A Study on Two Galling Chalcid Wasps and Their Galls in Phyllostachys praecox Forest

GENG Xian-sheng; SHU Jin-ping; WANG Hao-jie

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A Study on Two Galling Chalcid Wasps and Their Galls in Phyllostachys praecox Forest

1.
Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2014-07-29

Abstract

Phyllostachys praecox gall and the incidence of gall-maker and gall types on bamboo were investigated in Deqing County of Zhejiang Province. Different types of gall were dissected and the incidence of adult emergence was counted in the laboratory. The results showed that: (1) The effect of forest management techniques to the current generation (2013) gall induction rata in galling insects was significant, and the gall induction rate of sample plot with coverage of rice chaff was significantly lower than that of uncover sample plot. (2) A total 349 galls were collected from a bamboo, including 291current generation galls and 58 previous generation galls. The galls were separated into five categories in terms of gall phenotypes, i.e., tandem gall, leaf coated gall, leaf sheath gall, bare gall and apical growth gall. These five types of gall accounts for 40.12%, 30.95%, 19.77%, 6.01% and 3.15% in a bamboo, respectively. (3) One gall had maximum of 6 larvae, while the mean larvae amounts per gall of tandem gall, leaf coated gall, leaf sheath gall, bare gall and apical growth gall were only 1.83, 2.88, 2.77, 1.00 and 2.27, respectively. (4) 301 chalcid wasps belonging to 5 species emerged from tandem gall, leaf coated gall and leaf sheath gall, including two gall-maker chalcid wasps (Tetramesa bambusae and T. phyllostrachitis) and three parasitoid species (Eupelmus urozonus, Ormyrus punctiger and Homoporus japomicus). The ratio of T. bambusae, T. phyllostrachitis and parasitoid in three types gall were 59:18:1, 70:31:2 and 83:31:6. This study provides the basis for in-depth understanding of P. praecox gall, and emphasizes the theoretically based argument for pest control and production practice.
- Phyllostachys praecox,
- Tetramesa bambusae,
- Tetramesa phyllostrachitis,
- gall,
- galling insects

References

[1]	Nabitya P D, Hausa M J, Berenbaumb M R, et al. Leaf-galling phylloxera on grapes reprograms host metabolism and morphology [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013,110(41):16663-16668.
[2]	Özpinar H, Yalcin I. Investigation of the physiological changes in (Rosa canina L.) plant members comprising and not creating the gall [J]. Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science Journal (CSJ), 2013,34(2):49-66.
[3]	Larson K C and Whitham T G. Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions [J]. Oecologia, 1991,88(1):15-21.
[4]	Nyman T, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies [J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000,97(24):13184-13187.
[5]	Abrahamson W G, Hunter M D, Melika G, et al. Cynipid gall-wasp communities correlate with oak chemistry [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2003,29(1):209-223.
[6]	Price P W, Fernandes G W, Waring G L. Adaptive nature of insect galls[J]. Environmental Entomology, 1987,16(1):15-24.
[7]	Stone G M, Schönrogge K. The adaptive significance of insect gall morphology[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2003,18(10):512-22.
[8]	王光钺, 王义平, 吴鸿. 虫瘿与致瘿昆虫[J]. 昆虫知识, 2010, 47(2):414-424.
[9]	胡国良, 俞彩珠, 楼君芳, 等. 中国新纪录-竹泰广肩小蜂[J]. 浙江林业科技, 2002, 22(1):18-20.
[10]	徐天森, 王浩杰. 中国竹子主要害虫[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2004.
[11]	王问学, 莫建初, 王明旭, 等. 竹瘿广肩小蜂的生物、生态学特性及综合治理研究[J]. 中南林学院学报, 1994, 14(1): 29-34.
[12]	Takahashi F, Mizuta K. Life cycles of a Eurytomid wasp, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides, and three species of wasps parasitic on it [J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1971,15(1):36-43.
[13]	Shibata E, Ito M, Yoshida K. Detection of insect inclusions and size estimation of bamboo galls using soft X-rays [J]. Nagoya University Forest Science, 2004,23:15-17.
[14]	Shibata E, Ito M. Life-history traits in insect inclusions associated with bamboo galls [J]. Insect Science, 2005,12(2):143-150.
[15]	王浩杰, 徐天森, 林长春, 等. 两种竹瘿小蜂种间相互关系的研究[J]. 林业科学研究,1996,9(3): 284-289.
[16]	莫禹诗, 谭玉涓, 潘英. 水稻抗稻瘿蚊品种筛选鉴定研究初报[J]. 植物保护学报, 1981,8(2):91-94.
[17]	Roininen H, Ohgushi T, Zinovjev A, et al. Latitudinal and altitudinal patterns in species richness and mortality factors of the galling sawflies on salix species in Japan[C]// Yukawa J, Ozaki K, Price P W et al. Galling arthropods and their associates: ecology and evolution.Tokyo:Springer-Verlag Tokyo, 2006:3-19.
[18]	Chang R L, Arnold R J, Zhou X D. Association between activity levels of five defensive enzymes in four commercial Eucalyptus clones and their susceptibility to attack from the shoot gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, in south China [J]. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 2012,24(2):256-264.
[19]	Luo J Z, Arnold R, Lu W H, et al. Genetic variation in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis for early growth and susceptibility to the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa in China[J]. Euphytica, 2014,196(3):397-411.
[20]	Morana P J, Goolsby J A. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth of Arundo donax and on rearing of a biological control agent, the shoot gall-forming wasp Tetramesa romana[J]. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2014,24(5):503-517.
[21]	Dorchin N, Cramer M D, Hoffmann J H. Photosynthesis and sink activity of wasp-induced galls in Acacia pycnantha[J]. Ecology, 2006,87(7):1781-1791.
[22]	胡国良, 俞彩珠, 华正媛. 竹子病虫害防治[M]. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2005.
[23]	徐志宏, 胡国良, 蒋惠中, 等. 育自竹子虫瘿中的10种小蜂及—中国新记录种记述[J]. 林业科学研究, 2002,15(4):444-449.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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A Study on Two Galling Chalcid Wasps and Their Galls in Phyllostachys praecox Forest

1. Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2014-07-29

Abstract: Phyllostachys praecox gall and the incidence of gall-maker and gall types on bamboo were investigated in Deqing County of Zhejiang Province. Different types of gall were dissected and the incidence of adult emergence was counted in the laboratory. The results showed that: (1) The effect of forest management techniques to the current generation (2013) gall induction rata in galling insects was significant, and the gall induction rate of sample plot with coverage of rice chaff was significantly lower than that of uncover sample plot. (2) A total 349 galls were collected from a bamboo, including 291current generation galls and 58 previous generation galls. The galls were separated into five categories in terms of gall phenotypes, i.e., tandem gall, leaf coated gall, leaf sheath gall, bare gall and apical growth gall. These five types of gall accounts for 40.12%, 30.95%, 19.77%, 6.01% and 3.15% in a bamboo, respectively. (3) One gall had maximum of 6 larvae, while the mean larvae amounts per gall of tandem gall, leaf coated gall, leaf sheath gall, bare gall and apical growth gall were only 1.83, 2.88, 2.77, 1.00 and 2.27, respectively. (4) 301 chalcid wasps belonging to 5 species emerged from tandem gall, leaf coated gall and leaf sheath gall, including two gall-maker chalcid wasps (Tetramesa bambusae and T. phyllostrachitis) and three parasitoid species (Eupelmus urozonus, Ormyrus punctiger and Homoporus japomicus). The ratio of T. bambusae, T. phyllostrachitis and parasitoid in three types gall were 59:18:1, 70:31:2 and 83:31:6. This study provides the basis for in-depth understanding of P. praecox gall, and emphasizes the theoretically based argument for pest control and production practice.

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Reference (23)

[1]	Nabitya P D, Hausa M J, Berenbaumb M R, et al. Leaf-galling phylloxera on grapes reprograms host metabolism and morphology [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013,110(41):16663-16668.
[2]	Özpinar H, Yalcin I. Investigation of the physiological changes in (Rosa canina L.) plant members comprising and not creating the gall [J]. Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science Journal (CSJ), 2013,34(2):49-66.
[3]	Larson K C and Whitham T G. Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions [J]. Oecologia, 1991,88(1):15-21.
[4]	Nyman T, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies [J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000,97(24):13184-13187.
[5]	Abrahamson W G, Hunter M D, Melika G, et al. Cynipid gall-wasp communities correlate with oak chemistry [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2003,29(1):209-223.
[6]	Price P W, Fernandes G W, Waring G L. Adaptive nature of insect galls[J]. Environmental Entomology, 1987,16(1):15-24.
[7]	Stone G M, Schönrogge K. The adaptive significance of insect gall morphology[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2003,18(10):512-22.
[8]	王光钺, 王义平, 吴鸿. 虫瘿与致瘿昆虫[J]. 昆虫知识, 2010, 47(2):414-424.
[9]	胡国良, 俞彩珠, 楼君芳, 等. 中国新纪录-竹泰广肩小蜂[J]. 浙江林业科技, 2002, 22(1):18-20.
[10]	徐天森, 王浩杰. 中国竹子主要害虫[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2004.
[11]	王问学, 莫建初, 王明旭, 等. 竹瘿广肩小蜂的生物、生态学特性及综合治理研究[J]. 中南林学院学报, 1994, 14(1): 29-34.
[12]	Takahashi F, Mizuta K. Life cycles of a Eurytomid wasp, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides, and three species of wasps parasitic on it [J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1971,15(1):36-43.
[13]	Shibata E, Ito M, Yoshida K. Detection of insect inclusions and size estimation of bamboo galls using soft X-rays [J]. Nagoya University Forest Science, 2004,23:15-17.
[14]	Shibata E, Ito M. Life-history traits in insect inclusions associated with bamboo galls [J]. Insect Science, 2005,12(2):143-150.
[15]	王浩杰, 徐天森, 林长春, 等. 两种竹瘿小蜂种间相互关系的研究[J]. 林业科学研究,1996,9(3): 284-289.
[16]	莫禹诗, 谭玉涓, 潘英. 水稻抗稻瘿蚊品种筛选鉴定研究初报[J]. 植物保护学报, 1981,8(2):91-94.
[17]	Roininen H, Ohgushi T, Zinovjev A, et al. Latitudinal and altitudinal patterns in species richness and mortality factors of the galling sawflies on salix species in Japan[C]// Yukawa J, Ozaki K, Price P W et al. Galling arthropods and their associates: ecology and evolution.Tokyo:Springer-Verlag Tokyo, 2006:3-19.
[18]	Chang R L, Arnold R J, Zhou X D. Association between activity levels of five defensive enzymes in four commercial Eucalyptus clones and their susceptibility to attack from the shoot gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, in south China [J]. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 2012,24(2):256-264.
[19]	Luo J Z, Arnold R, Lu W H, et al. Genetic variation in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis for early growth and susceptibility to the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa in China[J]. Euphytica, 2014,196(3):397-411.
[20]	Morana P J, Goolsby J A. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth of Arundo donax and on rearing of a biological control agent, the shoot gall-forming wasp Tetramesa romana[J]. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2014,24(5):503-517.
[21]	Dorchin N, Cramer M D, Hoffmann J H. Photosynthesis and sink activity of wasp-induced galls in Acacia pycnantha[J]. Ecology, 2006,87(7):1781-1791.
[22]	胡国良, 俞彩珠, 华正媛. 竹子病虫害防治[M]. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2005.
[23]	徐志宏, 胡国良, 蒋惠中, 等. 育自竹子虫瘿中的10种小蜂及—中国新记录种记述[J]. 林业科学研究, 2002,15(4):444-449.

A Study on Two Galling Chalcid Wasps and Their Galls in Phyllostachys praecox Forest

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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A Study on Two Galling Chalcid Wasps and Their Galls in Phyllostachys praecox Forest

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