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白蜡窄吉丁Emerald Ash Borer(EAB),Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire,又名梣小吉丁、花曲柳窄吉丁,属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)吉丁甲科(Buprestidae)窄吉丁属(Agrilus),危害木犀科(Oleaceae)白蜡属(Fraxinus)树木[1]。其自然分布于东北亚国家,主要包括中国、韩国、日本、蒙古、俄罗斯西伯利亚[2],后来传播到美国和加拿大[3],以及俄罗斯欧洲部分地区[4]。20世纪60年代曾在我国东北和华北地区严重发生,主要危害引进的北美白蜡树种,如美国红梣(洋白蜡)(Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.)、毡毛梣(绒毛白蜡)(F. velutina Torr)与美国白蜡(F. americana Linn.)等,而后在天津、北京、辽宁、吉林等地危害又趋于加重,已成为重要的国际检疫性蛀干害虫之一[5]。因此,白蜡窄吉丁的防治受到了多个国家林业昆虫学家的关注[6-12]。
昆虫的感觉器官是其对外界环境和内部刺激作出反应的关键结构,主要包括嗅觉器、视觉器、触觉器、听觉器、味觉器等,这些感觉器官作为昆虫神经冲动的初始部位,接收到的外界刺激通过中枢神经系统做出反应,所以其作为昆虫神经系统的重要组成部分和神经系统一起控制和调节昆虫的行为,在昆虫的生命活动中发挥着重要的作用[13]。
目前对于昆虫嗅觉的研究相对较多,昆虫的嗅觉感受系统具有高度专一性和灵敏性,可以感受空气中成千上万不同类型的气味分子,并可以准确识别和鉴定这些气味,进而影响自身的取食、交配、产卵等行为活动[14]。对于视觉作用的研究相对比较少,但是已有的研究也表明,视觉在昆虫识别并选择寄主、寻找配偶等行为活动中发挥着不可或缺的作用[15-19]。白蜡窄吉丁是蛀干类害虫,常规的药剂防治很难触碰并杀害幼虫,防治起来较为困难。而嗅觉和视觉是EAB与外界环境交流过程中最重要的两类感觉系统[20],不仅在EAB成虫短距离交配过程中起到关键作用,同时嗅觉也是雄虫识别雌虫的较重要的感受机制。因此,为了加强对EAB的综合研究,进一步完善利用嗅觉和视觉对其进行防治,笔者综述了白蜡窄吉丁的嗅觉和视觉研究进展。
白蜡窄吉丁嗅觉和视觉研究概述
A Review of Study on Olfaction and Vision of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire
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摘要: 白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire是一种国际性检疫害虫,其自然分布于东北亚国家,20世纪初相继在美国和加拿大被发现并造成严重危害。20世纪60年代在我国东北和华北地区发生最为严重,而后在天津、北京、辽宁、吉林等地危害加重。其在我国主要危害的是引进的北美白蜡树种,如美国红梣(洋白蜡)Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.、毡毛梣(绒毛白蜡)F. velutina Torr与美国白蜡F. americana Linn.等,目前白蜡窄吉丁的防治是森林害虫防控研究的重点内容之一。感觉器官在昆虫生命活动中发挥着重要的作用,特别是嗅觉和视觉在白蜡窄吉丁交配、产卵与寄主定位过程中起到了关键的作用。本文综述了昆虫视觉和嗅觉感受系统和感受机制的研究现状,总结了白蜡窄吉丁嗅觉和视觉的应用研究,列出了白蜡窄吉丁信息素与寄主植物挥发物的鉴定结果以及嗅觉感受蛋白和视觉感受蛋白的鉴定情况。同时对白蜡窄吉丁视觉和嗅觉的综合作用机理研究提出了展望,旨在为完善利用嗅觉和视觉防治白蜡窄吉丁的研究提供基础。Abstract: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire is an international quarantine pest. Its natural distribution area is in Northeast Asian countries, and it was discovered and caused serious damages in the United States and Canada in the early 20th century. In the 1960s, it occurred most seriously in northeast and North China, and then worsened in Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning, Jilin and other places. It mainly damages the Fraxinus species introduced from North America, such as F. pennsylvanica Marsh, F. velutina Torr, F. americana Linn., etc. At present, the prevention and control of A. planipennis is one of the key points of forest pest control research. The sensory systems are indispensable for insect life, especially the olfaction and vision, which play a key role in the mating, oviposition, and host location of A. planipennis. This paper reviews the current research on visual and olfactory sensory mechanism, summarizes the utilization research on the vision and olfactory of A. planipennis, and lists the identification of the pheromones, plant volatiles, olfactory receptors and visual receptors of A. planipennis. This can provides a prospect for further study on the integrated mechanism of vision and olfaction of A. planipennis, in order to provide a basis for better prevention of this pest based on olfactory and visual systems.
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Key words:
- Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire
- / olfaction
- / vision
- / olfactory related proteins
- / opsin
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