1988 Vol. 1, No. 4
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1988, 1(4): 359-366.
Abstract:
The average reflectivity of tropical forest in Jianfengling, Hainan Island, is about 17.4% of the radiation, the effective longwave reflected radiation from tree crowns is about 13.7%, and the net radiation is about 70%. The evapotranspiration is about 36-57% of annual precipitation with an average value of 43.6%. The components of water balance, CO2 released from soil, and the property of forest microclimate obviously change with dry and wet seasons. The annual average of total litters of mountain rain forest and semi-deciduous monsoon forest are 7.7±1.2 t/ha and 9.7±2.3t/ha respectively. The material circulation study shows that the tropical forests have large return and higher decomposition of organic matters, less output of nutrient from ecosystem for maintaining the recycle utilization inside ecosystem undar the condition of less disturbance.
The average reflectivity of tropical forest in Jianfengling, Hainan Island, is about 17.4% of the radiation, the effective longwave reflected radiation from tree crowns is about 13.7%, and the net radiation is about 70%. The evapotranspiration is about 36-57% of annual precipitation with an average value of 43.6%. The components of water balance, CO2 released from soil, and the property of forest microclimate obviously change with dry and wet seasons. The annual average of total litters of mountain rain forest and semi-deciduous monsoon forest are 7.7±1.2 t/ha and 9.7±2.3t/ha respectively. The material circulation study shows that the tropical forests have large return and higher decomposition of organic matters, less output of nutrient from ecosystem for maintaining the recycle utilization inside ecosystem undar the condition of less disturbance.
1988, 1(4): 367-375.
Abstract:
Studies were carried out in the semi-deciduous forest and the shifting cultivation land where the soil water content through plot contract experiments had continually been measured with electric resistance method for 5 years. According to the observation, the moisture dynamics of brown laterite and the hydrological effects in the tropical forests under different vegetations and human's interferences were given in this paper. The result showed that the annual water storage in 100cm soil layer is as follows: cultivated landforest land≥bush fallow, and the soil water content varied with the seasonal change of rainfall and vegetation but it-has no significant correlation with rainfall. The hydrological effect is not at all in certain increase of soil water content but mainly in water transportation and regulation.
Studies were carried out in the semi-deciduous forest and the shifting cultivation land where the soil water content through plot contract experiments had continually been measured with electric resistance method for 5 years. According to the observation, the moisture dynamics of brown laterite and the hydrological effects in the tropical forests under different vegetations and human's interferences were given in this paper. The result showed that the annual water storage in 100cm soil layer is as follows: cultivated landforest land≥bush fallow, and the soil water content varied with the seasonal change of rainfall and vegetation but it-has no significant correlation with rainfall. The hydrological effect is not at all in certain increase of soil water content but mainly in water transportation and regulation.
1988, 1(4): 376-381.
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to study the soil conditions for olive tree (Olea europaea L.) cultivation. By means of investigation on morphological characteristics of olive tree root-system and the fibrous roots appearing on the soil profiles wall, and by the study of soil properties, it was made clear that the physical properties of soil are the dominant factors affecting the development and distribution of olive tree roots. If there is a condition of compact soil texture with a large amount of rainfall and high temperature during the growing season, the root-system of olive tree will develop into flat root-type.The suitable kind of soil for olive tree roots to grow is one which has more than 40% of sandy particle, less than 30% of clay particle, more than 20% of soil non-capillary porosity, 80-150mm/h permeability and 2.5-4.5kg/cm3 the value of soil compactness.
The purpose of this experiment was to study the soil conditions for olive tree (Olea europaea L.) cultivation. By means of investigation on morphological characteristics of olive tree root-system and the fibrous roots appearing on the soil profiles wall, and by the study of soil properties, it was made clear that the physical properties of soil are the dominant factors affecting the development and distribution of olive tree roots. If there is a condition of compact soil texture with a large amount of rainfall and high temperature during the growing season, the root-system of olive tree will develop into flat root-type.The suitable kind of soil for olive tree roots to grow is one which has more than 40% of sandy particle, less than 30% of clay particle, more than 20% of soil non-capillary porosity, 80-150mm/h permeability and 2.5-4.5kg/cm3 the value of soil compactness.
1988, 1(4): 382-389.
Abstract:
The variable density yield table is established for Chinese fir plantation in Dagangshan Experiment Bureau, which is based on generalized Richards growth model, in which site index and density index are included. Errors in the model are analyzed. The results show that the table is suitable for Chinese fir plantation in this Bureau and the method proposed in the paper is satisfying.
The variable density yield table is established for Chinese fir plantation in Dagangshan Experiment Bureau, which is based on generalized Richards growth model, in which site index and density index are included. Errors in the model are analyzed. The results show that the table is suitable for Chinese fir plantation in this Bureau and the method proposed in the paper is satisfying.
1988, 1(4): 390-396.
Abstract:
The computer model on the management of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations is based on the growth tables, while the influences of site preparation, tending and thinning methods on tree growth were taken into consideration. The light competition was evaluated by a crown influence coefficient which was a function of crown overlaping index. The data of 71 surveyed plots were used to validate the model by F-test and U-test. The critical value of F was 3.13, while the F-values for diameter, height and volume were 4.60, 0.60 and 1.87 respectively. This means that only the diameter had a systematic tendency of being slightly underestimated by the model, taking α=0.05. The U-values for the differences between predicted and practical diameter, height and volume values were 0.51, 0.03 and 0.33 respectively, taking α=0.05 in the U-test. Therefore the hypothesis of the differences being zero was acceptable. The accuracy of prediction was regarded as good. The model is suitable for the middle region of Chinese fir distribution in China. The model can be used as a forest growth predictor. Because that it contains economic analysis and can also be used for the theoretical calculation of optimization for different combinations of managerial measures.
The computer model on the management of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations is based on the growth tables, while the influences of site preparation, tending and thinning methods on tree growth were taken into consideration. The light competition was evaluated by a crown influence coefficient which was a function of crown overlaping index. The data of 71 surveyed plots were used to validate the model by F-test and U-test. The critical value of F was 3.13, while the F-values for diameter, height and volume were 4.60, 0.60 and 1.87 respectively. This means that only the diameter had a systematic tendency of being slightly underestimated by the model, taking α=0.05. The U-values for the differences between predicted and practical diameter, height and volume values were 0.51, 0.03 and 0.33 respectively, taking α=0.05 in the U-test. Therefore the hypothesis of the differences being zero was acceptable. The accuracy of prediction was regarded as good. The model is suitable for the middle region of Chinese fir distribution in China. The model can be used as a forest growth predictor. Because that it contains economic analysis and can also be used for the theoretical calculation of optimization for different combinations of managerial measures.
1988, 1(4): 397-404.
Abstract:
An investigation was conducted in 6 different types of Finns massoniana stands (different age and canopy density of stands) in Jing County, Hunan Province to study the insect communities (including spiders) and its structure of time and space. None of the 688 species collected showed that it had the community. The distribution of each species of insect or spider was comparatively even. The results of the investigation indicated that stabilities of insect communities were different in the stands which had different ages and canopy densities. Stand age has more influence on the stability of insect community than canopy density does. In this paper we tried to use the natural enemy/ pest (NE/P) and the year extreme difference of diversity indices of insect community to discuss the stability of a community, and tried to explain the main causes which affected the stability. The more the number of natural enemies, the bigger the value of NE/P. Stands with bigger values of NE/P have more self-control abilities and make the insect community more stable.
An investigation was conducted in 6 different types of Finns massoniana stands (different age and canopy density of stands) in Jing County, Hunan Province to study the insect communities (including spiders) and its structure of time and space. None of the 688 species collected showed that it had the community. The distribution of each species of insect or spider was comparatively even. The results of the investigation indicated that stabilities of insect communities were different in the stands which had different ages and canopy densities. Stand age has more influence on the stability of insect community than canopy density does. In this paper we tried to use the natural enemy/ pest (NE/P) and the year extreme difference of diversity indices of insect community to discuss the stability of a community, and tried to explain the main causes which affected the stability. The more the number of natural enemies, the bigger the value of NE/P. Stands with bigger values of NE/P have more self-control abilities and make the insect community more stable.
1988, 1(4): 405-412.
Abstract:
Since the 1960's, a lot of elms, Ulmus pumila have been killed in Xing-jiang, Henan, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other provinces in China.During 1982-1985, samples of dead elms were collected from a number of plots in plantations and coppice forests. Repeated isolations of the discolored sapwood tissue and bark beetles (Scolytus scheryrewi, S. pygmaeus) as well as the inoculations with these isolated fungi were conducted.The results showed that not only the symptoms on cross sections of the dead elm wood but also the morphology of the fungi were different from those caused by Dutch elm disease.Besides, it is supposed that the major reason for the death was the infestation by the bark beetles and drought was favorable for their reproduction.
Since the 1960's, a lot of elms, Ulmus pumila have been killed in Xing-jiang, Henan, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other provinces in China.During 1982-1985, samples of dead elms were collected from a number of plots in plantations and coppice forests. Repeated isolations of the discolored sapwood tissue and bark beetles (Scolytus scheryrewi, S. pygmaeus) as well as the inoculations with these isolated fungi were conducted.The results showed that not only the symptoms on cross sections of the dead elm wood but also the morphology of the fungi were different from those caused by Dutch elm disease.Besides, it is supposed that the major reason for the death was the infestation by the bark beetles and drought was favorable for their reproduction.
1988, 1(4): 413-417.
Abstract:
This paper reports the result of study on the relationship between afforestation density and biomass of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook young growth. The result shows that when at young growth stage, the biomasses of leaves, roots, branches and total in a given stand, increase with the increase of afforestation density until it reaches 6 567 trees/ha. Then, the total and stem biomass begin to decrease as the density increases or decreases, and the increment of leaves, roots and branches becomes smaller. High afforestation density raises the rate of biomass of small diameter classes, while low density decreases the total biomass. The leaf area index also increases with the increase of afforestation density when the density in no more than 6567 trees/ha. If density surpasses 6567 trees/ha., the increment becomes smaller. Too high or too low afforestation density results in the decrease of efficiency of net photosythesis of leaves.
This paper reports the result of study on the relationship between afforestation density and biomass of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook young growth. The result shows that when at young growth stage, the biomasses of leaves, roots, branches and total in a given stand, increase with the increase of afforestation density until it reaches 6 567 trees/ha. Then, the total and stem biomass begin to decrease as the density increases or decreases, and the increment of leaves, roots and branches becomes smaller. High afforestation density raises the rate of biomass of small diameter classes, while low density decreases the total biomass. The leaf area index also increases with the increase of afforestation density when the density in no more than 6567 trees/ha. If density surpasses 6567 trees/ha., the increment becomes smaller. Too high or too low afforestation density results in the decrease of efficiency of net photosythesis of leaves.
1988, 1(4): 418-423.
Abstract:
The tropical forests of Jianfengling are divided into twenty-six forest types by using the method of principal component ordination. According to the value of importance of the genera in the sample areas, the general species and rare species which are of minor importance have to be rejected so as to reduce the statistic data. In the light of some specific site factors and specific distribution of species, the sample areas are preliminarily divided into groups, and then the principal component ordination analysis is applied in groups.
The tropical forests of Jianfengling are divided into twenty-six forest types by using the method of principal component ordination. According to the value of importance of the genera in the sample areas, the general species and rare species which are of minor importance have to be rejected so as to reduce the statistic data. In the light of some specific site factors and specific distribution of species, the sample areas are preliminarily divided into groups, and then the principal component ordination analysis is applied in groups.
1988, 1(4): 424-427.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the contents of DNA, RNA and protein of chloroplast and its ultrastructure for two species of Vernicia and one species of Aleurites. Chloroplasts of two genera are in shape of an egg, and in comparison with that of Aleurites, chloroplast of Vernicia is short and thick. Stroma lamella of chloroplast of the former genus is less than that of the latter one. There are many osmiophilic globuli in chloroplast of the former genus but osmiophilic globuli of the latter genus are not so abundant as the former one. There is no difference on content of chloroplast protein between Vernicia and Aleurites. But chloroplast DNA and RNA content of the former and their RNA/DNA ratio are higher than those of the latter. Vernicia Lour. have not been accepted for a long time, but these characters of chloroplast ultrastructure and results of biochemical analysis show that there is obvious difference between Vernicia and Aleurites, and recent separation of the two genera by Airy Shaw is reasonable.
This paper deals with the contents of DNA, RNA and protein of chloroplast and its ultrastructure for two species of Vernicia and one species of Aleurites. Chloroplasts of two genera are in shape of an egg, and in comparison with that of Aleurites, chloroplast of Vernicia is short and thick. Stroma lamella of chloroplast of the former genus is less than that of the latter one. There are many osmiophilic globuli in chloroplast of the former genus but osmiophilic globuli of the latter genus are not so abundant as the former one. There is no difference on content of chloroplast protein between Vernicia and Aleurites. But chloroplast DNA and RNA content of the former and their RNA/DNA ratio are higher than those of the latter. Vernicia Lour. have not been accepted for a long time, but these characters of chloroplast ultrastructure and results of biochemical analysis show that there is obvious difference between Vernicia and Aleurites, and recent separation of the two genera by Airy Shaw is reasonable.
1988, 1(4): 428-432.
Abstract:
Some of the informations about heritability of partial quantitative character such as height and breast height diameter of Paulownia clones were collected from early clone test including 23 clones in two sites in different years. The results show that heritability of height in the first year, third and fourth year are 10%, 51% and 53%, and heritability of breast height diameter in the third and fourth year are 59% and 51% respectively. That means the early prediction should be carried out starting from the third to fourth year.
Some of the informations about heritability of partial quantitative character such as height and breast height diameter of Paulownia clones were collected from early clone test including 23 clones in two sites in different years. The results show that heritability of height in the first year, third and fourth year are 10%, 51% and 53%, and heritability of breast height diameter in the third and fourth year are 59% and 51% respectively. That means the early prediction should be carried out starting from the third to fourth year.
1988, 1(4): 433-437.
Abstract:
The procedure of healing and surviving of graft tree with young scion was divided into four stages: formation of thin membrane between scion and stock; differentiation of callus; connection of cambium and functional normalization of vascular system. The major findings were as follows: At first there appeared a layer of thin membrane on the surface between scion and stock within ten days after grafting and the scion growth was not obvious; within 2 or 3 weeks, callus was formed, radial saps flew and scion growth started, attention should be paid to keeping humidity in this period; within 4 or 5 weeks, cambium between scion and stock connected, axial saps also flew, and graft tree grew up remarkedly and survived; after 5 weeks the wound between scion and stock healed completely, the function of vascular system normalized and the growth of graft tree accelerated.
The procedure of healing and surviving of graft tree with young scion was divided into four stages: formation of thin membrane between scion and stock; differentiation of callus; connection of cambium and functional normalization of vascular system. The major findings were as follows: At first there appeared a layer of thin membrane on the surface between scion and stock within ten days after grafting and the scion growth was not obvious; within 2 or 3 weeks, callus was formed, radial saps flew and scion growth started, attention should be paid to keeping humidity in this period; within 4 or 5 weeks, cambium between scion and stock connected, axial saps also flew, and graft tree grew up remarkedly and survived; after 5 weeks the wound between scion and stock healed completely, the function of vascular system normalized and the growth of graft tree accelerated.
1988, 1(4): 438-444.
Abstract:
Experiments on keeping freshness of cutting flowers of Camellia reticulata Lindi F. Simplex sealy and C. japonica flowers have been conducted for 2 years. The fresh-keeping reagent No.1 and No.2 have been considered to have better effects. In comparison with water solution in a vase for the flowers the two reagents could prolong the life span of the cutting flowers for 3-12 days and increased the time of full bloom for 5 days. At room temperature condition, the cutting flowers treated with these reagents have been stored safely for 10 days with no dropping of flower buds and leaves. The flowers in vase can still last 12-14 days and the ratio of blooming flowers reaches 100 percent with no decrement of their ornamental value.In addition, preliminary results have been obtained on the selections of flower bud stage and types or varieties of the tree for cutting flowers, and techniques of packing in the production of cutting flowers.
Experiments on keeping freshness of cutting flowers of Camellia reticulata Lindi F. Simplex sealy and C. japonica flowers have been conducted for 2 years. The fresh-keeping reagent No.1 and No.2 have been considered to have better effects. In comparison with water solution in a vase for the flowers the two reagents could prolong the life span of the cutting flowers for 3-12 days and increased the time of full bloom for 5 days. At room temperature condition, the cutting flowers treated with these reagents have been stored safely for 10 days with no dropping of flower buds and leaves. The flowers in vase can still last 12-14 days and the ratio of blooming flowers reaches 100 percent with no decrement of their ornamental value.In addition, preliminary results have been obtained on the selections of flower bud stage and types or varieties of the tree for cutting flowers, and techniques of packing in the production of cutting flowers.
1988, 1(4): 445-449.
Abstract:
Through fixed-trees observation, it was found that the development of cones and seeds are not synchronous. The cone diameter has come to the max-value in June; the increment of volume and weight of cones mainly happen before early September; the peak period of increment of seeds is from June to August, and Sept. to middle-October are even increment stage of seed weight, there is no increment afterwords; the quality of seeds including the weight of one-thousand seeds, germination percentage and vigour of seeds are worst before early Sept., medium in mid-Sept, to mid-Oct. and best in late October; the nutrient contents of cone are decrease from July to early November but the nutrient of seed are contrary, to which the increment is one-fourth from middle-Sept. to early Nov.. For determing the cone collection period accurately, two supplementary standards were recommended, that are: the moisture content of cones lower than 66% and that of seeds lower than 40%, the relative density lower than 0.95g/cm3.
Through fixed-trees observation, it was found that the development of cones and seeds are not synchronous. The cone diameter has come to the max-value in June; the increment of volume and weight of cones mainly happen before early September; the peak period of increment of seeds is from June to August, and Sept. to middle-October are even increment stage of seed weight, there is no increment afterwords; the quality of seeds including the weight of one-thousand seeds, germination percentage and vigour of seeds are worst before early Sept., medium in mid-Sept, to mid-Oct. and best in late October; the nutrient contents of cone are decrease from July to early November but the nutrient of seed are contrary, to which the increment is one-fourth from middle-Sept. to early Nov.. For determing the cone collection period accurately, two supplementary standards were recommended, that are: the moisture content of cones lower than 66% and that of seeds lower than 40%, the relative density lower than 0.95g/cm3.
1988, 1(4): 450-452.
Abstract:
From 1983 to 1987 a survey was made to determine the hosts and geographic distribution of pine wood nematode in China. G63 samples were obtained from dead and dying pines in 18 provinces and the cities of Beijing and Shanghai. The nematode was only found in samples from Nanjing and Zhenjiang, Jiangsu provinces.
From 1983 to 1987 a survey was made to determine the hosts and geographic distribution of pine wood nematode in China. G63 samples were obtained from dead and dying pines in 18 provinces and the cities of Beijing and Shanghai. The nematode was only found in samples from Nanjing and Zhenjiang, Jiangsu provinces.
1988, 1(4): 453-455.
Abstract:
Investigations in some seed orchards in Zhejiang province showed that the cone insects damaging slash pine cones include Petrova cristata Walsingham, Dioryctria rubella Hampson and Shirahoshizo sp., among which P. cristata and D. rubella are of more importance. The bionomics of these two species and the characteristics between healthy and affected cones are reported. The average thousand-seed weight of affected cones and that of healthy ones are 29.13g and 42.90g respectively, the average germination percentage of the two are 12.8% and 45.0%. It is suggested that the principal indices of cone damage caused by cone pests could be the average thousand-seed weight and the average germination percentage.
Investigations in some seed orchards in Zhejiang province showed that the cone insects damaging slash pine cones include Petrova cristata Walsingham, Dioryctria rubella Hampson and Shirahoshizo sp., among which P. cristata and D. rubella are of more importance. The bionomics of these two species and the characteristics between healthy and affected cones are reported. The average thousand-seed weight of affected cones and that of healthy ones are 29.13g and 42.90g respectively, the average germination percentage of the two are 12.8% and 45.0%. It is suggested that the principal indices of cone damage caused by cone pests could be the average thousand-seed weight and the average germination percentage.
1988, 1(4): 456-459.
Abstract:
This paper summarized the introduction experiment of Taiwania flousiana from Yunnan to Seaboard, Zhejiang province. Originally this species was distributed in southwestern hilly area in China with an elevation of 600-2700 m and neutral-acid soil (pH4-7.4), while Seaboard has an elevation which is less than 3m above sea level and its light-alkaline soil (pH8.2-8.4) has a low salt content (0.0495-0.0997%). The climate in both areas are similar to each other. After five years' introduction to Seaboard, its young trees grew well with a mean height of 3.66m and a mean diameter of 7.25cm, and had strong root systems.
This paper summarized the introduction experiment of Taiwania flousiana from Yunnan to Seaboard, Zhejiang province. Originally this species was distributed in southwestern hilly area in China with an elevation of 600-2700 m and neutral-acid soil (pH4-7.4), while Seaboard has an elevation which is less than 3m above sea level and its light-alkaline soil (pH8.2-8.4) has a low salt content (0.0495-0.0997%). The climate in both areas are similar to each other. After five years' introduction to Seaboard, its young trees grew well with a mean height of 3.66m and a mean diameter of 7.25cm, and had strong root systems.
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