[1] S ollin sP. Inpu t and decay of coarsew oody deb ris in con iferous stand sinw estern O regon andW ash ington [J]. Canad ian Journal of ForestResearch, 1982, 12: 18- 28
[2] Wh ites M R. Importance of coarse w oody deb ris to sou thern forestberp etofauna[J]. General Techn ica lR eport Sou thern Research Sta-t ion, USDA Forest Service NO SE, 1996, 94: 94 - 100
[3] 郝占庆, 吕航. 木质物残体在森林生态系统中的功能评述[J].生态学进展, 1989, 6(8): 179- 183
[4] 李凌浩, 王其兵. 邢雪荣. 森林生态系统研究中几个重要方面的进展[J]. 植物学通报, 1998, 15(1): 17- 26
[5] 唐旭利, 周国逸, 周霞. 鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林粗死木质残体的研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 2003, 27(4) : 484- 489
[6] 罗大庆, 郭泉水, 黄界, 等. 西藏色季拉原始冷杉林死亡木特征研究[J]. 生态学报, 2004, 24(3) : 635- 639
[7] 王俊峰, 郑小贤, 王铁牛, 等. 长白山冷杉林倒木贮量及倒木更新的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2004, 19(12) : 45- 49
[8] 刘惠英, 张思玉, 吉霞. 粗死木质残体的水土保育功能[J]. 世界林业研究, 2004, 17 (3) : 26- 29
[9] 唐旭利, 周国逸. 南亚热带典型森林演替类型粗死木质残体贮量及其对碳循环的潜在影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(4): 559- 568
[10] 闫恩荣, 王希华, 黄建军. 森林粗死木质残体的概念及其分类[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(1) : 158- 167
[11] 吕明和, 周国逸, 张德强. 鼎湖山黄果厚壳桂粗死木质残体的分解[J]. 广西植物, 2006, 26(5): 523- 529
[12] H om ann P S, Rem illard SM, H armonM E. Carbon S torage inC oarseand F ine Fractions ofPacif ic Northw estO ld-Grow th Forest Soils[J].Soil S cience Society ofAm erican Jou rn a,l 2004, 68: 2023- 2030
[13] H eike K. In fluen ce ofC oarseW oody D ebris on th eG astropod Com-m un ity ofA M anaged Ca lcareous Beech Forest in W estern Europe[J]. Journ al ofM olluscan Stud ies, 2005, 71(2): 85- 91
[14] Jeffrey H G, M ichael SW, G-ran St??h,l et a l. C ritical poin t relascopesam p ling for unb iased volum e estim at ion of downed coarse w oodydeb ris[J]. Forestry, 2005, 78(4): 417- 431
[15] V as iliau skas R, Lyg isV, Larsson K H, et a l. A irborn e fungal co lon i-sat ion of coarsew oody debris inNorth Tem perate P icea ab ies forest:im pact of season and local spatia l scale[J]. M ycologicalResearch,2005, 109 (Pt 4) : 487 - 496
[16] D an iel L L, H arold H, Bu rdsall J, et a l. Species d iversity of pol-yporo id and cort icioid fungi in north ern hardwood forestsw ith diffe-ring m anagem ent histories[J]. M ycologia, 2006, 98: 195 - 217
[17] Sanborn P, Geertsem a M, T imothy A J, e t a l. Soil and sed im entarych arcoal evid ence for H olocen e forest fires in an in land temperaterain forest, east-central B rit ish C olum b ia, Can ada [J]. The H ol-ocene, 2006, 16: 415 - 427
[18] Bou langer Y, S irois L. Post fire succession of saproxylic arth ropod s,w ith em phas is on coleop tera, in the north boreal forest of Queb ec[J]. En vironm entalE ntom ology, 2007, 36(1) : 128- 141
[19] G rier C C. A Tsuga heterophy lla-P icea S ith cens is ecosystem ofcoastalOregon : decompos it ion and nutrient balances of fallen logs[J]. C anad ian Journal of ForestResearch, 1978, 8: 198- 206
[20] M aster C, Anderson R G, C om ack K, e t a l. Dead and dow n w oodym ateria.l In: Thom as JW. ed. W ild life hab itats in m anaged forests:The B lueM oun tains of Oregon andW ash ington [M]. USDA Fores tS erv ice A gricu lturalH andb ook, 1979: 78 - 95
[21] Grah am R L, C rom ack K C. M ass, nu trien t conten t, and decay rateof dead boles in rain forests ofO lym p ic NationalPark[J]. Can ad ianJournal of ForestR esearch, 1982, 12: 511- 521
[22] H arm on M E, Frank lin J F, Sw an son F J, et a l. E cology of coarsew oody deb ris in tem perate ecosystem s[M] / /M acfadyen A, Ford ED. Ecology of CoarseWoody D ebris in Tem perate Ecosystem sLon-don: Academ ic Press, 1986: 133- 302
[23] H armonM E. C oarse w oody debris in m ixed-con ifer fores ts, Sequo iaN ationalPark, C aliforn ia[J]. C anad ian Jou rnal of Fores tR esearch,1987, 17: 1265- 1272
[24] H armonM E, FerrellW K, Frank lin J F. E f fects on Carbon Storageof C onversion ofO ld-G row th Forests to Young Forests[J]. S cien ce,1990, 247: 699- 702
[25] Ped lar JH, Pearce JL, Ven ier L A, e ta l. Coarse w oody deb ris in re-lat ion to d istu rbance and forest typ e in borealC anada[J]. Fores tE-cology andManagem ent, 2002, 158: 189 - 194
[26] K im R H, Son Y, L im JH, e t al. Coarse woody deb rism ass and nu-trien ts in fores t ecosystem s of Korea [J]. E cological R esearch,2006, 21: 819 - 827
[27] C liton PW, A llw nR B, Dav isM R. N itrogen storage and ava ilab ilitydu ring stand developm en t in a N ew Zea land Nothofagus forest[J].Can ad ian Jou rnal of Forest Research, 2002, 32(2): 344- 352
[28] Ak iko N, Fu tosh iN. The inf luences of land-u se ch anges on hybrolo-gy and rip arian environm ent in a northern Japanese landscape[J].Landscape E cology, 1999, 14: 543 - 556
[29] M asam ich iT, Y osh im i S, R eiko O, et a l. E stab lishm ent of tree seed-lings and w ater-solub le nut rien ts in coarse w oody d ebris in an old-grow th Picca-Ab ies forest inH okka ido, North ern Japan[J]. C anad i-an Journal of ForestR esearch, 2000, 30 (7) : 1148 - 1155
[30] RalphM, Amb er P, Gregory H, et a l. C urrent loads of coarse w oodyd ebris on Southeastern A ustral ian floodp la ins: evaluation of changeand imp lications for restoration [J]. Res torat ion E cology, 2002, 10(4) : 627 - 635
[31] Carm onaM R, Arm esto J J, Aravena JC, eta l. Coarsew oody debris b io-m ass in su ccessional and prmi ary temperate forests in Ch iloe& Island,Ch ile[J]. Forest E cology andManagem en,t 2002, 164: 265- 275
[32] S tew artG H, Burrow s L E. C oarse w oody deb ris in old-grow th tem-perate b eech (Nothofagus) forests of New Zealand [J]. Can ad ianJournal of ForestR esearch, 1994, 24: 1989- 1996
[33] K rank ina O N, H arm onM E, Kuku ev Y A, et al. C oarse w oody deb-ris in fores t reg ion s of Ru ssia[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Re-search, 2002, 32(5) : 768- 778
[34] S i itonen J, M artika inen P, Punt tila P, e t al. Coarsew oody debris andstand characterist ics in m ature m anaged and old-grow th borealm e-sic forests in Sou th ern Fin land [J]. Forest E cology and M anage-m en t, 2000, 128: 221- 225
[35] H arm on M E, Wh igham D F, Sexton J, et a l. Decomposit ion andstores ofw oody d etritus in th e d ry trop ical forests of th e N orth ernYu catan Pen insula, M exico[J]. B iotrop ica, 1995, 27: 305- 316
[36] 陈华, 徐振邦. 粗死木质物残体生态研究历史、现状和趋势[J]. 生态学杂志, 1991, 10(1): 45- 50
[37] 邓红兵, 肖宝英, 代力民, 等. 溪流粗木质残体的生态学研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2002, 22(1): 87- 93
[38] 杨丽韫, 代力民, 张扬健. 长白山北坡暗针叶林倒木贮量和分解的研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13 (9) : 1069 - 1071
[39] 杨丽韫, 代力民. 长白山北坡苔藓红松暗针叶林倒木分解及其养分含量[J]. 生态学报, 2002, 22(2): 185- 189
[40] 代力民, 徐振邦, 陈华. 阔叶红松林倒木贮量的变化规律[J].生态学报, 2000, 20(3) : 412- 416
[41] 代力民, 徐振邦, 杨丽韫, 等. 红松阔叶林倒木贮量动态的研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10(5): 513- 517
[42] 邓红兵, 王青春, 潘文斌. 长白山二道白河森林流域溪流倒木调查研究[J]. 生态学报, 2002, 22(11) : 1896 - 1901
[43] 王庆礼, 邓红兵, 王青春. 长白山二道白河溪流大木质物残体的初步研究[J]. 林业科技: 英文版, 2002, 13 (3) : 196 - 200
[44] 陈华, 徐振邦. 长白山红松针阔混交林倒木站杆树种组成和储量的调查[J]. 生态学杂志, 1991, 11 (1) : 17- 12
[45] 赵秀海. 长白山红松针阔混交林中倒木的分布格局[J]. 吉林林学院学报, 1995, 16(4) : 1 - 4
[46] 李凌浩, 党高弟, 汪铁军, 等. 秦岭巴山冷杉林粗死木质残体研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 1998, 22(5): 434- 440
[47] 班勇, 徐化成, 李湛东. 兴安落叶松老龄林落叶松林木死亡格局以及倒木对更新的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 1997, 8 (5):449- 454
[48] 刘文耀, 谢寿昌, 谢克金, 等. 哀牢山常绿阔叶林中凋落物和粗死木质残体的初步研究[J]. 植物学报, 1995, 37 (10) : 807 - 814
[49] 魏平, 温达志, 黄忠良. 鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林死木生物量及其特征[J]. 生态学报, 1997, 17(5): 505- 510
[50] 张池, 黄忠良, 史军辉. 鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林木本植物个体死亡动态[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(8): 2457 - 2462
[51] 李凌浩, 邢雪荣, 黄大明, 等. 武夷山甜槠林粗死木质残体的贮量、动态及其功能评述[J]. 植物生态学报, 1996, 20(2): 132- 143
[52] 黄志群, 徐志红, Sue B, 等. 连栽杉木林中树桩分解过程中的化学组分变化趋势[J]. 科学通报, 2005, 50 (21) : 2365 - 2369
[53] S teven sV. The ecolog ica l role of coarsew oody deb ris, an overview ofth e eco log ical im portan ce ofCWD in B C. forests[M]. Work ing pa-per m in istry of forest research program. B ritish Colum b ia, 1997: 30
[54] H ou P, Pan C D. Coarsew oody debris and its funct ion in forest ecosys-tem [J]. Ch inese Jounal ofApplied Ecology, 2001, 12(2): 309- 314
[55] Motta R, B errett iR, L ingua E. et a l. Coarse w oody debris, forest struc-ture and regenerat ion in theValbona ForestReserve, Paneveggio, ItalianA lps[J]. Forest Ecology andM anagem en,t 2006, 235: 155- 163
[56] G emm aW, Rodney JK. Coarse woody deb ris inAu stralian fores t e-cosystem s: A review [J]. Austral E cology, 2005, 30: 834 - 843
[57] LiuW H, Bryan tD M, Hu tyra L R, e t al. Woody deb ris con tribu t ionto the carbon budget of selectively logged andm atu ringm id-lat itudeforests[J]. Oeco log ia, 2006, 148 (1) : 108 - 117
[58] M u ller R N, L iu Y. C oarse w oody d ebris in an o ld-grow th deciduou sforest on the Cumb erland P lateau, southeastern Ken tu cky [J]. C a-nad ian Journal of ForestR esearch, 1991(21): 1567- 1572
[59] Jon sson B G. Availab ility of coarse woody deb ris in a boreal old-grow th p icea ab ies forest[J]. Jou rnal ofV egetation Science, 1998,11: 51- 56
[60] M cCarthy B C, Balley R R. D istribu tion and abundance of coarsew oody debris in a m anaged forest landscape of the cen tralAppalach t-ans[J]. Canadian Jou rnal of Forest Research, 1994, 9: 1316- 1329
[61] S tu rtevan t B R, B issonette JA, Long JN, et a l. Coarse w oody d ebrisas a function of age, stand structu re, and d isturban ce in BorealNew-found[J]. Ecolog ica lAppl icat ion s, 1997, 7: 702- 712
[62] S ippola A, S i itonen J, K allio R. Amoun t and quan tity of coarsew oody d ebris in natural and m anaged con iferous forests n ear thet imberline in F inn ish Lap land [J]. S cand Journa l of Forestry Sci-ence, 1998, 13: 204 - 214
[63] B ingh am B B, Saw yer J O. Volum e and m ass of decaying logs in anup land o ld-grow th redw ood forest [J]. C anad ian Jou rnal of Fores tResearch, 1988, 18(12): 1649- 1651
[64] S ant iago L S. U se of coarse w oody d ebris by the plan t commun ity ofaH aw aiian m ontan e cloud Forest[J]. B iotrop ica, 2000, 32 (4 a) :633- 641
[65] Shaw n F, W agn er RW, M ich aelD. Dyn am ics of coarsew oody d ebrisfollow ing gap harvest ing in th eA cad ian forest of cen tralM ain e, USA[J]. C anad ian Journal ofForest Research, 2002, 32: 2094- 2105
[66] M enk isA, A llm er J, Vasil iauskas R. E cology and m olecular charac-terizat ion of dark septate fungi from roots, living stem s, coarse andf ine w oody deb ris [J]. M ycological Research, 2004, 108 (8) :965- 973
[67] van Lear D H. Dyn am ics of coarsew oody d ebris in sou thern forest e-cosystem s[J]. Gen eral Techn ical Report S outhern Research Sta-tion, USDA Forest S ervice, 1996, SE - 94: 10 - 17
[68] H armonM E, Sexton J. Water balance of con ifer logs in th e earlystages of decomposit ion [J]. Plant and S oi,l 1996, 172: 141- 152
[69] H arm onM E, Nad elhoffer K J, B lair JM. M easu ring decomposit ion,nu trien t tu rnover, and stores in p lan t litter. In: Robertson G P, C ole-m an D C, B ledsoe C S, et al. Standard SoilM ethod s for Long TermE colog ical Research [M]. New York Oxford : Oxford Un iversityPress, 1999: 202- 234
[70] M aser C, Anderson R G, C om ack K, e t a l. Dead and dow n w oodym aterial[M] / / Thom as JW. W ild life hab itats in m anaged forests:The B lueMountains ofOregon andW ash ington. USDA Forest Serv-ice AgriculturalH andbook, 1979: 78- 95
[71] Sp iesT A, Frank lin J P, Thom asT B. Coarsew oody debris in Doug-las-f ir forests of w estern O regon and Wash ington [J]. Ecology,1988, 69: 1689- 1702
[72] S tew artG H, Burrow s L E. C oarse w oody deb ris in old-grow th tem-perate beech (Nothofugus) forests of New Zealand [J]. Can ad ianJournal of ForestR esearch, 1994, 24: 1989- 1996
[73] Lee P C, Susan C, M arie N, et a l. C haracteristic and origins of dead-w ood m aterial in Aspen-dom inated boreal forests [J]. E cologicalA pp lication, 1997, 7 (2) : 691 - 701
[74] Ped lar JH, Pearce JL, Ven ier L A, e ta l. Coarse w oody deb ris in re-lat ion to disturban ce and forest type in b oreal Can ada[J]. EcologyandM anagem ent, 2002, 158: 189- 194
[75] Rou vinen S, Kuuluvain en T, Karjalainen L, et al. C oarse w oody deb-ris in o ld P inus sy lvestris dom inated forests along a geograph ic andhum an impact grad ient in boreal Fennoscandia[J]. C anad ian Jour-nal of ForestR esearch, 2002, 32: 2094- 2105
[76] E lton C S. Dying and dead wood in the pattern ofAn im al Commun i-ty[M]. London: M ethuen& Co Ltd, 1966: 279- 306
[77] C ornaby BW, Waide JB. N itrogen f ixat ion in decaying chestnut logs[J]. P lan t so i,l 1973, 39: 445- 448
[78] Frank land JC, H edger JN, Sw iftM J, e t a l. Decomposer B as id io-m ycetes, Their B iology and E cology [M]. London: C omb ridge Un i-versity P ress, 1982
[79] G raham S A. The fallen tree trunk as an eco log ical un it[M]. Eco lo-gy, 1926: 6
[80] G rier C C, VogtK A, K eyesM R, et al. B iomass d istribut ion and a-bove-and below-ground p roduction in young and m ature Abies amabilis zone ecosystem s of theW ash ington Cascades [J]. Can ad ianJou rnal of Fores tResearch, 1981, 11: 155- 167
[81] M ckeeW W. Soil S cien ce Society [J]. Am erican Proceed ings,1966, 30: 513- 516
[82] So llins P, C l ine S P, Verhoeven T, et al. Patterns of log decay in old-grow th Doug las-fir forest[J]. C anad ian Journa l of Forest Research,1987, 17: 1585- 1595
[83] Lang G E, Form an R T. Detritus dynam ics in a m ature oak forest:H utch inson M em oral Forest, N ew Jersey [J]. Eco logy, 1978, 59(3) : 580- 595
[84] Lamb ertR L, Lang G E, RernetsW A, et a l. L oss of m ass andch em ical change in decaying boles of subalp ine b alsam f ir forest[J]. E cology, 1980, 61(6) : 1460- 1473
[85] H arm on M E, Chen H. C oarseWoody Debris dynam ics in two old-grow th ecosystem s[J]. B ioscien ce, 1991, 41: 604- 610
[86] Frank lin JR, ShugartH H, H arm on M E. T ree d eath as an ecologi-cal process the cause, conquest ion, and variab il ity of treem ortality[J]. B ioscience, 1987, 37: 550 - 556
[87] Lieberman D, L ieberm an M. M ortality pat tern and stand turnoverrates in a w et tropical forest in Costa R ica[J]. Journal of Eco logy,1985, 73: 915- 924
[88] H ard tR A, Sw ankW T A. C om parison of structu re and composit ion-al ch aracteristics of Sou thernAppalach ian young second-grow th, m a-tu ring second-grow th, and old-grow th s tand s [J]. N atura l AreasJou rna,l 1997, 17(1): 42- 52
[89] Scot t L S, Jason J M. Fuel treatm ent effects on snags and coarsew oody debris in a S ierra N evada m ixed con ifer forest[J]. Forest E-cology andM anagem en t, 2005, 214: 53 - 64
[90] 李建贵. 天山云杉幼林死亡木的大小结构与空间分布格局[J].新疆农业大学学报, 2003, 26(1) : 5 - 9
[91] W oodallCW, NagelLM. Coarse w oody type: A new m ethod for an-alyz ing coarse w oody deb ris and forest change[J]. Forest Eco logyand Man agem en t, 2006, 227: 115 - 121
[92] 徐化成. 美国新林业学说的理论和实践[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 1991, 13 (4) : 105 - 111
[93] 赵玉涛, 余新晓. 粗死木质残体(CWD)的水文生态功能[J]. 山地学报, 2002, 20 (1) : 12 - 28