecific competition were established by regression analysis method. [Result]The intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity of P. yunnanensis accounted for 80.16% and 19.84% in the total competition intensity, respectively, indicating that the competitive trees of P. yunnanensis natural forest were mainly come from intraspecific competition. The order of the intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity of the main accompanying species at the community level was: intraspecific > Viburnum cylindricum > P. armandii > Lyonia ovalifolia > Rhododendron decorum > Quercus aliena > Rhododendron delavayi > Alnus nepalensis. [Conclusion]There was a significantly negative correlation between the competition index of P. yunnanensis with the whole forest, accompanying species, intraspecific and the DBH of the objective trees, and nearly conformed to power function (CI=AD-B). The larger the DBH of the objective trees, the smaller the competitive trees in P. yunnanensis natural forest. The results predicted by the model is that when the DBH of P. yunnanensis is larger than 20 cm, the competitions will be less in intensity. The medium and young forests of P. yunnanensis with DBH below 20 cm should be the focus of tending and management.
2016, 29(2): 216-220.
Abstract:
[Objective] To select some highly pathogenic strains in the aerospace mutants of Paecilomyces lilacinus obtained from its original strain Sd carried by the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft as biological control agents against southern root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita. [Method]Their pathogenicity against M. incognita was evaluated by comparing their hyphal parasitizing rates on nematode eggs, inhibiting effect of their fermentation broths on egg hatching and juveniles. Their activities of such enzymes as protease and chitinase were also investigated. Based on these results, three optimum mutants (Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26) were adopted for pot bioassay against M. incognita on pepper seedlings. [Results]The mutants Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26 possessed the most evident virulence against M. incognita than the original strain Sd. Analysis of the relationships between the activities of protease, chitinase of aerospace mutants and parasitic rates indicated that the parasitic rate was significantly and positively correlated with the activities of protease and chitinase. The pot experiment of pepper seedlings planted in autoclaved soil showed that strains Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26 were more effective for controlling M. incognita, the root-knot index was reduced by 88.34%~89.70% as compared with that of the original strain Sd. [Conclusion]It is suggest that the aerospace mutants Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26 are of application potential for biological control of M. incognita.
[Objective] To select some highly pathogenic strains in the aerospace mutants of Paecilomyces lilacinus obtained from its original strain Sd carried by the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft as biological control agents against southern root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita. [Method]Their pathogenicity against M. incognita was evaluated by comparing their hyphal parasitizing rates on nematode eggs, inhibiting effect of their fermentation broths on egg hatching and juveniles. Their activities of such enzymes as protease and chitinase were also investigated. Based on these results, three optimum mutants (Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26) were adopted for pot bioassay against M. incognita on pepper seedlings. [Results]The mutants Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26 possessed the most evident virulence against M. incognita than the original strain Sd. Analysis of the relationships between the activities of protease, chitinase of aerospace mutants and parasitic rates indicated that the parasitic rate was significantly and positively correlated with the activities of protease and chitinase. The pot experiment of pepper seedlings planted in autoclaved soil showed that strains Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26 were more effective for controlling M. incognita, the root-knot index was reduced by 88.34%~89.70% as compared with that of the original strain Sd. [Conclusion]It is suggest that the aerospace mutants Sd-m-9, Sd-m-16 and Sd-m-26 are of application potential for biological control of M. incognita.
2016, 29(2): 221-226.
Abstract:
[Objective]Using the PMI different from antibiotic marker gene as selective marker gene to study poplar transgenic system with two insect-resistant genes (Bt and CpTI) and provide experimental data for high-efficient and safe transgenic tree breeding. [Method] Populus × euramericana ‘Nanlin895’ genetically modified by CpTI obtained by using Kmr selective marker was chosen as a receipt, and the mannose sensitivity of poplar leaves, bud growth and stem rooting in a medium were tested for studying poplar transgenic system with two insect-resistant genes by way of Agrobacterum-mediated transformation. [Result] The suitable composition for genetic transformation of poplar leaves was: Mannose 8 g·L-1+ Sucrose 22 g·L-1 ; for bud growth:Mannose 10 g·L-1 + Sucrose 20 g·L-1 ; and for stem rooting: Mannose 8 g·L-1 +Sucrose 22 g·L-1. Based on the results, eight transgenic plants with Bt and CpTI genes we obtained. [Conclusion] The transgenic system of poplar was initially established by use of biosafety selective marker PMI. The best selection pressure was determined. The plant anti-insect expression vector containing PMI selective marker gene was established, and the transgenic poplar with two insect-resistant genes was obtained by Agrobacterum-mediated transformation.
[Objective]Using the PMI different from antibiotic marker gene as selective marker gene to study poplar transgenic system with two insect-resistant genes (Bt and CpTI) and provide experimental data for high-efficient and safe transgenic tree breeding. [Method] Populus × euramericana ‘Nanlin895’ genetically modified by CpTI obtained by using Kmr selective marker was chosen as a receipt, and the mannose sensitivity of poplar leaves, bud growth and stem rooting in a medium were tested for studying poplar transgenic system with two insect-resistant genes by way of Agrobacterum-mediated transformation. [Result] The suitable composition for genetic transformation of poplar leaves was: Mannose 8 g·L-1+ Sucrose 22 g·L-1 ; for bud growth:Mannose 10 g·L-1 + Sucrose 20 g·L-1 ; and for stem rooting: Mannose 8 g·L-1 +Sucrose 22 g·L-1. Based on the results, eight transgenic plants with Bt and CpTI genes we obtained. [Conclusion] The transgenic system of poplar was initially established by use of biosafety selective marker PMI. The best selection pressure was determined. The plant anti-insect expression vector containing PMI selective marker gene was established, and the transgenic poplar with two insect-resistant genes was obtained by Agrobacterum-mediated transformation.
2016, 29(2): 227-233.
Abstract:
[Objective]To study the function of miR396 in the process of somatic embryogenesis in Larix leptolepis, and provide a new perspective for solve the problem of abnormal cotyledon embryos occurring in somatic embryo development and low rooting rate. It is also proposed to lay a foundation for further study on molecular regulatory network of somatic embryo development. [Method]A pre-miR396 expression vector was constructed and inserted into the somatic cells of L. leptolepis through agrobacterium infection. Then the cells infected were screened until stable resistant lines were obtained. Molecular detection and verification were carried out at the DNA and RNA levels of resistant cell lines. The rate of germination and rooting and the number of leaves were also collected on resistant cell lines and wild lines. [Result]In resistant cell lines, the fragments of HTP and miR396 were amplified while the virg gene fragment was not obtained; the expression levels of the pre-miR396 and miR396 increased, and the expression of target genes LaGRFs decreased. The germination rate, rooting rate and leaf numbers abnormality rate of positive somatic embryos were 70.60%, 0.60% and 37% respectively, contrast to 92.50%, 10.55% and 4% in the wild types. The somatic embryos of positive cell line had significantly lower germination rate and rooting rate (Sig.=0.000), and greatly higher leaf numbers abnormality rate (Sig.=0.000) than the wild types. [Conclusion]During the process of L. leptolepis somatic embryogenesis, miR396 might be involved in the metabolism of somatic embryo cotyledon primordial cell by regulating negatively the expression of target genes LaGRFs or through LaGRFs to influence the genes interacted, so as to make effect on the development of cotyledon and blade, and also by regulating negatively the LaGRFs or other target genes related to root development to influence the cell activity of apical root and participating in regulating the root development.
[Objective]To study the function of miR396 in the process of somatic embryogenesis in Larix leptolepis, and provide a new perspective for solve the problem of abnormal cotyledon embryos occurring in somatic embryo development and low rooting rate. It is also proposed to lay a foundation for further study on molecular regulatory network of somatic embryo development. [Method]A pre-miR396 expression vector was constructed and inserted into the somatic cells of L. leptolepis through agrobacterium infection. Then the cells infected were screened until stable resistant lines were obtained. Molecular detection and verification were carried out at the DNA and RNA levels of resistant cell lines. The rate of germination and rooting and the number of leaves were also collected on resistant cell lines and wild lines. [Result]In resistant cell lines, the fragments of HTP and miR396 were amplified while the virg gene fragment was not obtained; the expression levels of the pre-miR396 and miR396 increased, and the expression of target genes LaGRFs decreased. The germination rate, rooting rate and leaf numbers abnormality rate of positive somatic embryos were 70.60%, 0.60% and 37% respectively, contrast to 92.50%, 10.55% and 4% in the wild types. The somatic embryos of positive cell line had significantly lower germination rate and rooting rate (Sig.=0.000), and greatly higher leaf numbers abnormality rate (Sig.=0.000) than the wild types. [Conclusion]During the process of L. leptolepis somatic embryogenesis, miR396 might be involved in the metabolism of somatic embryo cotyledon primordial cell by regulating negatively the expression of target genes LaGRFs or through LaGRFs to influence the genes interacted, so as to make effect on the development of cotyledon and blade, and also by regulating negatively the LaGRFs or other target genes related to root development to influence the cell activity of apical root and participating in regulating the root development.
Genetic Transformation and Detection of the Cymbidium hybridum Modified by Coat Protein Gene of ORSV
2016, 29(2): 234-237.
Abstract:
[Objective]To optimize the transformation system and identification methods for obtaining the germplasm resources of anti-virus Cymbidium hybridum by plant transgenic technology. [Method]The coat protein gene (CP) of ORSV was cloned from the cDNA of infected C. hybridum. After sequencing, the gene was constructed into pBI121 expression vector and transformed to the protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of C. hybridum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method. [Result]The genetic transformation system was optimized and the identification method of the transgenic plants was established by nest polymerase-chain-reaction (Nest-PCR). There were 32 transgenic plants of C. hybridum detected by Nest-PCR. [Conclusion]The Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method of C.hybridum was optimized using PLBs as explants. The antibiotics(kanamycin)screening concentration was determined as 5% to 10% PLBs survival rate. Using the Nest-PCR to detected the transgenic plants was more sensitive and accurate than conventional PCR.
[Objective]To optimize the transformation system and identification methods for obtaining the germplasm resources of anti-virus Cymbidium hybridum by plant transgenic technology. [Method]The coat protein gene (CP) of ORSV was cloned from the cDNA of infected C. hybridum. After sequencing, the gene was constructed into pBI121 expression vector and transformed to the protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of C. hybridum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method. [Result]The genetic transformation system was optimized and the identification method of the transgenic plants was established by nest polymerase-chain-reaction (Nest-PCR). There were 32 transgenic plants of C. hybridum detected by Nest-PCR. [Conclusion]The Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method of C.hybridum was optimized using PLBs as explants. The antibiotics(kanamycin)screening concentration was determined as 5% to 10% PLBs survival rate. Using the Nest-PCR to detected the transgenic plants was more sensitive and accurate than conventional PCR.
2016, 29(2): 238-244.
Abstract:
[Objective]To select the excellent fast-growing families of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei according to their growth rhythm.[Method]Genetic traits and height growth rhythm of 2-year-old container seedlings of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei belonging to different families in 4 sites (Fenyi of Jiangxi Province, Jingshan of Hubei Province, Longquan and Chun'an of Zhejiang Province) were observed.[Result]Extremely significant differences were found in the height, ground diameter and height growth rhythm parameters among the families, sites, and site×families. The maximum height of families from Fenyi, Jingshan, Chun'an and Longquan were 76.20%, 52.98%, 55.42% and 78.10% higher than the minimum, respectively. For ground diameter, the maximum values were 126.67%, 23.68%, 37.02% and 26.48% higher than the minimum ones, respectively. The height and ground diameter variation coefficients of families ranged from 11.81% to 26.50%. The heritability of traits was between 0.80 and 0.97. According to the results of correlation analysis, there were different relationships between height and parameters of growth rhythm at the different test points. There was a negative correlation between height and linear growth rate in Fenyi site, while they were positively related in Longquan site. [Conclusion]Based on seedling height, 7 elite families were selected from each of the four sites. It indicated that there were large genetic differences and high genetic improvement potentials among the families, and it was controlled by strong heredity. The early selection would be preferable. However, the interaction effect of families with sites significantly indicated that the growth of some families was influenced by environmental factors at more extents, and their genetic stability was weak. Two elite families with higher genetic stability were selected from the four sites, and suitable to be planted extensively.
[Objective]To select the excellent fast-growing families of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei according to their growth rhythm.[Method]Genetic traits and height growth rhythm of 2-year-old container seedlings of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei belonging to different families in 4 sites (Fenyi of Jiangxi Province, Jingshan of Hubei Province, Longquan and Chun'an of Zhejiang Province) were observed.[Result]Extremely significant differences were found in the height, ground diameter and height growth rhythm parameters among the families, sites, and site×families. The maximum height of families from Fenyi, Jingshan, Chun'an and Longquan were 76.20%, 52.98%, 55.42% and 78.10% higher than the minimum, respectively. For ground diameter, the maximum values were 126.67%, 23.68%, 37.02% and 26.48% higher than the minimum ones, respectively. The height and ground diameter variation coefficients of families ranged from 11.81% to 26.50%. The heritability of traits was between 0.80 and 0.97. According to the results of correlation analysis, there were different relationships between height and parameters of growth rhythm at the different test points. There was a negative correlation between height and linear growth rate in Fenyi site, while they were positively related in Longquan site. [Conclusion]Based on seedling height, 7 elite families were selected from each of the four sites. It indicated that there were large genetic differences and high genetic improvement potentials among the families, and it was controlled by strong heredity. The early selection would be preferable. However, the interaction effect of families with sites significantly indicated that the growth of some families was influenced by environmental factors at more extents, and their genetic stability was weak. Two elite families with higher genetic stability were selected from the four sites, and suitable to be planted extensively.
2016, 29(2): 245-249.
Abstract:
[Objective]To provide references for utilization of Sindora glabra oleoresin and development of value-added products.[Method]The oleoresin samples from seven wild individuals of S. glabra were collected in Jianfengling of Hainan Island, and their chemical components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.[Result]Nineteen compounds were identified and two compounds were preliminarily decided, which represented over 94% of the total contents of the oleoresin samples. The main compounds were sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, among which there were nineteen kinds of sesquiterpenes, accounting for more than 70% of total contents and two kinds of diterpenes, representing for more than 14% of those. The α-Copaene, β-caryophyllene and δ-cadinene were the dominant components of S. glabra oleoresins which were relatively stable among different samples, representing over two thirds of sesquiterpenes and more than one half of total compounds; the diterpenes were also the main components of oleoresin, whose contents in different oleoresin samples varied from 14.52% to 25.10%. Compared with the oleoresin in S. glabra from Diaoluoshan, the oleoresin in S. glabra from Jianfengling contained higher volatile components and the compounds with the highest contents were also different.[Conclusion]The oleoresin in wild S. glabra from Jianfengling contained nineteen volatile compounds with the highest content of α-Copaene while that from Diaoluoshan had eleven volatile compounds with the highest content of α-ylangene. There were great differences in volatile components and oleoresin contents between S. glabra individuals from the two areas. In the same location, the variation of components and contents of oleoresins were small among different samples but great among different collection time.
[Objective]To provide references for utilization of Sindora glabra oleoresin and development of value-added products.[Method]The oleoresin samples from seven wild individuals of S. glabra were collected in Jianfengling of Hainan Island, and their chemical components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.[Result]Nineteen compounds were identified and two compounds were preliminarily decided, which represented over 94% of the total contents of the oleoresin samples. The main compounds were sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, among which there were nineteen kinds of sesquiterpenes, accounting for more than 70% of total contents and two kinds of diterpenes, representing for more than 14% of those. The α-Copaene, β-caryophyllene and δ-cadinene were the dominant components of S. glabra oleoresins which were relatively stable among different samples, representing over two thirds of sesquiterpenes and more than one half of total compounds; the diterpenes were also the main components of oleoresin, whose contents in different oleoresin samples varied from 14.52% to 25.10%. Compared with the oleoresin in S. glabra from Diaoluoshan, the oleoresin in S. glabra from Jianfengling contained higher volatile components and the compounds with the highest contents were also different.[Conclusion]The oleoresin in wild S. glabra from Jianfengling contained nineteen volatile compounds with the highest content of α-Copaene while that from Diaoluoshan had eleven volatile compounds with the highest content of α-ylangene. There were great differences in volatile components and oleoresin contents between S. glabra individuals from the two areas. In the same location, the variation of components and contents of oleoresins were small among different samples but great among different collection time.
2016, 29(2): 250-255.
Abstract:
[Objective]To analyze the sequence features and expression rules of WRKY gene from Corylus heterophylla Fisch. [Method]The gene was cloned by RACE-PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR was used in analyzing gene expression in various tissues and different abiotic stresses, including cold, high salinity and drought. [Result]The cDNA of WRKY is 1 342 bp in length, including a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 963 bp encoding a protein of 320 amino acids, designated as ChWRKY28. Phylogeny tree results showed ChWRKY28 was much closer to AtWRKY28 from Arabidopsis thaliana and PtrWRKY93 from Populus trichocarpa, generated 49% and 60% amino acids similarity. Spatial expression analyses demonstrated that the expression level of ChWRKY28 was higher in stem than that in male anthotaxy and floral buds which indicating tissue-specific expression. ChWRKY28 was clearly induced by cold, high salinity and drought, but that the expression tendency were evidently different of this gene. The subcellular localization analysis showd that ChWRKY28 protein was targeted to the nucleus. [Conclusion]This study indicated that ChWRKY28 gene may be involved in response to abiotic stress signal transduction pathway.
[Objective]To analyze the sequence features and expression rules of WRKY gene from Corylus heterophylla Fisch. [Method]The gene was cloned by RACE-PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR was used in analyzing gene expression in various tissues and different abiotic stresses, including cold, high salinity and drought. [Result]The cDNA of WRKY is 1 342 bp in length, including a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 963 bp encoding a protein of 320 amino acids, designated as ChWRKY28. Phylogeny tree results showed ChWRKY28 was much closer to AtWRKY28 from Arabidopsis thaliana and PtrWRKY93 from Populus trichocarpa, generated 49% and 60% amino acids similarity. Spatial expression analyses demonstrated that the expression level of ChWRKY28 was higher in stem than that in male anthotaxy and floral buds which indicating tissue-specific expression. ChWRKY28 was clearly induced by cold, high salinity and drought, but that the expression tendency were evidently different of this gene. The subcellular localization analysis showd that ChWRKY28 protein was targeted to the nucleus. [Conclusion]This study indicated that ChWRKY28 gene may be involved in response to abiotic stress signal transduction pathway.
2016, 29(2): 256-260.
Abstract:
[Objective]Taking the average incidence rate based on China's nationwide data from 2002-2012 as indicator to predict the potential trend of Dendrolimus punctatus incidence rate. [Method]By means of partial least squares regression, the regression equation about average incidence rate and the related meteorological factors was obtained. Combined with the geographic spatial data and future meteorological data, the spatial pattern model of the average incidence rate of D. punctatus was established. [Result]The spatial pattern model of D. punctatus' average incidence rate built by 12 selected meteorological factors has the prediction accuracy of 86.98%. Based on this model, the spatial pattern models for 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s were established. It was predicted that compared with 2002-2012, the area of moderate and severe insect pests in East and Central China would significantly increase, and there would be a trend of spreading. The mild incidence area would decrease in East China, while the mild incidence area would has a trend of amplification in parts of Southern China. [Conclusion]The spatial pattern model obtained by partial least squares regression method can be used to predict the potential changes of the average incidence rate of D. punctatus in China.
[Objective]Taking the average incidence rate based on China's nationwide data from 2002-2012 as indicator to predict the potential trend of Dendrolimus punctatus incidence rate. [Method]By means of partial least squares regression, the regression equation about average incidence rate and the related meteorological factors was obtained. Combined with the geographic spatial data and future meteorological data, the spatial pattern model of the average incidence rate of D. punctatus was established. [Result]The spatial pattern model of D. punctatus' average incidence rate built by 12 selected meteorological factors has the prediction accuracy of 86.98%. Based on this model, the spatial pattern models for 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s were established. It was predicted that compared with 2002-2012, the area of moderate and severe insect pests in East and Central China would significantly increase, and there would be a trend of spreading. The mild incidence area would decrease in East China, while the mild incidence area would has a trend of amplification in parts of Southern China. [Conclusion]The spatial pattern model obtained by partial least squares regression method can be used to predict the potential changes of the average incidence rate of D. punctatus in China.
2016, 29(2): 261-267.
Abstract:
[Objective]In order to understand the changes of regulation function of soil moisture for the pre-harvest, post-harvest and reforestated Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation.[Method]By continuous observation in fixed locations of 24-year-old Chinese fir plantation, the soil samples before harvest, 1 year after harvest and 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and 8 years after reforestation were collected, and the function of soil water regulation and storage capacity were investigated by laboratory data analysis.[Result]The results showed that compared with pre-harvest period, the capillary porosity of soil 1 m in depth increased by 1.70% at post-harvest period, and the non-capillary porosity decreased by 4.95%; the water holding capacity, the minimum holding capacity and capillary power of the soil increased by 4.02%, 2.67% and 5.31% respectively, but the water storage capacity declined by 14.30%; the initial infiltration capacity of the soil 0~20cm and 20~40 cm in depth decreased by 19.81% and 16.95% respectively, the stable infiltration capacity also fell by 12.97% and 14.49% respectively; during the reforestation stage, the water regulation and storage function gradually improved along with the ages of the Chinese fir plantation, for example, the initial infiltration capacity of the soil with 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm in depth at Chinese fir plantation 8 years after reforestation recovered to 62.50% and 58.83% respectively, the stable infiltration capacity also recovered to 62.22% and 48.79% compared with pre-harvest stage; If the soil before cutting with the maximum water holding capacity after cutting, minimum water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity of 100% of the difference. with the 8-year-old stand differences before cutting only 16.90%, 17.84% and 23.20%; the soil water storage capacity returned to 33.34% of pre-harvest level. [Conclusion]The regulating function of soil moisture was weakened by harvest; however, with the reforestation activities, all the capacity of soil moisture will gradually recovered.
[Objective]In order to understand the changes of regulation function of soil moisture for the pre-harvest, post-harvest and reforestated Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation.[Method]By continuous observation in fixed locations of 24-year-old Chinese fir plantation, the soil samples before harvest, 1 year after harvest and 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and 8 years after reforestation were collected, and the function of soil water regulation and storage capacity were investigated by laboratory data analysis.[Result]The results showed that compared with pre-harvest period, the capillary porosity of soil 1 m in depth increased by 1.70% at post-harvest period, and the non-capillary porosity decreased by 4.95%; the water holding capacity, the minimum holding capacity and capillary power of the soil increased by 4.02%, 2.67% and 5.31% respectively, but the water storage capacity declined by 14.30%; the initial infiltration capacity of the soil 0~20cm and 20~40 cm in depth decreased by 19.81% and 16.95% respectively, the stable infiltration capacity also fell by 12.97% and 14.49% respectively; during the reforestation stage, the water regulation and storage function gradually improved along with the ages of the Chinese fir plantation, for example, the initial infiltration capacity of the soil with 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm in depth at Chinese fir plantation 8 years after reforestation recovered to 62.50% and 58.83% respectively, the stable infiltration capacity also recovered to 62.22% and 48.79% compared with pre-harvest stage; If the soil before cutting with the maximum water holding capacity after cutting, minimum water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity of 100% of the difference. with the 8-year-old stand differences before cutting only 16.90%, 17.84% and 23.20%; the soil water storage capacity returned to 33.34% of pre-harvest level. [Conclusion]The regulating function of soil moisture was weakened by harvest; however, with the reforestation activities, all the capacity of soil moisture will gradually recovered.
2016, 29(2): 268-273.
Abstract:
[Objective]To study the variation of embryo length and endogenous hormone content in seed during stratification so as to understand the dormancy mechanism of Paris polyphylla var. yunnansensis seed. [Method]The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the hormone contents of seed in various stages. [Result]The results showed that during the process of seed germination, the abscisic acid (ABA) content reduced from 54.34 ng·g-1·FW to 32.16 ng·g-1·FW, both the gibberellin (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) contents increased markedly, the indoleacetic acid (IAA) content fluctuated significantly, but increased gradually as a whole. With the extension of stratification time, the ABA content in the dormant seed reduced, while the GA content and the ratio of GA/ABA continued to rise, but they were still significantly lower than that in the germinating seed (pp[Conclusion]The results suggest that reducing ABA content alone may not be enough to release the dormancy of P. polyphylla var. yunnansensis during seed germination, and the increasing of GA content and the GA/ABA ratio reaching to a certain threshold may be able to release seed dormancy and promote the development of embryo effectively. Due to the combination of the various hormones, the seed gradually entered the dormancy breaking state and germination state after 40 days' stratification.
[Objective]To study the variation of embryo length and endogenous hormone content in seed during stratification so as to understand the dormancy mechanism of Paris polyphylla var. yunnansensis seed. [Method]The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the hormone contents of seed in various stages. [Result]The results showed that during the process of seed germination, the abscisic acid (ABA) content reduced from 54.34 ng·g-1·FW to 32.16 ng·g-1·FW, both the gibberellin (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) contents increased markedly, the indoleacetic acid (IAA) content fluctuated significantly, but increased gradually as a whole. With the extension of stratification time, the ABA content in the dormant seed reduced, while the GA content and the ratio of GA/ABA continued to rise, but they were still significantly lower than that in the germinating seed (pp[Conclusion]The results suggest that reducing ABA content alone may not be enough to release the dormancy of P. polyphylla var. yunnansensis during seed germination, and the increasing of GA content and the GA/ABA ratio reaching to a certain threshold may be able to release seed dormancy and promote the development of embryo effectively. Due to the combination of the various hormones, the seed gradually entered the dormancy breaking state and germination state after 40 days' stratification.
2016, 29(2): 274-282.
Abstract:
[Objective]To investigate the diurnal and seasonal variation of CH4 fluxes in different weather conditions, and explore the effects of soil and meteorological factor on CH4 fluxes in black locust forest soil. [Method]The automatic observation system with the near infrared laser and infrared laser analysis composite technology was used to measure the CH4 fluxes of soil in Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantation in low hilly land of north China from October 2014 to April 2015. Meanwhile, the atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature and soil water content (5 cm), global radiation and precipitation were concurrently measured. The principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship among the factors and determine the main factor of soil CH4 flux. [Result](1) The soil of R. pseudoacacia plantation was the important atmospheric CH4 sink during the non-growing season with the range from-0.15 to-2.34 nmol·m-2·s-1. The diurnal variation of CH4 fluxes showed diurnal characteristics of "V-shape",and had higher absorption capacity in a clear day (-0.78 nmol·m-2·s-1) but lower in cloudy (-0.61 nmol·m-2·s-1), rainy or snowy day (-0.58 nmol·m-2·s-1). From November 2014 to January 2015, a gradual decline in the absorption capacity of soil was found. The remained fairly low until the spring when the soil started thawing. The soil CH4 absorption capacity reached the maximum (-2.34 nmol·m-2·s-1) in March 2015. (2) There was a significant negative correlation relationship between soil CH4 fluxes and atmospheric temperature, soil temperature.The soil CH4 fluxes was positively correlated with atmospheric relative humidity. In March and April 2015, the most significant positively correlation was observed between CH4 fluxes and global radiation. (3) The factors of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity became the leading elements in terminal growth and winter while the atmospheric temperature and soil temperature (5 cm in depth) were the primary factors of soil CH4 fluxes in early growing season. [Conclusion]The R. pseudoacacia forest soil was the sinks of atmospheric CH4 during non-growing season. The absorption capacity of CH4 was the weakest in early non-growing season, while the absorption capacity of the soil gradually increased at the end of non-growing season. In the early period, the soil CH4 fluxes were mainly affected by atmospheric temperature and relative humidity. In the latter period, the soil CH4 fluxes were influenced by air temperature and soil temperature.
[Objective]To investigate the diurnal and seasonal variation of CH4 fluxes in different weather conditions, and explore the effects of soil and meteorological factor on CH4 fluxes in black locust forest soil. [Method]The automatic observation system with the near infrared laser and infrared laser analysis composite technology was used to measure the CH4 fluxes of soil in Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantation in low hilly land of north China from October 2014 to April 2015. Meanwhile, the atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature and soil water content (5 cm), global radiation and precipitation were concurrently measured. The principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship among the factors and determine the main factor of soil CH4 flux. [Result](1) The soil of R. pseudoacacia plantation was the important atmospheric CH4 sink during the non-growing season with the range from-0.15 to-2.34 nmol·m-2·s-1. The diurnal variation of CH4 fluxes showed diurnal characteristics of "V-shape",and had higher absorption capacity in a clear day (-0.78 nmol·m-2·s-1) but lower in cloudy (-0.61 nmol·m-2·s-1), rainy or snowy day (-0.58 nmol·m-2·s-1). From November 2014 to January 2015, a gradual decline in the absorption capacity of soil was found. The remained fairly low until the spring when the soil started thawing. The soil CH4 absorption capacity reached the maximum (-2.34 nmol·m-2·s-1) in March 2015. (2) There was a significant negative correlation relationship between soil CH4 fluxes and atmospheric temperature, soil temperature.The soil CH4 fluxes was positively correlated with atmospheric relative humidity. In March and April 2015, the most significant positively correlation was observed between CH4 fluxes and global radiation. (3) The factors of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity became the leading elements in terminal growth and winter while the atmospheric temperature and soil temperature (5 cm in depth) were the primary factors of soil CH4 fluxes in early growing season. [Conclusion]The R. pseudoacacia forest soil was the sinks of atmospheric CH4 during non-growing season. The absorption capacity of CH4 was the weakest in early non-growing season, while the absorption capacity of the soil gradually increased at the end of non-growing season. In the early period, the soil CH4 fluxes were mainly affected by atmospheric temperature and relative humidity. In the latter period, the soil CH4 fluxes were influenced by air temperature and soil temperature.
2016, 29(2): 283-288.
Abstract:
[Objective]To establish the interference vector of Bxpel2 gene in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. [Method]Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA. The primer of Bxpel2 gene containing T7 promoter was designed to amplify the fragment of Bxpel2 gene. The products of amplification were connected to RNAi vector and used to amplify the target fragment of double strand RNA (dsRNA) of Bxpel2 gene. The expression of Bxpel2 gene was tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). [Result](1) The total RNA extracted by Trizol method was complete and without degradation. (2) The Bxpel2 gene (790bp) of B. xylophilus was cloned and connected to pMD19-T vector. (3) dsRNA was synthesized based on RNA interference vector template, with the concentration of 1.313 and 1.152 mg·mL-1, respectively. (4) The expression of Bxpel2 gene was inhibited by dsRNA interference. [Conclusion]The RNA interference vector of Bxpel2 gene was established successfully. The constructed expression vector could provide a better understanding of the role and function of Bxpel2 gene during the pathogenic process of B. xylophilus.
[Objective]To establish the interference vector of Bxpel2 gene in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. [Method]Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA. The primer of Bxpel2 gene containing T7 promoter was designed to amplify the fragment of Bxpel2 gene. The products of amplification were connected to RNAi vector and used to amplify the target fragment of double strand RNA (dsRNA) of Bxpel2 gene. The expression of Bxpel2 gene was tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). [Result](1) The total RNA extracted by Trizol method was complete and without degradation. (2) The Bxpel2 gene (790bp) of B. xylophilus was cloned and connected to pMD19-T vector. (3) dsRNA was synthesized based on RNA interference vector template, with the concentration of 1.313 and 1.152 mg·mL-1, respectively. (4) The expression of Bxpel2 gene was inhibited by dsRNA interference. [Conclusion]The RNA interference vector of Bxpel2 gene was established successfully. The constructed expression vector could provide a better understanding of the role and function of Bxpel2 gene during the pathogenic process of B. xylophilus.
2016, 29(2): 289-293.
Abstract:
[Objective]To study the effects of girdling on alternate bearing of olive trees and on altering of photosynthesis in a long-term (125 days after girdling), and to investigate the changes of fruit characteristics (the rate of flower buds to lateral buds, fruit setting and fruit yield) and photosynthesis,carbohydrate and nitrogen contents in leaves.[Method]Using 16-year-old ‘Leccino’ olive trees as experimental materials, the effects of branch girdling on fruit characteristics and leaf photosynthesis of olive trees were studied. [Result]Branch girdling in semi-dormancy increased significantly the rate of flower buds to lateral buds and fruit setting (30 days after flowering) of ‘On’ and ‘Off’ olive trees, but the final fruit setting (before fruit harvest) and final fruits yield did not increase. 30 days after girdling, the concentration of soluble sugar and the rate of carbohydrate to nitrogen increased significantly, the concentration of starch increased obviously, the concentration of nitrogen, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased significantly, the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) changed little in ‘On’ and ‘Off’ olive trees. However, when the effect of accumulation of soluble sugar and starch in leaves after girdling had disappeared, Pn and Gs decreased significantly also, while Ci increased significantly. Also, the rate of carbohydrate to nitrogen in leaves on girdling brunches was significant higher than that on control branches, the leaf water use efficiency (WUE) was significant lower than that on control ones, which may be the reason why girdling could promote the flowering but could not promote the fruit bearing and fruits yield. [Conclusion]Branch girdling in semi-dormancy may promote flowering, but may not increase final fruit yields. In a short time, the decrease of Pn after girdling attributed to end-product feedback inhibition.
[Objective]To study the effects of girdling on alternate bearing of olive trees and on altering of photosynthesis in a long-term (125 days after girdling), and to investigate the changes of fruit characteristics (the rate of flower buds to lateral buds, fruit setting and fruit yield) and photosynthesis,carbohydrate and nitrogen contents in leaves.[Method]Using 16-year-old ‘Leccino’ olive trees as experimental materials, the effects of branch girdling on fruit characteristics and leaf photosynthesis of olive trees were studied. [Result]Branch girdling in semi-dormancy increased significantly the rate of flower buds to lateral buds and fruit setting (30 days after flowering) of ‘On’ and ‘Off’ olive trees, but the final fruit setting (before fruit harvest) and final fruits yield did not increase. 30 days after girdling, the concentration of soluble sugar and the rate of carbohydrate to nitrogen increased significantly, the concentration of starch increased obviously, the concentration of nitrogen, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased significantly, the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) changed little in ‘On’ and ‘Off’ olive trees. However, when the effect of accumulation of soluble sugar and starch in leaves after girdling had disappeared, Pn and Gs decreased significantly also, while Ci increased significantly. Also, the rate of carbohydrate to nitrogen in leaves on girdling brunches was significant higher than that on control branches, the leaf water use efficiency (WUE) was significant lower than that on control ones, which may be the reason why girdling could promote the flowering but could not promote the fruit bearing and fruits yield. [Conclusion]Branch girdling in semi-dormancy may promote flowering, but may not increase final fruit yields. In a short time, the decrease of Pn after girdling attributed to end-product feedback inhibition.
2016, 29(2): 294-300.
Abstract:
[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.
[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.
2016, 29(2): 301-305.
Abstract:
[Objective]To study the effect of burning on soil organic carbon and to provide references for post-fire vegetation regeneration. [Method]The changes of organic carbon and nutrient contents in post-fire Cunninghamia lanceolata stand with the soil depth of 0~50 cm in north subtropical areas were analyzed. [Result]The contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), easily-oxidized carbon (EOC) and light fraction organic carbon (LFOM) were higher than those of contrast sample area, which increased by 1.7%~38.0%、6.6%~33.2% and 3.1%~45.7%, respectively. Significant differences were found in the soil layer with depth of 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm (P-1 in 010 cm layer. [Conclusion]Moderate intensity burning has a significant impact on organic carbon in the soil of C. lanceolata stand in the north subtropical area. Moderate burning can increase the soil organic carbon because the soil can mix the organic residues caused by incomplete combustion of vegetation layer. Replanting in the burned area could be adopted to promote the vegetation restoration.
[Objective]To study the effect of burning on soil organic carbon and to provide references for post-fire vegetation regeneration. [Method]The changes of organic carbon and nutrient contents in post-fire Cunninghamia lanceolata stand with the soil depth of 0~50 cm in north subtropical areas were analyzed. [Result]The contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), easily-oxidized carbon (EOC) and light fraction organic carbon (LFOM) were higher than those of contrast sample area, which increased by 1.7%~38.0%、6.6%~33.2% and 3.1%~45.7%, respectively. Significant differences were found in the soil layer with depth of 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm (P-1 in 010 cm layer. [Conclusion]Moderate intensity burning has a significant impact on organic carbon in the soil of C. lanceolata stand in the north subtropical area. Moderate burning can increase the soil organic carbon because the soil can mix the organic residues caused by incomplete combustion of vegetation layer. Replanting in the burned area could be adopted to promote the vegetation restoration.
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