Effects of PagWOX11/12a Gene on Stem Growth and Development of Populus alba × P. glandulosa
WEN Shuang-shuang, WANG Liu-qiang, LU Meng-zhu
Variation and Seasonal Difference of Corilagin Content in Leaves of Acer truncatum, Acer buergerianum and Acer paxii
SU Ya-jing, LU Yi-zeng, QIAO Qian, SUN Zhong-kui, WU Chong, YAN Yu, CHENG Tian-tian, ZHANG Lin, FENG Zhen
Response of Chestnut Quality of 'Yanshanzaofeng' to Climate Factors in Different Cultivation Areas
FAN Xiao-yun, GUO Su-juan, JIANG Xi-bing, LI Yan-hua
Analysis of Tannin of Galla chinensis by UHPLC– QTOF–MS
NI Bing-bing, LIU Hong, YU Li-yang, ZHANG Guo-yun, HE Cai-yun, ZHANG Jian-guo
Genetic Analysis of the Fruit and Oil Related Traits on Hybrid Offspring of Nested Mating of Camellia oleifera
CHAI Jing-yu, WANG Kai-liang, YAO Xiao-hua, TENG Jian-hua, LIN Ping
Journal Introduction
Forestry Science Research is a comprehensive academic journal of forestry science sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Forestry Science. The main task is to timely reflect the latest research results, academic papers and reports, scientific and technological trends and information of forestry science with the Chinese Academy of Forestry as the main body, to promote academic exchanges at home and abroad, to carry out academic discussions, to prosper forestry science and to better serve China's forestry construction. The main contents are: forest seeds, seedling raising and afforestation, forest plants, forest genetic breeding, tree physiology and biochemistry, forest insects, resource insects, forest pathology, forest microorganisms, forest birds and animals, forest soil, forest...
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, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220250
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Objective To study the response of Pinus massoniana seedlings of height growth and photosynthetic characteristics under different phosphorus concentrations, reveal the adaptation mechanism of P. massoniana to low phosphorus environment, and provide experimental basis for the management and accurate growth simulation prediction of P. massoniana forest. Method From May 2021, to November 2021, two-year-old seedlings of P. massoniana were planted in 7 different soil phosphorus concentrations, including control group (2.325 mg·kg−1, CK), no phosphorus group (0AP), with an eighth of CK (1/8AP), a quarter of CK (1/4AP), a half of CK (1/2AP), two times of CK (2AP), and four times of CK (4AP); and then the growth and photosynthetic parameters were tested. Result Relative height increment (RHI) and photosynthetic parameters of P. massoniana seedlings were affected by growing times and soil phosphorus concentrations. RHI during from May to June (RHI5-6) was higher than that from July to August (RHI7-8) and September to October (RHI9-10). RHI5-6 of 4AP was significantly higher than that of 1/8AP. Relative growth rate of seedlings was positively correlated with soil phosphorus concentrations (P<0.05), and linearly increased with phosphorus concentrations. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), conductance to H2O (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) were significantly affected by soil phosphorus content, growing time and their interaction. And all of them reached their peak in July to September. Pn, Gs and Ci were positively correlated with RHI. Growing time had a promoting effect on RHI, Pn, Ci and Gs. Conclusion The height growth and photosynthetic parameters of P. massoniana seedlings are significantly affected by soil phosphorus concentrations. P. massoniana seedlings have a special adaptive mechanism to the low-phosphorus environment by regulating photosynthesis and the dynamic changes of height growth.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220253
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Objective Monochamus saltuarius is one of the wood borers of Pinaceae members. In addition, M. saltuarius is a main vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in the middle temperate zone of China. To clarify the developmental period from emergence to sexual maturity, and the effects of feeding and mating on the ovary development of female adults. The ovary of M. saltuarius was dissected and studied in the laboratory. Method In this study, the mature larvae of M. saltuarius were collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emerged. The one-day-old female adults were treated by four ways: 1) reared alone without being fed, 2) fed alone, 3) fed together with male adults, 4) reared together with male adults without being fed. The ovaries of female adults were continuously dissected every day until wilting or death of female adult ovaries was observed. Result The results showed that: 1) The ovarian development process of M. saltuarius was divided into five stages. 2) The ovaries of female adults of the unfed M. saltuarius stopped developing after reaching the second stage. 3) The ovaries of fed and mated female adults matured on the 14th day, and the ovaries of fed but unmated female adults matured on the 17th day. Conclusion It can be seen that the ovaries of the adult females of M. saltuarius need to be fed before their ovaries develop to maturity normally. In addition, the mating promote the development of ovariy, shorten the developmental process by three days.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220187
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Objective The objective is to explore the influences of topography and forest vegetation on the occurrence probability of overwintering Dendrolimus superans and clarify the relationship between these factors and the occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans, which will provide scientific reference for the prevention and control of the infestations of this pest. Method Factors such as topography, forest vegetation, and the number of larvae of Dendrolimus superans were investigated in 142 plots (20 m × 20 m) of different forest types established in the main distribution area of Dendrolimus superans in the Great Xing’an Mountains. The binary logistic regression and quantification theoryⅠ approaches were used to establish the models of the occurrence probability and quantity of Dendrolimus superans, respectively, and the performance of these models was evaluated. Result The discriminant accuracy of the occurrence probability model was high (AUC=0.826). Slope aspect and herb cover were the key factors affecting the occurrence probability of Dendrolimus superans. The occurrence probability was the lowest on shady slopes and the highest on sunny slopes. The occurrence probability increased with the increase of herb cover. There were significant differences in the number of Dendrolimus superans in the stands with different slope aspects, slope gradients, slope positions, altitudes, herb coverage, and stand density (P<0.05). These five factors five factors were used to develop the occurrence quantity model with R2 (0.635) and RMSE (0.964), which has insignificant differently with model including all factors (R2=0.685, R<SE=0.936).The model of quantification showed that the occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans was the least on the shady slope and the most on the sunny slope. However, with the increase of slope gradient, the occurrence quantity decreased. The occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans was the highest on the ridges. Similarly, with the increase of canopy cover, or the decrease of stand density, the occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans increased. Conclusion Dendrolimus superans are prone to occur on sunny slopes, flat slopes, and ridges, which will be the focus of prevention and control. And forest management practices such as replanting, thinning and regular weeding are helpful for restraining the population growth.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220548
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Objective Antennae are the most important olfactory organs of insects, and the antennal sensilla are the fundamental morphological units in their olfactory recognitions. To understand the variety and morphology of the antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus pupariae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), an important natural enemy of many buprestids and longhorned beetles. Method The ultrastructures of antennae and sensilla of male and female parasitoid adults were investigated by scanning electron microscope, and the distribution and quantity of sensilla on female and male antennae were analyzed. Result The antennae of both male and female parasitoids were knee shaped, and they were consistently constituted with scape, pedicel, and 11 flagellomeres. The antennae of male parasitoids were much longer than those of female bees. There were seven categories with 11 types of sensilla on the antennae of S. pupariae, including two types of sensilla chaetica (Ch1 and Ch2), three types of sensilla trichodea (Tr1, Tr2, and Tr3), one type of sensilla basiconica (Ba), one type of sensilla placodea (Pl), two types of sensilla styloconica (St1 and St2), one type of sensilla coeloconica (Co), and one type of sensilla squamiforma (Sq). Ten types of sensilla were observed on the antennae of female, and the sensilla Tr1, Tr2, and Ba were restrictedly distributed on female′s antennae. There were eight types of sensilla on the antennae of male, and the sensilla Tr3 were only observed in males. There were six types of sensilla showed consistent quantities across individuals of the same sex, including sensilla Tr1, Ba, Pl, St1, St2, and Co. For other five types of sensilla, their numbers varied among individuals in both females and males. The number of sensilla Ch1 and St1 on the antennae of female adults was significantly higher than that on male adults. Nevertheless, the number of sensilla Pl and St2 on the antennae of male adults was significantly higher than that on female adults. The number of sensilla Co was the same between female and male parasitoids. The sensilla Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Ba, Pl, and Co were six typical chemosensilla because multiple wall pores could be found on their surfaces. Conclusion We analyzed the ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of S. pupariae, and found that the types, quantities, and distributions of antennal sensilla between female and male parasitoids have typical sexual dimorphism, which will provide fundamental data for the future investigations on the chemoreception mechanism and olfactory behavior differences between the male and female parasitoids.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220616
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Objective In this study, we developed two tree-ring chronologies using samples of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) that were collected from the upper and lower treeline in the middle of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains, and analyzed the radial growth characteristics of trees. Method According to the tree ages, the lower treeline spruce was divided into young, middle-aged and old groups. The ARIMA model was established to simulate the radial growth of spruce at different ages based on basal area increment. Results The analysis results showed that the tree-ring width chronology of the lower treeline contains more climate information comparing with the upper treeline. Among the BAI changes of three tree age groups simulated by the ARIMA model, the model fitting the middle aged trees performed the best (R² = 0.832). Considering the ARIMA model is modeled based on the univariate self-change trend, we analyzed the radial growth trend before and after the climate change, and found that the BAI of young spruce increased significantly overall, but the growth rate slowed down gradually. Conclusion The radial growth of middle-aged and old spruce showed a decreasing trend before the abrupt change of temperature. But after the abrupt change of temperature, the BAI of middle-aged spruce tends to be stable and the BAI of old spruce changes from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220510
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Objective Hopea hainanensis is not only a Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations but also a national grade first-level key protected plant and a representative species of tropical rainforest in Hainan, China. Here, the population structure, dynamic change characteristics, and future development trend of Hopea hainanensis were explored for providing a scientific basis for protection and management. Methods In this study, the population structure and dynamic characteristics of Hopea hainanensis distributed in Jianfengling, Hainan was analyzed using population statistics, including static life table, survival curve, and time series prediction model. Results (1) The population structure of wild Hopea hainanensis in Jianfengling showed an inverted J shape, and the number of seedlings (age class I) accounted for 95.24% of the total individuals. (2) The slop populations in the primary forest and secondary forest in the Jianfengling area tended to grow, but there was a limitation in the growth of young trees during the transition from seedlings to saplings, resulting in a very small number of adults. (3) The regeneration ability of Hopea hainanensis population in primeval forests was lower than that in secondary forests, but the recovery process in secondary forests was more susceptible to external disturbance. (4) The Hopea hainanensis population in primeval forests and secondary forests would recover steadily after 2-5 age classes if the existing Hopea hainanensis population and their habitats in Jianfengling were well protected. Conclusion There are still a certain number of wild saplings in Jianfengling, Hainan. It is urgent to strengthen the protection of the existing wild Hopea hainanensis populations and promote the transformation of the seedlings to saplings in the natural state.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220460
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: Objective To better understand the characteristics of soil silicon morphology variation and its correlation with soil physi-chemical properties in Castanopsis fargesii stands at differentaltitudes in Guoyan Mountain for further illuminatingthe response mechanism of soil silicon morphology content to environmental changes in subtropical areas. Methods In order to gather soil samples from various soil layers (0−20, 20−40, and 40−60 cm) at differentaltitudes in Guoyanshan Nature Reserve, standard plots were set up at 600, 700, 800, and 900 m, respectively. Different soil silicon forms were extracted and measured to examine the effects of environmental changes on soil silicon forms. Results (1) Available silicon(258.26 mg·kg−1), water-soluble silicon (155.69 mg·kg−1), active silicon(388.97 mg·kg−1) and amorphous silicon (1561.97 mg·kg−1) in the high-altitidesoil weresignificantly higher than those in thelow altitudesoils with the data of 93.16, 78.38, 231.84, and 832.24 mg·kg−1, respectively. The availablesilicon (227.53 mg·kg−1)in deep soil layer (40−60 cm) was significantly higher than that in 0−20 cm (120.79 mg·kg−1) and 20-40 cm (171.37 mg·kg−1) soil layers. (2) The content of available silicon in soil was significantly positively correlated with the content of active silicon and water-soluble silicon. Active silicon was the most important direct contributing form to the increase of availablesilicon, andwater-soluble silicon was an important transitional form in the soil silicon transformation process.(3) Soil organic matter and soil pH had the most significant effects on the content of each soil silicon form, which explained the variations of14.1% and 9.2%, respectively. Soil organic matter was positively correlated with amorphous silicon and water-soluble silicon, and negatively correlated with soil active silicon and effective silicon, while soil pH was positively correlated with availablesilicon and active silicon, and negatively correlated with amorphous silicon. Conclusion Variations on environment and soil physical and chemical properties caused by altitude can change the content of silicon in soil.This study offers a foundation for successful soil silicon use and soil silicon morphology control in natural Castanopsis fargesii forest, which is crucial scientific advice for the preservation of natural Castanopsis fargesii forest.
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Accepted Manuscript
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220568
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Objective To explore the variation characteristics of Negative air ion (NAI) of typical plantations and the relationship between NAI and environmental factors in growing period and non-growing period in rocky mountain area of north China, and reveal environmental factors affecting NAI in different seasons in this area. Method The variation characteristics of NAI of typical plantations in Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station were measured from May to December in 2021 using the air negative ions, PM 2.5, PM 10 and meteorological data. Besides, the main environmental factors and variable importance measures Results The diurnal variation of NAI in Quercus variabilis showed single peak curve in growing period but not obvious in non-growing period. The NAI of Platycladus orientalis showed single peak cure during the experiment period. The NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis plantations (740.32 ion·cm−3) was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis (703.74 ion·cm−3) during the observation period. The daily NAI of Quercus variabilis (858.94 ion·cm−3) was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis (724.33 ion·cm−3) during the growing period. The daily NAI of Quercus variabilis (621.70 ion·cm−3) was lower than that of Platycladus orientalis (683.16 ion·cm−3) during the non-growing period. The meteorological factors such as Air temperature (Ta), Relative humidity (RH), Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the growing period were higher than those in the non-growing period, while the particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the non-growing period was higher than that in the growing period. The concentration of PM10 was higher than that of PM2.5 during the experiment period. There was no significant difference between Wind speed (WS) between the growing period and non-growing period. The random forest method revealed that the main environmental factors affecting the NAI concentrations of Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis in the growing period were VPD, PAR and WS, and their variable importance measures were 20.22, 15.08 ,14.71, respectively, and 25.08, 16.76, 16.49, respectively. The main environmental factors affecting the NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis during the non-growth period were PM 2.5, WS and PM 10, and their variable importance measures were 33.36, 17.58, 14.28, respectively, and 15.89, 17.51, 14.62, respectively. Conclusion The diurnal variation of NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis in growing period both showed a single peak curve; the diurnal variation of NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis plantations was not obvious, while the diurnal variation NAI concentration of Platycladus orientalis plantations showed a single peak curve in non-growing period. There were significant differences in NAI concentration between Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis plantations, NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis during the growing period, while NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis was lower than that of Platycladus orientalis during the non-growing period. The NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis during the observation period. Differences of environmental factors affecting NAI of typical plantations in the area were obvious. VPD and PAR were the key factors during the growing period, while PM2.5, PM 10 and WS were the key factors during the non-growing period.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220479
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Objective To quantify the effects of stand density and canopy density on the biomass of different plant layers (overstory tree layer, understory plant layer, and litter layer) of Quercus wutaishanica secondary forests in the Liupan Mountains of Ningxia in northwest China, and to determine the optimal stand structure that can maintain the biomass of each layer at a relatively high level for fully using the multiple forest ecosystem services. Method Using sample plot data obtained from field survey, the response of biomass in each layer of Quercus wutaishanica forests to stand density and canopy density were determined by upper boundary lines (UBL) analysis. Then these UBLs were superimposed to find an optimal canopy density range. Result With the increase of canopy density and stand density, the overstory tree layer biomass increased rapidly at first, reaching 292.3 and 296.9 t·hm−2 when the canopy density was 0.75 and the density was 1050 trees∙hm−2, respectively (80% and 82% of the UBL predicted maximum), and then the growth rate slowed down; the understory plant biomass decreased slowly first, and reached 9.08 and 9.17 t∙hm−2 when the canopy density was 0.75 and the density was 1 150 plants∙hm−2, which were 89% and 86% of the maximum value of UBL, respectively. Then it decreased rapidly; the litter layer biomass increased rapidly at first, and reached 33.34 t∙hm−2 when the canopy density was 0.75, which was 97% of the maximum value of UBL. Therefore, the canopy density should be maintained at about 0.75-0.79 in order to keep the biomass of each layer of the stand above 80% of the maximum value of UBL. Conclusion In order to maintain the biomass at relatively high level for all different plant layers of Quercus wutaishanica forests in Liupan Mountains, the canopy density should be maintained at about 0.75-0.79, which will be helpful for guiding the multifunctional management of Quercus wutaishanica forests in the study region and similar areas.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20230025
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Objective The aim of this study was to compare the differences of growth responses of different Quercus species to climatic factors in the same climatic region, and pay special attention to the differences among populations distributed in the same region but belonging to different margins of tree species distribution. Methods The response of radial growth of three dominant deciduous Quercus species (Quercus mongolica, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima) to climatic factors in the northern margin of warm temperate zone in China was analyzed by dendrochronological method. At the same time, the relationship between radial growth and climate of three tree species was constructed by using mixed linear effect model, and their future growth trends were predicted based on future climate scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). Results Chronology of Quercus species in the same area presented high similarity, but there were large differences among different areas. In terms of the response of radial growth to climate, the chronology of different Quercus species in the same region and the same Quercus species in different regions are also different. The radial growth of three Quercus species in Beijing was negatively correlated with the current June temperature, but there was no significant correlation with the temperature in Xianrendong (Liaoning Province). The radial growth of Q. acutissima in Beijing, Q. mongolica in Hebei and Q. variabilis in Dahei Mountain (Liaoning Province) were all limited by precipitation. The modeling results showed that by the end of this century, the radial growth of Quercus species in Beijing and Dahei Mountain would show a decreasing trend, while the trend in Xianrendong (Liaoning Province) would show an increasing trend. Conclusion There are significant differences in the growth responses of Quercus species to climate factors in different areas of the northern margin of warm temperate zone in China, which are mainly dominated by the climate features of sampling regions. In the next step, it should be necessary to clarify the relative contribution of various environmental factors (e.g., stand features and site factors) to radial growth of Quercus species.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220578
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Objective To analyze the structural characteristics of Anabasis aphylla chloroplast genome, clarify the taxonomic status of Anabasis in Chenopodiaceae for further exploring its codon preference and determining the optimal codon. Method Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh assimilation twigs of A. aphylla based on CTAB method. Sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 high-throughput sequencing platform. The chloroplast genome sequence was assembled and annotated by GetOrganelle and Plann. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) in chloroplast genome was analyzed by MISA. Multiple sequence alignment and ML phylogenetic tree construction were analyzed using MAFFT v.7.450 and IQ-TREE v.2.1.1 software. The nucleotide polymorphism values were calculated using DnaSP 6.0 software. The codon preference was studied by CUSP and Codon W 1.4.2. software. Result The full-length chloroplast genome of A. aphylla was 154 084 bp, including a large single copy region (LSC, 85 124 bp), a small single copy region (SSC, 18 934 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb, 25 013 bp). A total of 132 genes were annotated, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, 37 tRNA genes and 4 pseudogenes. The number of SSRs located in the intergenic region was the largest (70.4%), and the number of single-base (A/T) repeat type SSRs was the largest. The optimal model of phylogenetic tree was TVM + F + R3, and Chenopodiaceae was divided into four clustering groups. Among them, A. aphylla showed the closest relationship with Haloxylon and Salsola. TrnS-trnG(exon1)、ndhF-rpl32、rpl32-trnL、rps16(exon1)-trnQ and ycf1 were high nucleotide polymorphism regions. A total of 20 optimal codons (UUU, UAU, UGU, CAU, UCU, UCA, UUA, CUU, CCU, AGA, GAA, ACU, ACA, AAU, GAU, AAA, GUU, GCU, GGU, CAA) were determined, all ending with A/U. The codon usage preference was mainly affected by natural selection, and the influence of mutation and other influencing factors was weak. Conclusion The chloroplast genome structure of A. aphylla is conservative, showing typical quadripartite structure. In the phylogeny of Chenopodiaceae, A. aphylla has the closest relationship with Haloxylon and Salsola. The identified hypervariable regions and SSR loci can be used for molecular identification of intergeneric species in Chenopodiaceae. The codon of the chloroplast genome of A.aphylla prefer endings with A/U, and the 20 optimal codons determined are useful for the optimization of its exogenous codons. The results can provide a reference for molecular marker development, phylogeny and chloroplast gene engineering of A. aphylla.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220203
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Objective To clarify the reproductive characteristics and regulation of Monochamus saltuarius, in this study, the reproductive behavior of the adults of M. saltuarius under laboratory conditions was observed and analyzed, which is helpful to study the control strategies on the basis of its reproductive characteristics. The population density of the next generation can be reduced by inhibiting or delaying the mating of the M. saltuarius. Method After nutrition supplementation, the 3-day-old one female and one male adults of M. saltuarius were put in a transparent glass jar with segments and branches of P. koraiensis at room temperature, relative humidity 55% ± 5%, lighting conditions 8D:16L. The mounting, mating, gnawing oviposition scars, ovipositing and circadian rhythm of adults were observed continuously until they died. Result The results showed that the mating of M. saltuarius could be divided into three stages: pair-bonding, ejaculation, and post-copulatory guarding. The average mating time per adult was 2.38 ± 0.89 times/day, and the average mating time was 27.86 ± 18.37 min·time−1; the average mating time was 1.74 ± 0.51 times·day−1, and the average mating time was 8.68 ± 4.42 min·time−1 ; Female adults made an average groove of 1.76 ± 0.74 times per day-1, and the average length of groove was 16.25 ± 9.45 min per time-; the average spawning time was 1.87 ± 0.61 times per day, and the average duration of spawning was 16.00 ± 10.04 min per time. When there were three pairs of M. saltuarius in the glass jar, the times of mounting, mating, and gnawing oviposition scars increased, the number of eggs laid decreased, and the average duration of each mating behavior shortened. The reproductive behavior of M. saltuarius had an obvious diurnal rhythm, and both mating and oviposition peaks, among which the peak mating period was 12:00-14:00, and the peak oviposition period of female adults was 14:00-16:00 00. The study also found that during the mating process male adults tried to mate with the dead female adults, homosexual adults tried to mate, and three adults mounted together. Conclusion Under indoor conditions, M. saltuarius begins to reproduce on the 4th day after nutritional supplementation. The mating process can be divided into three stages: pair-bonding, ejaculation, and post-copulatory guarding. The mating and spawning behaviors of longhorns have diurnal rhythms.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220150
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Objective The seasonal phenological characteristics and population dynamics of Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in different regions of Jiangxi province were analyzed to provide the basic data and scientific basis for improving the local population monitoring level and formulating accurate control strategies of this beetle. Method The initial and terminal occurrence periods, activity peak period and the sex ratio of adult M. alternatus were monitored through setting up monitoring plots and installing the attractant traps in pure stands of Masson pine forest in Quannan, Nankang, Wan'an, Nancheng, Wanli and Fuliang along the latitude gradient of about 1° in Jiangxi province. Results The initial occurrence periods of M. alternatus in Jiangxi were from late March to early May, and were obviously delayed from south to north regions. The final appearance periods of this beetle were from early October to early December, and were obviously shorten from south to north regions. The occurrence period of adults M. alternatus lasted for 5-9 months and decreased significantly from south to north regions. Adult activity peak period gradually postponed and the peaks transited from 2 to 1 from south to north regions. The population density of M. alternatus in central Jiangxi were larger than that in southern or northern Jiangxi. The sex ratio of this beetle was 1: 0.74-0.87, showing biased female and no difference was found in different regions of Jiangxi province. There was an obviously positive correlation between trapping amounts of this beetle and the mortality of Masson pine. Conclusion Geographical latitude and local climatic conditions significantly affect the seasonal occurrence and adult activity peak of M. alternatus, and the population density of M. alternatus is positively related with the mortality of their host plant.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220455
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Objective This study aims to compare the photosynthetic responses and carbon assimilation of the thermophilic mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny from different regions under chilling stress. Method The 5-year-old seedlings were collected from three different provenances (Futian (FT) in Shenzhen, Yunxiao (YX) in Fujian) and Okinawa (UR) in Japan (the average temperature of the coldest month was 14.1, 13.3, and 16.1 °C, respectively). The seedlings were treated under normal temperature (20 ℃) and chilling temperature (10 ℃). For each treatment, the chlorophyll fluorescence properties and gas exchange were monitored. Result (1) Compared with normal temperature treatment, after 3 days of chill temperature and cold stress treatment, the maximum light energy conversion efficiency Fv/Fm of photosystem II (PSII) in FT, UR, and YX decreased by 39.04%, 25.69%, and 22.83%, respectively. The maximum light energy conversion efficiency Pm of photosystem I (PSI) decreased by 21.80%, 20.19% and 42.84%, respectively. Under low temperature treatment, the proportion of PSII effective photochemical quantum yield Y(II) of UR and YX all decreased, and the ratio of non-regulatory energy dissipation Y(NO) of the three types of B. gymnorrhiza all increased, and the proportion of YX increased the most. The effective photochemical quantum yield Y(I) of PSI of B. gymnorhiza from the three regions decreased significantly, and the proportion of non-regulated energy dissipation Y(NA) of UR and YX decreased slightly. (2) After 4 days of cold damage treatment, net photosynthetic rate Pn of FT, UR and YX decreased by 92.12%, 97.50% and 86.44%, respectively. Transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) also decreased and Pn, Tr and Gs were positively correlated. The stomatal limit value LS of the three types of B. gymnorhiza decreased significantly, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased significantly. (3) Fv/Fm, Pn and water use efficiency were significantly positively correlated with each other. Conclusion Regardless of the photoreaction of photosynthesis or the carbon reaction, B. gymnorhiza from the three provenances show high sensitivity to short-term chilling. PSII was significantly inhibited, while PSI was relatively stable. Mesophyll damages limited the carbon assimilation more than stomata traits. In summary, FT highly suffers from chilling, while YX is less affected. Hence, cold tolerance of mangroves is closely related to the average temperature at the region sites.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220226
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Objective The ecological stoichiometry of litter-soil at the stand scale was studied to clarify the changes of litter and soil nutrients and their relationship in forest ecosystem, and to provide a scientific basis for the operation and management of natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. Method Based on the four plots of spruce-fir broad-leaved mixed forest with an area of 1 ha on North slope of Changbai Mountains, soil samples of 0−20 and 20−40 cm and litter samples of the semi-decomposed horizon (F) and completely decomposed horizon (H) were collected. Soil pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and readily available potassium were determined, and litter standing crop and litter-soil stoichiometric ratios were calculated. The correlation analysis and redundancy analysis were used to study the litter characteristics and their effects on soil nutrients and the stoichiometric ratios in spruce-fir broad-leaved mixed forest. Result The results showed that litter standing crop had a very significant and strong correlation with soil C/N at depth of 0-20 cm (P < 0.01). Litter C, C/P and N/P decreased significantly with increasing litter a strong positive effect on the litter carbon and C/P in F horizon and litter phosphorus in H horizon. The decomposition degree (P < 0.05). The redundancy analysis results showed that litter standing crop in F horizon had stoichiometric ratios of litter nutrients and soil nutrients were C/P > C/N > N/P. Conclusion Litter nitrogen in the H horizon is the critical factor affecting soil pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, readily available potassium and C/P ratio in 0−20 cm soil. Litter nitrogen is the main source of total nitrogen in 20−40 cm soil. Therefore, litter nitrogen may be an important factor driving soil nutrient changes in the study area.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220498
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Objective This study aims to establish a tissue culture system for ancient Platycladus orientalis for overcoming the difficulties such as non-thoroughness of disinfection and sterilization, sever browning, and weak meristematic ability. Method In this study, the new shoots of about 3,000-year-old P. orientalis were used as explants, and aseptic explants were obtained through disinfection and sterilization. The tissue culture system for ancient P. orientalis was established by selecting the appropriate culture medium and hormone. Result Disinfecting the explants from ancient P. orientalis using 0.3% HgCl2 for 10 min showed the best sterilization effect, with a pollution rate of 25.81% and the survival rate of 54.82%. The effect of using 3% sucrose as the sugar source for the tissue culture medium of ancient P. orientalis was better than that of 3% glucose. The results of antioxidant and adsorbent tests demonstrated that the browning rate of explants was the lowest under the addition of 3.00 g·L−1 active carbon to the explant initiation medium. The optimal primary culture medium for tissue culture of ancient P. orientalis was 1/2MS + NAA 0.2 mg·L−1 + 6-BA 0.1 mg·L−1, with the induction rate of adventitious buds of 32.05%, rapid bud growth, as well as tender green and robust buds. The optimal proliferation medium was 1/2MS + 6-BA 0.05 mg·L−1 + NAA 0.2 mg·L−1 + KT 0.1 mg·L−1, with the proliferation coefficient reaching 1.93, and rapid growth of green and robust buds. The optimal rooting culture medium was WPM + NAA 0.5 mg·L−1 + IBA 0.5 mg·L−1, which achieved a rooting rate of 9.12%, with an average number of roots per plant of 2.67, and an average root length of 1.23 cm. A total of 24 rooting seedlings were obtained. Two months later, red roots appeared in 2 plants, and the tender buds continued to grow. The tissue-cultured rooting seedlings of ancient P. orientalis were successfully obtained. Conclusion The selection of culture medium and the ratio of auxin to cytokinin are important factors for the proliferation and adventitious root formation of ancient P. orientalis. This study provides a reference for tissue culture of other Cupressaceae trees.
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Objective To provide the reference basis for decision-making for the close-to-natural management of plantations, the changes of forest quality and the development of tree species were analyzed after the close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana. . Method In 2007, 20 experimental plots for close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana single species plantation were set up in the Tropical Forestry Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Pingxiang County, Guangxi Province, including16 operational plots and 4 control plots. In 2007, the first comprehensive survey was done to obtain basic data, and the implementation of selective cutting for target tree management was carried out in the winter of the same year. In the spring of 2008, trees of six broad-leaved species were planted in the stand. In 2016, the second felling for target tree tending was implemented. After 2007, the re- survey of the sample plot was carried out every 2 years, and a total of 7-phase monitoring data were obtained. Statistical calculation was made for the important value index (IVI), average diameter at breast height and pure growth of standing volume based on the monitoring data, and the effect of close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana single species plantation towards multi-species mixed forest was analyzed and evaluated based on tree species composition, stand structure, stand growth, soil and microorganisms development in forest. Result After 13 years of close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana pure plantation, the stand gradually transited to the structure of uneven-aged multi-species mixed forest. The IVI of the 6 tree species enriching planted under the forest were in the top 10 of IVI series, and the natural regeneration of Styrax tonkinensis and Vernicia fordii species appeared in the stand. The distribution of diameter at breast height of Pinus massoniana transformed forest was enlarged from 5cm to 55cm, showing the rapid development trend of mixed uneven-aged forest under the promotion of management measures. However, the untreated control stands still showed diameter class distribution of single species even-aged stand. The growth of the transformed stand was significantly higher than that of the control stand, and the growth of the stand was mainly concentrated in the trees with larger diameter, which improved the economic value of forest woods. In addition, the soil microbial content and soil physical and chemical properties of the transformed stand were significantly improved than those of the control stand. Conclusion Adjusting tree species composition is the most important management measure in Close-to-natural transformation of forest. Enlarging the distribution range of Diameter Class Structure is the basic target of close-to-natural transformation of conifer even-aged plantation. Close-to-natural transformation increases significantly the forest growth, promotes the development of soil micro-organisms and improves the quality of forest ecosystem.
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Objective To investigate and analyze the host species of bacterial canker of Populus × euramericana, the disease-resistant varieties and the possible disease-resistant substances they contain. Method The host of the pathogen and the resistant varieties were determined by field investigation and inoculation tests. The content of active substances in the bark of disease-resistant and susceptible varieties was analyzed by HPLC. Result The hosts of bacterial pathogen of P. × euramericana canker are P. deltoides, P. × euramericana and Salix matsudana. P. × euramericana cl. 'Zhonglin 46', P. deltoides cl. '2025', P. × euramericana cv. '2001', P. deltoides cl '313', P. deltoides 'Zhonghe-1' and P. deltoides '16-09' were highly susceptible to the bark canker disease; P. × euramericana 'Yukang 1' and P. deltoides '16-10' were highly resistant varieties, P. deltoides '131', P. deltoides '03-59', P. deltoides '02-212' and P. deltoides '03-34' were resistant varieties. Hybrid willows and Salix babylonica are resistant to the pathogen, and Salix × aureo-pendula can be affected, but do not cause serious disease. The HPLC analysis showed that the contents of catechol, benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid in the bark of resistant and highly susceptible poplar varieties were significantly different. The catechol and catechin increased when the hosts were infected by Lonsdalea populi. Conclusion In this study, the host species of bacterial canker of P. × euramericana are determined, and resistant and highly susceptible poplar varieties are screened. It is showed the catechol and catechin are important compound for host to defense the pathogen infection. The results will be helpful to the control of the bacterial disease of poplar.
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Objective To understand the effect of litter of Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest on the competitive intensity of regeneration of Pinus massoniana. Method The allelopathic effects of litter extract of natural forest with different concentration and decomposition degree on seed germination and radicle growth of P. massoniana were studied. Result (1) The main factor affecting the germination of P. massoniana seeds was the degree of litter decomposition. Compared with the blank control, the litter of undecomposed layer and fully decomposed layer had no significant effect on the germination of P. massoniana seeds; the semi-decomposed layer inhibited the germination rate and germination index and promoted the germination potential. (2) The main factors affecting the growth of radicle were the concentration and action time of litter extract, and the effect of undecomposed layer on the whole radicle growth period of P. massoniana seeds was enhanced with the decrease of concentration, but increased with the decrease of concentration, and the promoting effect was the strongest at the concentration of 1 ≤ 100, and the effect of semi-decomposition layer was promoted by low concentration and high concentration, and the intermediate concentration was inhibited by the undecomposed layer. The fully decomposition layer showed promoting effect as a whole, and the promoting effect decreased with the decrease of concentration. (3) Correspondence analysis showed that different decomposition degree-concentration had no significant effect on seed germination of P. massoniana, but had significant correlation with radicle growth. Conclusion The result proves that the litter extract of different decomposition degree has a weak promoting or inhibiting effect on the seed germination of P. massoniana, promotes the growth of radicle at low concentration, and promotes the regeneration of P. massoniana, which will intensify the interspecific competition in the forest, and lead to the inhibition of the natural regeneration of C. kawakamii.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220492
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Objective To explore the needle functional traits, understory species diversity and understory soil factors of different forest types (Pinus thunbergia pure forest, Pinus thunbergia -Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, Pinus thunbergia -Quercus acutissima mixed forest) for providing basis and reference for the construction and management of Pinus thunbergia in the coastal shelter forest. Methods Based on Pinus thunbergia in the coastal shelter forest of Muping, Yantai, the needles and understory 0～20cm soil samples of Pinus thunbergia were collected, and the understory species diversity was investigated. The related functional traits of needles and soil physical and chemical properties were measured, and the understory species diversity index was calculated. Also the effects of understory soil factors on needle functional traits and understory species diversity were analyzed by RDA. Results (1) Different stand types had significant effects on leaf structural traits such as leaf area (LA), leaf length (LL), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf dry matter mass (LDMC) and leaf water content (LWC), while only C and N contents were significantly affected by leaf chemical traits. (2) Different stand types had significant effects on understory vegetation diversity indexes. Simpson index was the highest in the Pinus thunbergia -Quercus acutissima mixed forest, Shannon-Wiener index, Margalef index and Pielou index were the highest in the Pinus thunbergia -Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, and all indexes were the lowest in the Pinus thunbergia pure forest. Digitaria sanguinalis and Pennisetum alopecuroides were dominant in each community. (3) Different stand types had significant effects on soil EC, SOC, TN, NO3−-N, NH4+-N and AK. (4) SOC, AK and NH4+-N had significant effects on leaf functional traits and understory species diversity, while TP and NO3−-N had significant effects on functional traits and species diversity, respectively. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions, the functional traits of Pinus thunbergii needles and the diversity of understory species under different stand types have certain responses to the understory soil factors. The construction and management of shelterbelt should comprehensively consider the role of stand type, understory vegetation and soil nutrients.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220349
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Objective An age-independent theoretical growth equation was constructed to predict the dominant height of Pinus massoniana plantation when the age was unknown or not an effective influence factor. Methods Based on the four theoretical growth equations of Hossfeld IV, Lundqvist-Kolf, Richards and Schumacher, an age-independent dominant height model of Pinus massoniana was constructed by using the difference form of hidden age factors, and the free parameters were expressed as a function of site index. Results Among the four basic theoretical growth models, the age-related dominant growth model of Pinus massoniana plantation established by Richards model performed the best. The fitting accuracy of age-independent models was higher than that of age-related models, and the age-independent dominant growth model of Pinus massoniana plantation established by Richards model and Korf model performed the best. When the site index was introduced to the model, the fitting accuracy of Hossfeld model improved most obviously, and when k was set as a variable parameter, the age-independent dominant high growth model was the best. Conclusion When the forest of different age or age is difficult to obtain, the theoretical growth model independent of age can predict the growth of dominant height. After the functional relationship between site index and free parameters is replaced in the model, the accuracy of the model is improved and the model can be better applied to predict stand growth.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220432
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Objective A comprehensive index of stand spatial structure based on adjacent trees was constructed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of stand spatial structure and guide the optimization of stand structure. Method Based on the interpretation of the mean values of stand spatial structure parameters of uniform angle index, crowding, neighborhood comparison and mingling, they were assigned and standardized to make them positive indicators; the average value of mingling is a positive index, and the measured value is adopted; Then the stand spatial structure parameters were combined with the unit circle method to construct the stand spatial structure comprehensive evaluation index (FSS), and its effectiveness was verified by different stand types. Result The evaluation results of 47 sample plots in 4 regions of China using the constructed spatial structure comprehensive evaluation index showed that: 1) The spatial structure of natural pure forests under extreme site conditions was the worst among natural forests; 2) The spatial structure of natural mixed forest was better than that of artificial mixed forest; 3) The stand spatial structure of mixed plantation is obviously better than that of pure plantation; 4) The spatial structure of natural pure forest was better than that of artificial pure forest. Conclusion The comprehensive evaluation index of stand spatial structure can evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of stand spatial structure, and can scientifically express the general understanding that "the spatial structure of natural mixed forest is superior to that of artificial mixed forest, artificial mixed forest is superior to that of artificial pure forest, and natural pure forest is superior to that of artificial pure forest". It is a better comprehensive measure index of stand spatial structure, and has guiding significance for optimization of stand spatial structure and effect evaluation.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220447
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Objective To explore the effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on the growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia. Method The characteristics on the growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, respiration rate and stomatal indices of Cd-stressed R. pseudoacacia seedlings were studied in this experiment. Result Under Cd stress, the stem diameter and plant height of these seedlings were obviously inhibited. The fresh weight and dry weight of treated plants with high concentration decreased, while those with low concentration increased slightly, but all the differences were insignificant between them and the control treatment. With an increase of cadmium concentration, the contents of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll decreased, chlorophyll b and carotenoids changed irregularly, but there were insignificant differences between them and the control for R. pseudoacacia seedlings. However, the initial fluorescence (F0) and the maximum fluorescence yield (Fm) increased first and then decreased. The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) gradually decreased, the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN) gradually increased, and the actual photochemical quantum efficiencies (ΦPSII) were all lower than the control with insignificant-difference for those stressed plants during this experiment. Simultaneously, the stomatal width and stomatal area decreased, the stomata gradually closed in the treated-seedlings, and their respiratory efficiency was significantly inhibited. It was shown that the most of indicators were significantly correlated each other by correlation analysis. Through random forest regression analysis, the importance of initial fluorescence (F0), root cadmium content, stomatal width and chlorophyll a were the strongest among chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, plant cadmium enrichment content, stomatal characteristics and photosynthetic pigments, respectively, and became the most critical factors affecting the photosynthetic function of R. pseudoacacia seedlings. Conclusion Although the growth and photosynthetic physiology of R. pseudoacacia seedlings are affected by cadmium concentration to some extent, the seedlings still show strong tolerance to cadmium stress. It provides a reference for garden application in cadmium polluted areas.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220464
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Objective To study the effects of drought and shade on growth, water and carbon metabolism, and the flavonoid content of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Rousi for comprehensively understanding the ecological adaptability of sea-buckthorn and the response of flavonoid content to drought and shade. Methods The changes of water potential, branch hydraulic conductivity loss (PLC), photosynthesis, biomass, non structural carbohydrate (NSC) content and flavonoid content of Hippophae rhamnoides in drought (40% saturated soil water content), shading (50% shading) and their interaction were compared. Results Drought treatment significantly reduced branch water potential, net photosynthetic rate, leaf biomass, and NSC content in root and stem of Hippophae rhamnoides, and significantly increased the branch PLC and root biomass. Shading treatment significantly decreased the net photosynthetic rate, leaf biomass, NSC content of each part, and flavonoid content. The interaction of drought and shading significantly increased branch PLC, but decreased the leaf net photosynthetic rate, the biomass and NSC content of roots, stems and leaves. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between leaf flavonoids content and branch water potential. Conclusion Drought will affect water status and carbon uptake, reduce NSC storage in stems and roots, and increase flavonoids content in Hippophae rhamnoides.. Shading will affect photosynthetic rate, and NSC storage of roots, stems and leaves, And the combination of drought and shade will further reduce the water transport capacity, photosynthesis, biomass accumulation and NSC storage of Hippophae rhamnoides. Shading will reduce the adaptability of Hippophae rhamnoides. to drought stress, and moderate drought is beneficial to the synthesis of flavonoids.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220503
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Objective To explore the expression pattern of bHLH subfamily member MYC gene in poplar growth, development and response to environment for revealing the jasmonate signal pathway hub gene MYC in regulation of growth and development and response to different kinds of stress. Method Bioinformatic analysis was used to determine the family member of MYC and their gene structure and conserved motifs. Quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to analyze the expression of MYC family members in different tissues and under different kinds of phytohormone and stress treatment. Result Ten MYC members was found in the genome of Populus and the PtrMYC genes were conserved during evolution, and all of them contained bHLH domains, which were divided into three classes in phylogenetic tree. Analysis of the expression patterns showed that most members were mainly expressed in the roots, and two gene pairs in cladeⅡ had opposite expression pattern during stem development. The MYC genes exhibited distinct expression pattern under different hormone treatments and abiotic stress, but most gene pairs shared similar expression patterns. Conclusion Different MYC members may be involved in different biological processes. The results of this study provide a reference for further decipher the function of MYCs in poplar.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220483
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Objective This study is to reveal the changes of cellular structure, composition and function of secondary vascular tissue in Pinus massoniana during development. Methods The change of morphology, structure, lignin and cellulose in the vascular tissue of P. massoniana were studied by histochemical analysis and cell segregation. Results The vascular cambium gradually enriched cellulose when it differentiated into new phloem and xylem. During the development of phloem, the sieve cells were deformed and lignified, and the proportion of cellulose in phloem decreased. During the development of xylem tracheids from early wood to late wood, the diameter of striated pores decreased, the number of striated pores decreased, the lignification degree of secondary wall increased, the cell lumen area decreased, the proportion of cellulose content decreased, and the choroidal and radial walls thickened. Conclusion The cellular composition and structure of secondary vascular tissues change regularly with development. The intracellular and intercellular transport capacity of xylem cells decrease, while the mechanical strength increases. The secondary phloem loses its ability to transport and its mechanical strength increases.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220477
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Objective To further understand the cytomorphological of maturating laticifer cells and mature laticifer cells in Eucommia ulmoides stem and cotyledons and provide cytomorphological evidence for explaining the origin, development and maturation processes of laticifer cells in E. ulmoides. Method The stem, seed germination cotyledons, and seedling cotyledons of E. ulmoides were studied by whole observation and tissue section methods, and the morphology of laticifer cells in E. ulmoides was analyzed and compared. Result The images of 14 mature laticifer cells, 46 enlarged ends of laticifer cells, and 2 mature gelatinous cells in the stem cortex of E. ulmoides were obtained. The optical microscope images of primitive cell morphology and maturating laticifer cells in E. ulmoides seed germination cotyledons and the optical microscope images of mature maturating cells in seedling cotyledons and transmission electron microscope images of laticifer cells in E. ulmoides were obtained. The length of laticifer cell axes in E. ulmoides stems ranged from 981 to 3167 μm, and the volume ranged from 1 × 10−4 to 3 × 10−4 mm3. The length of the minor axis of the enlarged ends ellipsoid ranged from 8.6 μ m to 22.4 μ m, and the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the enlarged ends ranged from 1.08 to 1.77. Conclusion 1) The mature laticifer cells in the cortex of E. ulmoides are non-articulated and unbranched laticifer cells consisted of an elongated cylindrical cell body and two ellipsoidal dilated terminations. 2) Most of the xylene vitrification laticifer cells have no internal structure, and a small number of them have low refractive index internal structure. 3) The laticifer cells in the cotyledons of E. ulmoide originate from a series of dumbbell-shaped primitive cells, and tThere are a series of cytomorphological changes in the process of generation of laticifer cells.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220528
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Objective Understanding the allocation and cycling characteristics of the main nutrients in the process of artificial vegetation restoration on sandy land will help us fully understand the strategies of plant adaptation to the desert ecosystems, and provide theory for the vegetation management. Method This study was conducted in the shrub plantations of Caragana intermedia with different stand age of 6-, 9-, 11-, 17- and 31-year-old on alpine sandy land. The whole plant of average shrubs was completely harvested for analysing the main nutrients N, P and K concentration, accumulation, allocation and cycling characteristics. Result (1) In components, leaves and stem bark with the highest nutrient content, and stem wood with the lowest nutrient content. As the plantation age increased, N content in three root-diameter (coarse root: diameter > 5 mm, medium root: 2 mm < diameter ≤ 5 mm, fine root: diameter ≤ 2 mm) and P content in leaves increased significantly, whereas P and K contents in fine root, K contents in branches and medium root decreased significantly. The N contents of three root-diameters had a significant negative correlation with the P and K contents of fine root, and the N contents of medium and fine root had a significant negative correlation with the K contents of branches and medium root. (2) The nutrient accumulation of root was higher than aboveground components. The percentage of the nutrient accumulation of the root to the aboveground components firstly increased and then decreased as the plantation age increased. It peaked in 17-year-old plantation, and the percentage of N, P and K were 70%, 66% and 63%, respectively. (3) As the plantation age increased, the utilization coefficient of the nutrients decreased, while the recycling period and cycling coefficient increased. Utilization coefficient and cycling coefficient of K were higher and recycling period was shorter than N and P in all plantations. Conclusion With the development of C. intermediate plantation on alpine sandy land, more nutrients were allocated to the root system to adapt to the harsh environment. The nitrogen fixation process of C. intermediate will consume its own K and P, of which K with fast circulation rate and high mobility. Therefore, we suggested that K and P fertilizer should be added in the management and protection of C. intermedia shrub plantation.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220499
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Objective To study the genetic variation of growth traits of Pinus massoniana provenances and families from three regions in Fujian Province, and provide scientific basis for the selection of fine provenances and families of Pinus massoniana. Method A total of 94 families from three provenances in Longyan, Quanzhou and Nanping in Fujian Province were selected. The genetic differences of three growth traits, tree height, DBH and tree volume were analyzed and evaluated through a completely randomized block design experiment, and excellent provenances and families were selected. Result The results showed that the average tree height, DBH and volume of the provenances were 18.76 m, 22.23 cm and 0.36 m3 in Longyan, followed by 17.43 m, 20.77 cm and 0.31 m3 in Quanzhou, and 15.54 m, 19.25 cm and 0.25 m3 in Nanping, which was poorer than the control. The comprehensive evaluation showed that Quanzhou and Longyan materials can be used as the source of excellent provenance of Pinus massoniana. The heritability of the three growth traits at the family level ranged from 3.81% to 16.08%. At the same time, the 94 families were divided into excellent, superior, medium and average families by cluster analysis, with the corresponding number of 3, 24, 42 and 25 families, respectively. The average genetic gain of tree height, DBH and tree volume per tree with 77-561, 77-569 and 77-568 reached 15.63%, 26.54% and 11.27%, respectively. Conclusion The excellent individuals are selected from the excellent families and divided into three categories: 22 excellent individuals, 80 superior individuals and 52 general individuals.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220369
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Objective This article aims to analyze the changes of soil available nitrogen content in Chinese fir plantations at different generations, and explore the internal relationship between nitrate nitrogen and the structure and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea community, which provides reference for the effective use of soil nitrogen of plantations and soil quality assessment of Chinese fir forest. Method Four Chinese fir plantations with different generations were selected in Nanping, Fujian Province. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the amoA gene amplified by PCR. Mantel_r correlation analysis, random forest model and partial least squares path model were used to study the relationship between soil available nitrogen content, ammonia-oxidizing archaea community abundance and diversity in different generations. Result With the increase of continuous cropping generations of Chinese fir, the content of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) decreased significantly, and the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) did not change significantly. Soil enzyme activity and the abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) community showed a decreasing trend. Soil available nitrogen content was closely related to ammonia-oxidizing archaea community and enzyme activity, and the abundance and diversity of ammonia oxidizing archaea community was the most important factor affecting nitrate nitrogen content. Conclusion With the increase of planting generation, the abundance and diversity of ammonia oxidizing archaea community decrease to a certain extent. Except for the fourth generation of soil urease and ammonia nitrogen oxygenase enzyme activity increased slightly, soil nitrogen cycle related enzyme activity shows a decreasing trend, resulting in a significant reduction in soil nitrate nitrogen content, which limits the effectiveness of soil nitrogen in continuous cropping Chinese fir plantations.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220417
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Objective To understand the molecular mechanism of Kandelia obovata in response to low temperature stress and cultivate new varieties of cold resistance. Method Based on the annual container seedlings of 'Longgang' K. obovata, a cold-tolerant mangrove cultiva, the control group ( CK ) was treated at 15 oC for 12 h and the low temperature group ( LT ) was treated at −5 oC for 12 h. Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform was used for transcriptome sequencing, and the genes related to abscisic acid signaling pathway were discovered. Result The results showed that a total of 148 transcription factors were identified by transcriptome sequencing, which belonged to 25 transcription factor families. Among them, ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related families contained more genes, which were 17, 14, 12, 12, 10, 9, 6 and 6, respectively. A total of 1 330 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were screened in the differential group, of which 698 ( 52.48% ) were up-regulated and 632 ( 47.52% ) were down-regulated. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein, and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism. Among the abscisic acid signaling pathways, KoPYL1, KoABF1, and KoABF2 were up-regulated and KoPP2C1 and KoABF3 were down-regulated, and the expression of these genes was consistent with the qRT-PCR validation results. Conclusion ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related play an important role in regulating the response of K. obovata to low temperature stress. Phytohormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism are important KEGG pathways in K. obovata in response to low temperature stress. KoPYL1, KoPP2C1, KoABF1, KoABF2 and KoABF3 genes in abscisic acid signaling pathway can be used as important candidate genes for future studies on the response of K. obovata to cold stress.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220242
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Objective To identify AMT gene family members in Betula platyphylla and analyze the expression pattern of AMT genes. Method Bioinformatics methods were used to identify the family genes and real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis of gene expression. Result 9 AMT genes were identified from the B.platyphylla genome and divided into two subfamilies, AMT1 and AMT2, named BpAMT1.1-1.4 and BpAMT2.1-2.5; These BpAMT proteins contained 384-522 amino acid residues with isoelectric points ranging from 4.61 to 8.16, and all of which were located on the plasma membrane and organelle membrane; The genes of BpAMT family were distributed on 5 chromosomes unevenly, and there were tandem duplication among the members. BpAMTs’ expression patterns had specificity in different tissues, showing a leaf>root>stem trend; At the same time, KNO3, NH4Cl, MeJA, GA3, ABA, CdCl2 and diurnal variation could affect the expression of BpAMT gene, and the response of members differed under different treatments. Conclusion 9 BpAMT genes are identified and divided into two subfamilies. BpAMT gene plays an important role in regulating nitrogen uptake, transport and in response to hormone signals or abiotic stress. These results lay a foundation for further analysis of the function of BpAMT gene in growth and resistance to stress in B.platyphylla.
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doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220211
Abstract:
Objective To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) and reveal its expressional pattern in seed coat rupture stage of Moso bamboo seeds (Phyllostachys edulis) under different drought and salt stresses. Methods Polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) and NaCl were used to simulate drought and salinity stress, respectively. Small RNA libraries were separately built for Moso bamboo seeds germinated under H2O, 10% PEG, 15% PEG, 50 mmol·L−1 NaCl and 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl, and the seeds were all sampled at seed coat rupture stage. High throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to explore the expressional pattern of miRNA. Results A total of 246 known miRNAs and 262 novel mature miRNAs were identified in this study. The most abundant miRNAs in seed coat rupture stage of Moso bamboo was miR166, followed by miR159, miR6478, miR319, etc. According to miRNA target prediction, MIR396 family owned the largest number of target genes, and ph02gene13935 (GAMYB) could to be regulated by 28 miRNAs of MIR159, MIR319 or MIR396; A total of 181 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNA) were identified in six comparison groups; Compared with control group, in 10% PEG, 15% PEG, 50 mmol·L−1 NaCl and 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl treatments, phe-miR171e-5p, phe-miR3630-3p, phe-miR171e-5p and phe-miR159a were differentially expressed respectively with highest expressional level in known miRNAs; The target genes of DEmiRNA were significantly enriched in different GO and KEGG pathways; Ten DEmiRNAs were verified by qPCR, and the overall trend of qPCR results was consistent with the sequencing data. Conclusion In seed coat rupture stage of moso bamboo, there exhibit high accumulation of known miRNAs such as miR159, miR6478, miR319 in all control and four treatment groups, which may play a conservative regulatory role in Moso bamboo seed germination. Compared with the control group, phe-miR171e-5p, phe-miR3630-3p, phe-miR171e-5p and phe-miR159a 1 are differentially expressed in 10% PEG, 15% PEG, 50 mmol·L−1 NaCl and 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl, respectively, which can respond to PEG or NaCl stress during seed coat rupture stage of Moso bamboo.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220239
Abstract:
Objective To reveal the microbial community composition and diversity in Eucommia ulmoides seeds and enrich the related microbial resources. Methods In this study, the diversity of endophytic microorganisms in E. ulmoides seeds was analyzed by traditional culture method and high-throughput sequencing technology, and functional annotated by FAPROTAX and FUNGuild database. Results A total of 40 fungi strains (3 phyla and 11 genera) were isolated from E. ulmoides seeds, and the dominant genus was Aspergillus (30%); 142 bacterial strains (1 phylum, 6 genera) were isolated, of which Solibacillus was the dominant genus (47.18%). Through high-throughput sequencing, 141 fungal OTUs were obtained belonging to 6 phylum and 101 genera; 442 bacterial OTUs were obtained belonging to 24 phylum and 313 genera. At the genus level, the dominant fungi were Apiotrichum (31.28%) and Debaryomyces (26.07%); The dominant bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (16.66%) and Lactobacillus (9.68%). The results of functional annotation showed that fungi mainly degraded organic matter, promoted the growth of host plants and the absorption of soil nutrients by host, improved soil microbial community structure and Pathogen community. The bacteria mainly consisted of chemoheterotrophic, heterotrophic, fermentation. and nitrogen fixation bacteria. Conclusion E. ulmoides seeds carry a variety of probiotics and potential phytopathogens, which have important effects on plant growth and development. In addition, a number of beneficial functional bacteria were isolated in this study, which will provide microbial resources for the subsequent artificial control of seed microbiome to enhance plant health.
2023, 36(1): 1-10.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220376
Abstract:
Objective To Select the optimal parent and parental combination for improving breeding efficiency and maximize genetic gain in oil-tea hybrid breeding. Method In this study, 11 fruit and oil related traits were detected in the intraspecific and interspecific hybrid progeny in nest design, including weight of single fruit, seed rate of fresh fruit, kernel rate of dry seeds, oil content of kernel and seven kinds of fatty acid content in the oil. The general combining ability (GCA) of female parent and special combining ability (SCA) of hybridized combination were analyzed. The genetic control modes for 11 traits were analyzed. Result There were highly significant differences in 11 traits among 12 families. These differences mainly caused by paternal effects at the level of P < 0.01, and only the differences of stearic acid and linoleic acid content were affected by maternal effects at the level of P < 0.05. The GCA and SCA of the parents were comprehensively analyzed. The intraspecific hybridization ‘Changlin No.4’ × ‘Changlin No.23’ showed better combining ability in weight of single fruit, seed rate of fresh fruit, kernel rate of dry seeds, oil content of kernel and oleic acid content in oil. The interspecific hybridization of Camellia oleifera and C. meiocarpa ‘Changlin No. 53’ × ‘Xiao No.3’ had a better performance on weight of single fruit, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid content. The cross of ‘Changlin No. 53’ × ‘Xiao No.2’ had advantages in seed rate of fresh fruit, kernel rate of dry seeds, oil content of kernel and oleic acid content. The analysis of genetic effect showed that stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid content were mainly controlled by additive genetic effect, while the other eight traits were mainly influenced by non-additive genetic effect. The heritability of 11 economic traits of per plant was greater than that of families. The breeding strategy of selecting excellent individual plants within the full-sib families should be adopted in the cross breeding of C. oleifera. Conclusion The economic traits of C. oleifera are mainly controlled by inheritance, and less affected by environment. Weight of single fruit, seed rate of fresh fruit, kernel rate of dry seeds, oil content of kernel, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, linolenic acid and cis-11-eicosenoic acid content were mainly controlled by non-additive gene effect, and the influence of additive gene effect is relatively low. In interspecific hybridization, SCA evaluation of hybridized combination should be given priority. In this study, we explored the parental allocation and genetic effects of interspecific hybridization between C. oleifera and C. meiocarpa, which laid a theoretical foundation for guiding interspecific hybridization breeding of C.oleifera.
2023, 36(1): 11-21.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20210511
Abstract:
Objective To develop an effective method for characterizing tannin of Chinese gallnut by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF–MS), and analyze the fragmentation behavior of gallotannins. Methods High temperature and ultrasonic–assisted methods were implemented for extracting phenolic compounds from Chinese gallnut, and the fragmentation pathway of gollotannins were characterized by MS/MS spectrometry. Results A total of 20 compounds were identified, including 14 gallotannins, 2 gallagyl esters, 3 phenolic acids, and 1 flavanol. Gallotannins with molecular mass higher than 1500 Da were not identified when high temperature 121 ℃ was used as extract method, while they were successfully detected by the ultrasound extract method, including 1–O–galloyl–β–D–glucose to 14–O–galloyl–β–D–glucose. Under the conditions of ultrasonic power of 1 500 W and extraction temperature of 65 ℃, more gallotannin isomers were identified. The MS/MS spectrum showed that gallotannins were mainly decomposed by the loss of glucoside, gallic acid, galloyl, H2O and carboxyl. Conclusion In the study, UHPLC–QTOF–MS technology coupled with ultrasonic extraction methods have been proved to determine gallnut tannin comprehensively and efficiently. The identification of gallnut tannin and the analysis of their fragmentation mechanism can provide a reference for research on the chemical composition of other plants rich in tannin.
2023, 36(1): 22-30.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220296
Abstract:
Objective To explore the key climate factors affecting the quality of 'Yanshanzaofeng' chestnut in different cultivation areas and establish the key climate factors evaluation system of 'Yanshanzaofeng' cultivation for providing theoretical basis for the scientific planting and introduction of 'Yanshanzaofeng'. Methods Based on 'Yanshanzaofeng' planted in eight different growing areas, the correlation and regression analysis were carried out between nut quality indexes and climate factors, and the nonlinear regression equation between nut quality indexes and key climate factors was constructed. Results The results showed that the cross diameter (33.63 mm), longitudinal diameter (26.98 mm), fruit shape index (0.73) and single grain weight (10.86 g) of 'Yanshanzaofeng' in Jinhua cultivation area were higher than those in other cultivation areas. The soluble sugar content (19.01%) and amylopectin/amylose ratio (1.69) in qianxi cultivation area of Hebei province were higher than those in other areas. The key climate factors affecting the quality of 'Yanshanzaofeng' nuts were temperature, light and water, and the daily range of average temperature in growing season had the greatest influence on the quality of nuts. The nut quality of 'Yanshanzaofeng' was the best in the ecological area with a daily average temperature difference of 25.89℃ in the growing season. The optimal value of quality indexes were soluble sugar 25.63%, amylopectin/amylose ratio 1.93, protein 8.32%. Conclusion Climatic conditions such as longer sunshine duration, higher average temperature and greater diurnal range of average temperature in growing season are conducive to the formation of sweet and waxy quality of 'Yanshanzaofeng'.
2023, 36(1): 31-38.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20210091
Abstract:
Objective To determine the content of corilagin in leaves of Acer truncatum Bunge, A. buergerianum Miq. and A. paxii Franch. Methods The ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) were used. XBridge C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 3.5 µm) was used as the chromatographic column, and 0.4% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol as the mobile phase with the flow rate of 0.3 mL·min−1, the column temperature of 25 ℃, the detection wavelength of 270 nm, and the injection volume of 2 μL. Results The leaves of A. truncatum Bunge, A. buergerianum Miq. and A. paxii Franch. contained corilagin. There were significant differences in the content of corilagin among different tree species. The content in A. buergerianum Miq. was the highest, followed by A. paxii Franch. and A. truncatum Bunge. There were also significant differences in the content of corilagin among different varities. Among the four varieties of A. truncatum Bunge, ‘Lvbaoshi’ reached the highest value of 0.607 9 mg·g−1, the average content in ‘Xingwang’ among the four cultivars of A. buergerianum Miq. was the highest, and ‘Qianlihong’ had the highest value (6.888 7 mg·g−1) in October, and the highest valuein A. paxii Franch. ‘Lulv’ was 2.664 0 mg·g−1. In addition, there was also a big difference in the content of corilagin at different harvest times. The highest values of A. truncatum Bunge and A. paxii Franch. mostly appeared in May and June, and the best harvesting time of A. buergerianum Miq. was in October. Conclusion This is the first time for revealing that there is corilagin in the leaves of A. truncatum Bunge, A. buergerianum Miq. and A. paxii Franch., among which A. buergerianum Miq. is more suitable as the raw material for extracting corilagin, and A. truncatum Bunge and A. paxii Franch. can be used as candidate resources.
2023, 36(1): 39-46.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220264
Abstract:
Objective To analyze the effects of PagWOX11/12a gene on the growth and development of poplar for further research on the regulation mechanism of this gene in woody plants. Method Bioinformatics methods and software were used to construct phylogenetic evolutionary tree, sequence alignment and biochemical characterization analysis. Tissue-specific expression patterns were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The phenotype of poplar after specifically suppressed the expression of PagWOX11/12a was analyzed by using transgenic plant 35S::PagWOX11/12a-SRDX (DR). Result PagWOX11/12a gene could encode a protein with 255 amino acids, which was expressed in different tissues of 84K. The phenotypic analysis of DR transgenic plants showed that inhibiting the expression of this gene could reduce the length of phloem cells, pith cells and xylem fiber cells, inhibit internode elongation, and significantly reduced plant height compared with non-transgenic 84K. Conclusion PagWOX11/12a gene participates in regulating the height growth of poplar by affecting the elongation of internodes. This study provides a reference for further revealing the regulatory mechanism of PagWOX11/12a gene involved in the growth and development of poplar.
2023, 36(1): 47-58.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220099
Abstract:
Objective To reveal the effects of vegetation types on root-associated fungal community structure and function in the Fanjingshan World Heritage property, supportive data was provided to predict the relationships between visible vegetation types and invisible community structure in terrestrial ecosystem. Method Three representative vegetation types, including an evergreen broadleaved forest (EBF), an evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest (EDBMF) and a subalpine dwarf shrub (SDF), were investigated in the Fanjingshan. Illumina MiSeq sequencing and the FUNGuild annotation tool were used to obtain and analyse the characteristics of the root-associated fungal community structure and function in different vegetation types, and the contributions of soil properties, fine root traits and leaf traits to variations in composition of root-associated fungal community were also analysed. Result Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the two most abundant phyla, and undefined saprotroph, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, plant pathogen, endophyte, fungal parasite and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi were the main guilds. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were notably enriched in EBF, ectomycorrhizal fungi were more significantly abundant in EDBMF, and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi were significantly overrepresented in SDF. The significant difference in the composition of root-associated fungi among vegetation types was confirmed by non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance. A higher alpha diversity was detected in EBF, and the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index was significantly lower in SDF than in EBF and EDBMF. Aggregated boosted tree analysis indicated that root carbon content was the primary factor influencing observed richness, while leaf dry matter content was the dominant factors associated with the changes in Shannon index, Simpson index and Pielou index of root-associated fungi. Redundancy analysis showed that changes in vegetation type, soil pH, root carbon content and leaf carbon content could significantly affect the fungal community composition. The variance partitioning analysis further revealed that vegetation type had the greatest impact on the composition of root-associated fungi, followed by fine root traits and soil properties, and leaf traits had the least impact. Conclusion Vegetation type can significantly affect root-associated fungal community structure. There is a specific relationship between vegetation type and functional taxa, and plant traits affect the construction of fungal communities.
2023, 36(1): 59-67.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220291
Abstract:
Objective To understand the influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and different forms of nitrogen (N) addition on soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients, soil N and P enzyme activities and their enzyme stoichiometry in the rhizosphere of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) for providing theoretical basis of sustainable management of Chinese fir plantations. Method In the present study, a pot experiments were carried out to investigate the AMF inoculation (G. mosseae, Gm) and different forms of N (NH4+ -N, NO3−-N) addition on soil N and P nutrients, related enzyme activities and their stoichiometry of one-year-old Chinese fir seedlings. Result The results showed that: (1) AMF inoculation increased soil available P content, but decreased the NO3−-N, NH4+ -N, DON and total P content. Compared with NH4 + -N treatment, AMF under NO3−-N treatment had more significant effect on soil N and P nutrients (P<0.05). (2) AMF inoculation and different forms of N addition increased the activities of soil acid phosphatase (AP), urease (URE), and N-acetyl-β-D glucosidase (NAG). Inoculation of AMF under NH4+ -N treatment was more conducive to improve urease activity, and inoculation of AMF under NO3−-N treatment was more conducive to improve N-acetyl-β-D glucosidase activity. (3) AMF inoculation reduced the ratios of soil URE: AP, PRO: AP and NAG: AP (p<0.05), and the decrease of soil URE: AP, PRO: AP stoichiometry under NO3-N treatment was higher than that under NH4-N treatment. Conclusion AMF inoculation can improve soil P availability, and increase the transfer of soil available N to the plants by increasing the activities of nitrogen and phosphorus-related enzyme in the soil and reducing the stoichiometry of nitrogen and phosphorus-related enzyme to maintain soil N and P balance. Moreover, the effects of NO3−-N treatment on soil nitrogen and phosphorus balance is larger than that under NH4 + -N treatment.
2023, 36(1): 68-78.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20230142
Abstract:
Objective To lay a molecular basis for functional verification experiment and genetic breeding of tree salinity tolerance, the genetic mechanisms was explored, and salt-related genes were identified for Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. Method In this study, the root tissues were collected from a 1-year-old S. apetala treated with 500 mmol•L−1 NaCl for 0 (control group) and 10 d (treatment group). Then transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis was performed based on the three-generation full-length transcriptome dataset of S. apetala. Result (1) Compared with the control group, 14401 genes were differentially expressed after salt treatment, of which 7153 were up-regulated and 7248 were down-regulated. (2) GO analysis found that a total of 11068 differential genes were annotated in 47 GO items. (3) For KEGG enrichment analysis, a total of 6189 differential expression genes were enriched to 134 pathways, of which 14 were significantly enriched (P-value <0.01, Q-value <0.05). (4) Further functional annotation analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed a total of 89 genes was potential salt-related candidate genes. Among these, 24, 22, 19, 10 and 14 genes encoded enzymes or functional proteins referred to antioxidation, osmotic adjustment substances, plant hormones, protein kinase and transcription factors, respectively. Conclusion Genes relating to active oxygen scavenging, osmotic regulation, plant hormones, protein kinases and transcription factors participate in the regulation of salt stress adaptation in S. apetala.
2023, 36(1): 79-90.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220168
Abstract:
Objective To clarify the taxonomic status of AMF spores under the oak forest in the subalpine belt of the Hengduan Mountains. Method Six samples of alpine oak root enclosures and root systems were selected from different parts of the subalpine belt of the Hengduan Mountains, and AMF spores in the soil were selected by wet sieving sedimentation method. AMF-specific primers were used to amplify the 18S rRNA gene of the ITS region, which was identified by combining morphological and molecular biological means, and the phylogenetic relationships were constructed to infer their affinities. Result The results showed that AMF spores and root cloning consequences of alpine oak in Sichuan and Tibet were the genus Paraglomus. And the consequence of AMF cloning on the root surface and the AMF in soil of alpine oak in Shangri-La showed that AMF could exist in the inter-roots of alpine oak plants. These AMF were the genus Glomus. In addition, only one AMF was found in the root envelope and inter-root soil of alpine oak forest in different sampling sites, suggesting that AMF might have a symbiotic relationship with alpine oak. Aniline blue pigment staining result showed obvious arbuscular and vesicle structures in roots. In addition, the AMF spores under the Alpine oak forest differentiated during the evolution and were between the taxonomic status of Paraglomus and Glomus, and there were differences in AMF in Tibet, Sichuan and Shangri-La, Yunnan. Conclusion AMF generally exists in the pure understory root rhizosphere and inter-root soil of alpine oak in the subalpine belt of the Hengduan Mountains, which provides a theoretical reference for understanding the formation and evolution of AMF in the understory of alpine oak in the subalpine belt of the Hengduan Mountains
2023, 36(1): 91-99.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220144
Abstract:
Objective To study the response of radial growth of Larix griffithii Hoof to temperature and precipitation based on the annual ring core of L. griffithii collected in the Shergyla Mountain. Method The standard chronology was established by using the tree chronology method combined with TASP-Win and ARSTAN programs. Pearson and bootstrap calculation methods were used to analyze the correlation between ring width index and temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2020. Result There were significant differences in radial growth before and after temperature fluctuation. Before the temperature fluctuation, the radial growth was positively correlated with the average temperature in January and June of the year and August of the previous year (P<0.05). It was positively correlated with the average precipitation from September to October and December of the previous year and negatively correlated with that in August of the previous year. And It was significantly positively correlated with the relative humidity from January to December (P<0.01). After the temperature fluctuation, the radial growth was negatively correlated with the average temperature from March to December and positively correlated with the precipitation in August and June of the previous year. Conclusion The climatic conditions in Southeast Tibet are extremely special. The uneven hydrothermal conditions caused by climate fluctuations is the main reason for the radial growth change of L griffithii. The short-term change of temperature in the non-growing season also has a significant indigenous impact on the radial growth of trees.
2023, 36(1): 100-108.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220277
Abstract:
Objective To reveal the structural characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the chloroplast genomes of Zanthoxylum armatum ‘Jiuyeqing’, and provide reference for identifying germplasm resources, breeding new varieties and the genetic analysis among varieties of the genus Zanthoxylum. Method The total DNA of Z. armatum ‘Jiuyeqing’ was extracted using a modified CTAB method. High-throughput sequencing was performed using the BGISeq-500 platform, the chloroplast genome was assembled by SPAdes v3.13.0 software, the whole chloroplast genome information of Z. armatum ‘Jiuyeqing’ was annotated by GeSeq software, and the structural characteristics, repetitive sequences, codon preference and phylogenetic relationship were analyzed. Result Z. armatum ‘Jiuyeqing’ was a typical tetrad structure with a full-length sequence of 158 579 bp, encoding 133 genes. 19 tandem repeats were detected, 49 long repeat sequences, 70 simple sequence repeat (SSR) were detected. A total of 26 398 codons (excluding stop codons) were detected in the protein-coding gene of the chloroplast genome of Z. armatum ‘Jiuyeqing’, and there was a strong A/T base preference at the third base of the codon. Conclusion The complete chloroplast genome sequences of Z. armatum 'Jiuyeqing' was firstly assembled for the study. The results of phylogenetic analysis show that the genus Zanthoxylum is a monophyletic group, and the Z. armatum 'Jiuyeqing' is closely related to Z. simulans. The results of the study enrich the genetic information of Zanthoxylum and improve important references for Zanthoxylum germplasm resource evaluation, molecular breeding, development of cpSSR molecular markers, and genetic diversity research.
2023, 36(1): 109-116.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220218
Abstract:
Objective To study the change of stand structure with age and its hydrological influence, and provide a theoretical basis for forest vegetation construction and management in the semi-arid area, Liupan Mountains. Method The main plantation type -- Larix principis-rupprechtii (Larch) plantation was selected in Diediediegou small watershed in the semi-arid area, Liupan Mountains. Based on daily meteorological data from 1993—2002, both the coupled stand structure model and BROOK90, an ecohydrological model were applied to simulate the variation of stand structures (average tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy density and leaf area index (LAI)) with plantation age, and then its effects on each water balance component (interception, transpiration, soil evaporation and runoff) were obtained. Result The Larch plantation could be divided into rapid growth period (5～15 years old), slow growth period (15～40 years old) and stable period (over 40 years old) with the increase of age. During the rapid growth period, the average tree height, average DBH, canopy density and canopy LAI increased rapidly with the increase of age, with an average annual growth rate of 0.48 m·a−1, 0.54 cm·a−1, 0.03 and 0.19, respectively. During the slow growth period, the average stand tree height, DBH and canopy density increased slowly, while the LAI increased first and then decreased. But during the stable period, the stand structures did not change significantly. In the fast growth period, the average annual interception and transpiration increased rapidly with the increase of age, and the rate was 1.91 and 24.13 mm·a−1, respectively. Meanwhile, the average annual soil evaporation and water yield decreased rapidly with the increase of age, and the decrease rate was 10.58 and 14.88 mm·a−1, respectively. In the slow growth period, the change of average annual transpiration, soil evaporation and runoff with age slowed down, and tended to be stable when the age was 30 years. The average annual change rates were 0.62, −0.75 and −0.76 mm·a−1, respectively. Conclusion In the semi-arid area of Liupan Mountains, the stand structure of Larch plantations changes continuously when the stand age is less than 30 years, especially less than 15 years, which significantly affectes the eco-hydrological function. And when the stand age is over 30 years old, the stand structure is stable and the water balance components tend to be stable too, which indicates that it is no longer necessary to consider the influence of stand age in the integrated forest-water management.
2023, 36(1): 117-123.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220322
Abstract:
Objective Based on the national permanent forest plots, the basic average tree height - diameter models of Cunninghamia lanceolate was established by province for predicting tree height . Methods There was a total of 23 239 samples distributed in 15 provinces in this study. Eighteen candidate base growth equations were used to fit height-diameter relationship in each province. The coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean relative error (MRE) and root mean square error (RMSE) combing with the residual plots were used for model evaluation. In addition, the 5-fold method was used to test the optimal model in each province. Result The best height-diameter model in each province was not the same. The best model for Chinese fir in Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangxi was the Mitscherlich equation. For Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan and Fujian, the best model was the Hossfeld equation. And for Guangdong, Hubei and Guizhou, the best model was hyperbolic equation, Logistic equation and Gompertz equation, respectively. The R2 of the model ranged from 0.602 to 0.807, MAE ranged from 0.94 to 1.53 m, MRE ranged from −4.72 to −2.93%, RMSE ranged from 1.23 to 2.00 m, and MPE ranged from 0.50 to 2.77. These models performed well and had biological significance, which indicated that these models could be used as the basic height-diameter models of C. lanceolate plantation in each province Conclusion height-diameter models of C. lanceolate distributed in 15 provinces are developed in this study, which simulates well the average tree height of C. lanceolate in each province, and can be used as basic models of height-diameter for C. lanceolate plantation in each province in China.
2023, 36(1): 124-131.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220019
Abstract:
Objects To explore the adaptability of Hyphantria cunea to different host young trees, scientifically protect trees and prevent and control Hyphantria cunea. Methods Based on eight species of trees widely distributed and planted in Northeast China (Ulmus pumila, Juglans mandshurica, Salix matsudana, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Larix olgensis, Albizia kalkora, Tilia amurensis), the growth, development and nutritional effects of H. cunea larvae fed on leaves of different host young trees were measured. Results The survival rate of H. cunea larvae fed on U. pumila and J. mandshurica was the highest, followed by F. mandshurica, S. matsudana and T. amurensis; Feeding on L. olgensis was lower than A. kalkora. The larvae of H. cunea feeding on U. pumila and J. mandshurica had the highest values of weight, body length and head shell width, followed by F. mandshurica and T. amurensis; The feeding rate of A. kalkora was lower than B. platyphylla. The pupation rate and eclosion rate of H. cunea larvae fed on J. mandshurica, U. pumila and F. mandshurica were higher, and the development period was shorter, than T. amurensis; Feeding L. olgensis and A. kalkora could not pupate, and feeding B. platyphylla, A. kalkora and L. olgensis could not eclosion and had a long development period. H. cunea larvae fed the most on U. pumila, J. mandshurica and F. mandshurica, followed by T. amurensis and S. matsudana; The food utilization rate and food conversion rate of larvae feeding on U. pumila and J. mandshurica were at a high level, followed by T. amurensis and F. mandshurica; The larvae fed the lowest amount of A. kalkora and B. platyphylla, and their food utilization rate and food conversion rate were at the lowest level; The results of larval food consumption rate were contrary to their food utilization rate and food conversion rate. Conclusion U. pumila and J. mandshurica are more suitable for the growth and development of H. cunea larvae, followed by F. mandshurica and T. amurensis; However, L. olgensis and A. kalkora are not suitable for their growth; The results show that the H. cunea has different adaptability and nutritional utilization strategies to a variety of hosts.
2023, 36(1): 132-137.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220368
Abstract:
Objective To screen and optimize the strain and apply it to the degradation of dead leaves of landscape tree species in forest firebreak belt for recycling of dead leaves and forest fire prevention. Method The highly degrading strains were screened out by the degradation methods of leaf strips of tree species in color bio-fireproof forest belt and the degradation weight loss methods. The highly degrading strains and their combinations were selected by the experimental analysis of the degradation weight loss effect of the highly degrading strains and their combinations. In addition, their degradation rules on the dead branches and leaves were analyzed. Result Through the degradation experiments of 11 strains on deciduous leaves and dead branches and leaves of 12 colorful landscape trees in the firebreak belt, Postia Placenta (Pp),Trichoderma Koningii (Tk1) and Polystictus versicolor (Pv) were found to have strong degradation ability and weight loss effect. The weight loss of Sassafras tsumu, Photinia × fraseri and Schima superba were 54.3% ± 2.3% and 62.1% ± 3.3% respectively. Conclusion Pp + Pv, Pv + Tk1 and Pp + Tk1 have significant degradation effect on the tree species in the forest firebreak belts, which can be widely used as in the forest firebreak belts in the south of Jiangsu Province.
2023, 36(1): 138-145.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220188
Abstract:
Objective To understand the gall wasps on Fagaceae plants in China for providing the basis of collection rapid identification and forecast. Method We have conducted an investigation on 9 common Fagaceae with field survey, collecting and lab rearing. Result The result showed there were 15 species of the gall wasps belonging to 8 genera, including 03 new record species in China and 12 known speices. Conclusion The host, distribution range and gall characteristics of various species have been recorded in this paper. The photos of gall characteristics of 12 species have been provided, and the host plants of most gall wasps have been identified.
2023, 36(1): 146-153.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220418
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of soil soluble nitrogen component in Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis Rousi plantation with different stand ages in loess hilly region. Methods Based on the Hippophae rhamnoides plantation with three different stand ages of 5-year-old, 15-year-old and 20-year-old were selected in Jinding Town of Zhidan County, soil samples were collected in 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers, and seasonal dynamic variation of the proportion of soil soluble nitrogen component were analyzed. The grassland was treated as control. Results With the extension of the recovery years, the content of soil soluble nitrogen components in the Hippophae rhamnoides plantations increased. For soil nitrate nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen (SON), there were significant differences between Hippophae rhamnoides plantations in 20 years and 5 years, while there was no significant difference between grassland and Hippophae rhamnoides forests in 5 years. There was no significant difference in soil ammonium nitrogen among different restoration years. The soil nitrate nitrogen and SON showed the same trend, with 20-year-old>15-year-old> grassland>5-year-old. For the ammonium nitrogen, soluble organic nitrogen in forests with 15-year-old was the largest, followed by 20-year-old,5-year-old, and grassland, and the average content of ammonium nitrogen in the surface layer was the lowest. There was no significant difference in soil soluble nitrogen components among different soil layers. Soil nitrate nitrogen was the highest in summer and the lowest in winter or autumn. Ammonium nitrogen was the highest in summer or autumn, and the lowest in winter. SON was higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn. The proportion of SON, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in total soluble nitrogen was 80.3%, 10.2% and 9.5% respectively. The proportion of SON in total soluble nitrogen of Hippophae rhamnoides forests with different years was higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn, and most of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. Conclusion In the loess hilly area of northern Shaanxi, Hippophae rhamnoides plantations can effectively improve soil soluble nitrogen components. With the increase of forest age, the soil nitrogen accumulation increases.
2023, 36(1): 154-165.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220268
Abstract:
Objective To explore the impact of human intervention on the physical and chemical properties of the soil of artificial economic forest on mountain slopes, and to provide scientific basis for forest soil restoration and sustainable management. Methods Based on the walnut forests with three intervention methods: unmanaged, clearing of shrubs and grasses, and clearing of shrubs and grasses and fertilizing on Taihang Mountains, the effects of the three interventions on the soil physical and chemical properties of the walnut forest were compared and analyzed through field investigation and laboratory experiments, and principal component analysis was used for comprehensive evaluation of soil quality. Results (1) The physical and chemical properties of soil in walnut forests with different human intervention were significantly different. Soil clay, silt, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the unmanaged forests were the highest, while soil sand and water content were the lowest; The soil clay, silt, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and total nitrogen in the clearing shrubs and grasses were significantly lower than those in the unmanaged forests (p<0.05), while the soil sand and water content were significantly higher than those in the unmanaged forests (p<0.05); The soil clay, silt, conductivity, water content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in the cleared shrub and grass for fertilization were slightly higher than those in the cleared shrub and grass, and the soil sand, pH and organic carbon were slightly lower than those in the cleared shrub and grass. (2) There was a significant correlation between the physical and chemical properties of walnut forest soil in each intervention. There was a very significant negative correlation between soil clay and sand (p<0.01), a significant (p<0.05) or very significant (p<0.01) positive correlation between soil organic carbon and total nitrogen; and the other soil physical and chemical indicators showed different degrees of correlation changes in the internal soil layers of each intervention and drying. (3) There was a certain degree of variation in the physical and chemical properties of walnut forest soil under each intervention. The soil pH showed weak variability, the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen showed medium variability, and the rest of the soil physical and chemical indicators were in the dynamic changes of weak variability and medium variability between the soil layers within each intervention and intervention. (4) soil quality in the unmanaged forests was the best (2.120), followed by> clean shrub and grass fertilization (−0.820) and clean shrub and grass (−1.258)The soil quality in clean shrub and grass fertilization walnut forest was not improved significantly. Conclusion Human intervention significantly affects the physical and chemical properties of soil in walnut forest on Taihang hillside and causes differences in soil quality. Therefore, the regulation and management of human intervention should be paid attention to in the management of walnut forest.
2023, 36(1): 166-178.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220180
Abstract:
Objective To explore the physiological and molecular mechanism of saline-alkali tolerance in Catalpa bungei, we studied the influence of different saline-alkali stress on the growth, photosynthetic and physiological indicators of C. bungei seedlings combing with transcriptome sequencing. Methods Pot experiment was used to study the different responses of biomass, photosynthetic and physiological indicators of C. bungei seedlings to different saline-alkali stress. Illumina high-throughput sequence technology was used to sequence the transcriptome, and the effect of saline-alkali stress on transcriptional level was analyzed by bioinformatics. Results Under different saline-alkali stress, the damage degree of leaves was Na2CO3>mixed saline-alkali>NaCl. Net growth of plant height and stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of overground part and root, biomass, root-shoot ratio were all significantly suppressed with increasing saline-alkali concentration. But the growth stress index decreased with increasing concentration. Contents of MDA and relative conductivity both rose to varying degrees with increasing concentration. SOD enzymatic activity, contents of soluble sugar and Pro, contents of total chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate increased firstly and decreased then with increasing concentration. Transcriptome sequencing generated a total of 60.4 Gb of raw data. Finally, we obtained 55 793 Unigenes after assembling, of which 29 534 (52.93%) Unigeneswere annotated. Through differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, 1 779, 2 835 and 4 059 DEGs were screened from three comparison groups (CK vs NaCl, CK vs Na2CO3 and CK vs mixed saline-alkali) respectively. GO functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs indicated that they were significantly enriched in integral component of membrane, intrinsic component of membrane, catalytic activity, isoprenoid metabolic and biosynthetic process, oxidoreductase activity. KEGG functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs indicated that they were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and arginine biosynthesis. Moreover, the most abundant differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) were bHLH, ERF, MYB-related, NAC, C2H2, WRKY, MYB and bZIP families. Conclusion C. bungei mainly resists from saline-alkali stress by accumulating contents of soluble sugars and Pro, improving SOD enzymatic activity and photosynthesis, but all of them show the phenomenon of "low promotion and high suppression", indicating that it has a certain threshold value. C. bungei common responses to saline-alkali stress by regulating biological processes and metabolic pathways including component of membrane, catalytic activity, isoprenoid metabolic and biosynthetic process, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and interacting with TFs. This study provides a scientific theoretical basis for deeply studying the physiological and molecular mechanisms of saline-alkali tolerance in C. bungei.
2023, 36(1): 179-190.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220217
Abstract:
Objective To study the response of photosynthetic characteristics of different ecological tree species to light and nutrient supply for providing a scientific basis for plantation cultivation. Method The seedlings of Quercus acutissima, Phoebe bournei, and Schima superba were used. This study included two light intensities (natural full light and 45% full light) and three N:P ratios (N:P=5, N:P=15, N:P=45). We measured the changes of Photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, and seedlings’ height, seedlings’ ground diameter to study the changes of plant photosynthetic characteristics in different environments, and analyze the relationship between seedling growth and photosynthetic parameters. Result (1) Compared with the full light treatment, the shading treatment decreased the light saturation point (LSP) and the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax) of Q. acutissima, and increased the Pnmax of S. superba. but had no significant effect on Pnmax of P. bournei. Under the two light treatments, fertilization increased the LSP and light compensation point (LCP) of P. bournei and S. superba, but the effects of fertilization on the shading LSP and LCP of Q. acutissima were less. (2) Shading significantly reduced the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation of PSⅡ [Y(NPQ) ] of Q. acutissima, P. bournei and S. superba, and significantly increased the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation of PSⅡ [ Y (NO) ]. Under the full light treatments, fertilization generally increased the effective quantum yield of PSⅡ [Y(II) ] and ETR of Q. acutissima, P. bournei and S. superba, but decreased Y(NPQ) . Under the shading treatments, fertilization significantly increased Y(II) and ETR of P. bournei, while Y(II) and ETR of Q. acutissima increased significantly when the N:P supply ratio was 5. Y(II) and ETR of S. superba increased significantly when the N:P supply ratio was 15. (3) Compared with the full light treatment, shading significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid of Q. acutissima, P. bournei and S. superba. Under the two light treatments, fertilization significantly increased the photosynthetic pigment content of Q. acutissima, S. superba and P. bournei (only full light treatment). (4) Regardless of light or shading, fertilization generally increased the relative growth rates of seedling’s height and ground diameter of the three tree species, and there was a positive correlation between the growth and photosynthetic pigment. Conclusion Photosynthetic characteristics and growth of Q. acutissima, P. bournei and S. superba are affected by the interaction of light and fertilization. The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on seedling growth under different light intensities depends on nitrogen and phosphorus supply ratio and tree species.
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Publication name：林业科学研究 Forest Research
Editor：ZHANG Shou-gong
Sponsors by：Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences
Address：Chinese Academy of Forestry after Beijing Wanshou Mountain
Telephone：010-62889680；62889702
E-mail：lykxyj@caf.ac.cn
WebSite：http://www.lykxyj.com
ISSN 1001-1498
CN 11-1221/S
Postal code：80-717
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