2019 Vol. 32, No. 1
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2019, 32(1): 1-7.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.001
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Abstract:
Objective To investigate the structural characteristics of the stigma and style of Camellia oleifera at the microscopic and ultramicroscopic levels and provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the cytological mechanism of breeding self-incompatibility reactions in C. oleifera style, while at the same time to establish a theoretical foundation for hybrid breeding of C. oleifera. Method Using the pistil of C. oleifera on the day of blooming as the experimental material, the microscopic and ultramicroscopic structural characteristics of C. oleifera stigma and styles were observed to study them from a cytological perspective using cytological method. Result The pistil of C. oleifera is composed of an intact stigma, style, and ovary. C. oleifera has a wet stigma. The papillary cells are densely distributed on the receptive surface. They are densely arranged with concentrated cytoplasm and abundant organelles. Abundant secretions are presented among papillary cells. Generally, there is less content and fewer organelles in tissue cells, the cell wall is thinner, and there are no secretions outside the cell wall. The style of C. oleifera is composed of 3-5 independent styles. The upper 2/3 of the style are separated from each other, whereas between the lower 2/3 and the base of style they begin to fuse. Each style of C. oleifera is hollow and composed of an epidermis, parenchymal tissue, and the inner surface of the style duct. The area outside the style duct cells is filled with large amounts of secreted mucous substances. The cells are more organized and larger than those in the parenchymal tissue, have dense cytoplasm, and have characteristics of glandular cells. The style duct becomes gradually denser from top to bottom with continuously decreasing gap size. At the base of the style, the style ducts fuse with each other, forming a small cavity. Conclusion The microscopic and ultramicroscopic structural characteristics of the stigma and style of C. oleifera is analyzed. The cells of the stigma papilla and style duct are secretory cells. The parenchymal tissue cells in the style have a uniform structure. The style duct gradually narrows from the stigma to the ovary. In the base of the style, each style duct fuses with each other to form a small cavity. It is characterized by the substances secreted by the style duct cell wall, cytoplasmic density, and a gradually increasing tendency in the number of types of organelles.
2019, 32(1): 8-14.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.002
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Objective To optimizing the cell suspension culture system and building the kinetics model of Taxus chinensis var. mairer. Method The effects of basic callus inoculum size, initial pH value, phytohormone types and concentration on T. chinensis var. mairer cell growth was investigated using the callus induced from annual branches of T. chinensis var. mairer. Based on this, the kinetic relationship between T. chinensis var. mairer cell growth and paclitaxel production and the nutrient consumption were also analyzed. Result The optimal media for T. chinensis var. mairer cell suspension culture is B5 medium supplemented with 0.4 mg·L-1 2, 4-D, 0.3 mg·L-1 NAA, 1.2 mg·L-1 6-KT and sucrose 30 g·L-1. The optimum callus inoculum size is 0.09 g·mL-1 and the optimum initial pH of medium is 5.8. During the process, the sugar, phosphor-N and nitrate-N in the culture medium are nearly used up or remain unchanged on the 18th day. The growth law of T. chinensis var. mairer is consistent with Logistic growth model and the maximum specific growth rate is 0.14365 d-1. Substrate consumption and paclitaxel production by Luedeking-Piret model are described. The growth of suspension cell and the accumulation of paclitaxel belong to partial growth coupling type. Conclusion The cell suspension culture system is optimized. Through regression model, the kinetic parameters are obtained to reflect the cell culture of T. chinensis var. mairer. The fermentation kinetics model constructed in this experiment reveals the characteristics of paclitaxel production in Taxus chinensis cells to a certain extent.
2019, 32(1): 15-20.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.003
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Objective To evaluate the resistance to poplar canker and mRNA expression of disease resistance-related genes of three transgenic Populus×euramericana 'Guariento' lines so as to provide reference for breeding disease-resistant trees through transgenic technology. Method Using 1-year-old stem of multiple transgenic Populus×euramericana 'Guariento' clones (D5-9, D5-20, and D5-21) and the wild control (D5-0) as material, the disease index of canker was analyzed after inoculated with Botryosphaeria dothidea for 60 days, and the expression of five disease resistance related genes in bark of these clones after inoculated with B. dothidea for 5 days were detected by relative quantitative PCR (qPCR). Result The results showed that the resistance of the three transgenic clones to poplar canker was significantly higher than that of the non-transgenic clone and obvious difference in canker resistance was observed among the three transgenic poplar clones with D5-21 was higher than the other two clones. The expression of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase family protein gene in the bark of the 3 transgenic clones was higher than that of the control, and the expression of thaumatin-like protein gene was higher than control only in bark of D5-19, whereas the expressions of the other three genes were similar to or lower than the control. Conclusion The difference in the canker resistance of the three transgenic clones and various expression profiles of the five disease resistant genes indicates the regulation complexity in the disease resistance of the multiple transgenic poplars under stress of B. dothidea, suggesting further study is needed.
2019, 32(1): 21-30.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.004
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Objective By constructing the Chinese fir growth sample library to study a method of growth simulation considering the interaction process between spatial structure and growth of the stand. At the same time, combined with three-dimensional visualization technology, try to realize the dynamic visualization of stand growth. Method Taking the continuous survey data of 6 plots of Huangfengqiao State-owned Forest Farm in Hu'nan Province from 2012 to 2017 as data source, in consideration of the influence of lateral compression of the adjacent crowns and the effect of the upper light cover on the growth of the central tree, the horizontal and vertical spatial structure parameter based on spatial structure unit were developed, then the characteristic indexes were selected to construct the sample library, and using Mahalanobis distance as the matching criterion of sample library and wood to realize the simulation of stand growth considering the interaction between spatial structure and growth. Node animation was used to realize dynamic visual simulation of stand growth based on the 3D model segmentation and dynamic organization. Result Through the comparative analysis of correlation, the authors selected the age, DBH (D), horizontal (PH), vertical spatial structure parameters (PV) and Annual growth rate of DBH as the characteristic indexes to build the sample database to predict the growth of DBH (including 8934 Chinese fir and 97 dead), and linear modeling was used to predict the growth of tree height (H), crown width (CW) and height under living branch (UBH). The result of paired T-test and linear regression between observation and prediction showed that the sample library had a good effect on the growth prediction of D, H, CW and UBH. The specific order was D > H > CW > UBH, determination coefficient of linear regression (R2) were 0.925, 0.556, 0.482, and 0.459. Conclusion The method of dynamic visualization of stand growth based on the sample library can realize the growth visualization requirement of four indicators of D, H, CW and UBH, and it's effect is intuitive, can meet the requirements of forestry scientific research and practice.
2019, 32(1): 31-38.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.005
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Objective To study the effect of different potassium levels on spatial and temporal distribution dynamics of Camellia oleifera Abel fine root. Method The dynamic monitoring technique of minirhizotron was used in this study. The C. oleifera plantation planted in 2011 was used as experimental material under the condition of equal nutrient, K0(N92P48K0), K1(N92P48K135) and K2(N92P48K270) were applied to investigate the growth dynamics of fine roots of C. oleifera in 0~40 cm soil profile in the forestland. Result The results showed that the treatments K1 and K2 increased the root tip number, average diameter, total root length, and total surface area of C. oleifera, and the application of potassium was beneficial to the increase of root length and net growth rate of C. oleifera. The fine roots of C. oleifera under control treatment were mainly distributed in the 20~40 cm soil layer. The treatment with low K (K1) significantly increased the number of root tips, root surface area, and root length of fine roots in 0~20 cm soil layers. Potassium (K2) treatment had no significant effect on the fine roots of the upper layer soil. The total root length, total root tip number, total surface area and root length density of K0 decreased in autumn 2016, while the treatments K1 and K2 slowed down the decline of fine root morphology in autumn. The ARD of C. oleifera varied greatly during the whole growth period, and the peak value of ARD appeared in March 2017. The ARD peak values were 0.631mm, 0.750 mm and 0.788 mm under K0, K1 and K2 treatments respectively. The total root length, total root tips, total surface area and root length density all peaked in May 2017. The net growth rate under K1 peaked from March 2017 to May 2017 and was significantly higher than that of the control. Conclusion The seasonal growth rhythm of fine root of C. oleifera follows a single peak with a high spring in the range of 0.5~0.8 mm. Appropriate amount of K fertilizer is helpful to the growth and development of root system of C. oleifera, increase the root activity and the absorption area of fine root. Potassium fertilizer can promote the distribution of photosynthetic products to the root system, which helps to achieve efficient recycling of nutrients.
2019, 32(1): 39-46.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.006
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Objective To establish a stable and suitable real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) experiment system of TbAP2 in Taxus L. Method Total RNA was extracted from the cell line of Taxus×media and used to reverse transcript cDNA. According to the sequence of TbAP2 gene obtained previously, 7 primer pairs were designed and synthesized with the TBC41 gene as the housekeeping gene. The orthogonal test L9 (34) method were used to choose the stable and suitable qRT-PCR experiment system with the cDNA as template. The volume of qRT-PCR reaction included 5, 10 and 20μL. The amplification efficiency would be assured between 90%-105% by adjusting the dosage of cDNA template and primer pairs, respectively. Result This study established the optimal qRT-PCR reaction system of TBC41 TbAP2 and gene in 5μL, 10μL and 20μL volume. In the optimized 5μL system, the amplification efficiency of both TBC41 and TbAP2 were 94%. In the optimized 10μL system, the amplification efficiency of TBC41 and TbAP2 were 95% and 94%, respectively. In the optimized 20μL system, the amplification efficiency of TBC41 and TbAP2 were 93% and 99%, respectively. The regression coefficient R2 in all the three amplification system were greater than 0.980. Conclusion All the reaction systems mentioned above show that the amplification efficiency of TBC41 and TbAP2 close to 100%, indicating that these detection program are suitable to investigate the TbAP2 gene expression by qRT-PCR method.
2019, 32(1): 47-57.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.007
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Objective iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) was performed on the proteome of kernel oil body in different growth stages of Vernicia fordii to identify the protein composition of the oil body and to explore the differentially expressed proteins in different growth periods. Method The proteomes of the oil body were extracted from V. fordii seed kernel at three different growth stages. Qualified proteomes were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) after protease digestion and iTRAQ labeling. The obtained converted secondary mass spectrometry data were used for protein identification through Mascot software. Differentially expressed proteins were explored through iTRAQ quantification analysis. GO (Gene Ontology) function annotation, KEGG pathway and cluster analysis of differentially expressed proteins identified was further conducted. Result 5632 proteins were identified in the proteome of kernel oil body in three growth stages of V. fordii. Of them, 2639 proteins shared catalytic activity and 401 proteins involved in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and fats. In the three growth stages of the kernel oil body, 3430 proteins were significantly differentially expressed. The GO enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins with catalytic activity were mainly enriched in the OB1/OB2 stage rather than in the OB2/OB3 stage. During the accumulation period of tung oil and α-eleostearic acid, the acyl-CoA oxidase, GDA protein and oleosin, which involved in fatty acid metabolism and oil storage, exhibited significantly increased expression. It suggested that these proteins may play a key role in regulating the accumulation of tung oil and α-eleostearic acid. Conclusion The expression profiles of differentially expressed protein of kernel oil body in different growth stage were analyzed using iTRAQ method. The protein composition of the oil body was identified as well as the metabolic pathway and key functional genes involved fatty acid and lipid metabolism were explored. It is a crucial step for further study on the mechanism of oil synthesis and oil body assembly.
2019, 32(1): 58-64.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.008
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Objective To select and establish nut and timber multipurpose Pinus koraiensis forest with high yield and excellent quality. Method 170 P. koraiensis clones at 38 years old in the Naozhi Forest Farm in Linjiang Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province were taken as materials, the tree height, diameter at breast height, single volume, number of cone, seed weight of single cone, seed weight of single plant, thousand-seed weight, fresh cone weight and germination rate of different clones were investigated. Result Variance analysis showed that:All the traits were significantly different (P < 0.01) among different clones except germination rate (P=0.280). The coefficients of phenotypic variation of different traits ranged from 3.57%~66.09%. Except the germination rate (R=0.07), the repeatability of all traits was higher than 0.45. There existed significantly positive correlations between tree height, diameter at breast height and single volume (0.680~0.975). Except germination rate, there existed significant positive correlation with among the seed traits (0.411~0.996). Combined the growth and fruit traits, the diameter at breast height and single volume showed a significant positive correlation with the number of cone, seed weight of single cone and seed weight of single plant. By using the method of multiple-traits evaluation, 17 clones were selected as elite trees under 10% selected rate based on growth (the genetic gain ranged from 32.20% to 79.42%) and fruit traits (the genetic gain ranged from 2.19% to 142.99%), respectively. Combined the growth and fruit traits, 17 clones were selected as elite clones with multiple-traits evaluation method, the genetic gain of different traits ranged from 2.23% to 137.44%. Conclusion Based on the aforementioned results, using growth traits, fruiting traits and combined the growth and fruiting traits, 17 clones suitable for different breeding objectives are selected. One clone is selected as the elite clone which performs better in growth traits and fruit traits.
2019, 32(1): 65-73.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.009
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Objective To further determine the effects of the invasion of pine wilt disease (PWD) on photosynthetic characteristics, photosynthetic responses, gas exchange parameters, nutrient content, and isotope abundance of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) trees, which can help identify PWD infestations at the photosynthetic levels so as to better facilitate management actions. Method The healthy, middle infection, and terminal infection phases of Masson pine trees were selected and using LI-6400 XT to measure the photosynthetic gas exchange characteristics, then the foliar tissue measured was collected and analyzed the contents of N, C, and δ13C with isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Result The value of net photosynthetic rates, instantaneous transpiration rates, stomatal conductance to water vapor showed:healthy phase > middle infection phase > terminal infection phase. However, significant differences in Rd existed among different treatments, but the visible trend was that measured photosynthetic values were the highest during the middle infection phase, followed by the control and then the terminal infection phase. The values of light saturation points significant decreased in the leaves of infested P. massoniana plants than those in controls, but the value of light compensating points was significant higher in the infested treatment. What more, when compared with those in control P. massoniana trees, there was little variation about the mean foliar C content. However, the mean foliar N content was about 12.94% less in the middle infection phase and 27.06% less in the terminal infection phase as well as the foliar δ13C values decreased about 2.5‰ in the infested trees. Conclusion A significant decrease of photosynthetic characteristics were found in PWD-induced Masson pine plants, the reason can be partly attributed to the loss of the mean foliar N content. With the closure of needle stomatal pores, the value of δ13C content will decrease significantly, indicating the decrease of water-use efficiency.
2019, 32(1): 74-80.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.010
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Objective To investigate the role of ovarian development associated with environmental temperature in reproduction and population growth of Yunnan shoot borer Tomicus yunnanensis for further understanding the basic mechanism of its population fluctuation. Method The females of T. yunnanensis were randomly obtained from the shoot of Pinus yunnanensis, and dissected on a paraffin plate. Result The female reproductive system of Yunnan shoot borer is located in the inferior toward the lateral part of alimentary canal at the fourth abdominal segment. It consists of a pair of ovaries and two short lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, a spermatheca and two accessory glands. The ovaries have four tubular ovarioles. The terminal filaments extended from the anterior end of each ovariole can adhere to the internal tegument or fat body. According the morphological changes, the ovarian development was divided into five grades, including transparent period (grade Ⅰ), terminal elongation period (grade Ⅱ), previtellogenic (Ⅲ grade), vitellogenic eggs (grade Ⅵ), and ovipositing period (grade Ⅴ). Each grade of ovarian development can last less than 1 to 4 month, and show a closely relation to the nutrient acquisition. The length of ovariole grows slowly in the previous and middle and rapidly in late grades, but the width of ovariole grow rapidly in the previous and late grades. The whole size of ovary increase rapidly with a power-law dependence. Using Kendall's tau-b correlation analysis, it was found that the correlation between ovarian development and temperature was positive, and a negative relationship was found between oviposition and temperature. Conclusion The ovarian devel-opment of female adults of T. yunnanensis focuses mainly on the middle and late grades. The environment temperature has a significant effect on the life style of shoot and stem, respectively. The results can help to further deepening the theoretical basis for the prediction of oviposition of Yunnan shoot borers.
2019, 32(1): 81-89.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.011
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Objective To study the spatial distribution characteristics of roots in monoculture system of Corylus heterophylla×C. avellana, reveal the key soil factors influencing fine root (absorbing root, 0 < d ≤ 2 mm) distribution, and to provide theoretical basis for high efficient management of water and fertilizer of C. heterophylla×C. avellana. Method The diameter class components, vertical and horizontal distribution characteristics of C. heterophylla×C. avellana roots were studied by the methods of field layered digging and root morphological and structural analysis systems. Result The root system of C. heterophylla×C. avellana was mainly constituted of fine roots, and fine-root surface area and fine-root length accounted for 60.8% and 93.2% in the total root system, respectively. These findings suggest that, for ensuring the normal growing requirement, C. heterophylla×C. avellana can only maintain large enough fine-root surface areas and fine-root length could absorb more soil water and nutrients. In the vertical direction, all the distribution of root biomass density, root surface area density and root length density increased at first and then decreased with the increase of soil depth, and the maximum value of each root density parameter appeared in 10-20 soil depth. In the horizontal direction, the root biomass density, root surface area density and root length density decreased with increasing of the horizontal distance from trunk base, and horizontal distance significantly affected each root density parameter. The spatial distribution characteristics of fine-root density suggested that, the horizontal distance of 0-150m from trunk base and 0-50 in soil depth were the concentrated distribution areas of fine-root surface area and fine-root length density, accounting for 54.16% and 48.83% in the total fine roots, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that both fine-root surface area density and fine-root length density had significant and positive relations with soil water content, indicating fine-root distribution sensitively responds to soil moisture, and the 'hydrotaxis' characteristics are obvious. Conclusion In monoculture, C. heterophylla×C. avellana, considering from the viewpoints of water-saving and fertilizer-saving, the horizontal distance of 0~150 cm from trunk base and 0~50 cm in soil depth can be recommended as the important areas of water and fertilizer management.
2019, 32(1): 90-96.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.012
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Objective To explore the pollen characteristics of Camellia gauchowensis Chang. Method The methods of cellulase, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), nutrient determination and TTC staining were adopted to study the pollen quantity, pollen morphology, pollen nutrient content and storage characteristics. Result The results are as follows:(1) The average number of the pollen of single anther was 2699, and the average number of pollen of single flower was 461186. (2) The pollen size of C. gauchowensis was medium, the polar axis length was of 44.66-54.08μm, and the equatorial axis length was of 27.38-34.29μm. The shape of pollen was long spherical, long oval in equatorial view and three lobed circular in polar view, the pollen was tricolporate grains in normal state. (3) The contents of total N, P, K, Ca, Mg in pollen were 58.72, 7.73, 8.65, 1.94, and 1.22 g·kg-1, there was little difference with C. oleifera 'CenRuan 2'. The contents of total Zn and B were 135.93 mg·kg-1 and 2.73 mg·kg-1, significantly different from C. oleifera 'CenRuan 2'. (4) Low temperature and dry conditions were favorable to the storage of C. gauchowensisi pollen. Pollen viability remained over 80% after 60 days'storage under the condition of 4℃, and over 30% after 360 days' storage under the conditions of -20℃, and -80℃.
2019, 32(1): 97-105.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.013
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Objective The growth process of Tectona grandis plantations was investigated and its relationship with meteorological factors was analyzed so as to provide evidences for plantation management of this species. Method Based on investigation of sampling plots, the dominant, mean and suppressed T. grandis trees aged about 30 years were sampled from high, medium and low growth types of its plantations, stem analysis was conducted for each sampled tree, and the growth process of these trees were compared among growth types. Grey correlation analysis was further applied to explore the effects of meteorological factors on annual tree growth of this species. Result The growth process of stem diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and individual volume of T. grandis showed no significant difference among the three growth types and three classes of trees. The mean and current annual increments of DBH increased with tree age initially and then decreased, while decreased for those of height and increased for individual tree volume. The dominant trees or trees in high growth type of plantations had higher mean and current annual growth, longer rapid growth duration and slower growth declination of DBH and volume, while the difference in height growth were not obvious relatively. the 30-year-old trees did not reach the quantitative maturity. The difference of relationships between tree growth and meteorological factors among three growth types was only found on DBH. The main factor influencing current annual increment of DBH was extreme low temperature at high growth type, while mean annual precipitation at medium and low growth types. There was no significant difference of relationships between tree growth and meteorological factors among three classes of trees. The main factors influencing current annual increments of tree height and individual volume were mean annual precipitation and mean annual air temperature, respectively. Conclusion The growth processes of T. grandis are basically consistent in three growth types of plantations as well as for three grades of trees, their differences mainly demonstrate in growth performance and length of rapid growth. Due to the fact that T. grandis plantation do not reach quantitative maturity at the age of 30, tending and management are still important at the late stage for high-quality large-sized timber production of this species.
2019, 32(1): 106-111.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.014
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Objective To explore the toxicities of Esteya vermicola in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Method The joint toxicities of E. vermicola and Bt against pine wood nematodes was measured by the morphological changes, mortality and death rate of nematodes treated with E. vermicola spore suspension and Bt fermentation supernatant. Result The results showed that the nematodes treated by E. vermicola spore suspension could cause leakage of body contents and shrinkage, bending and fracture of body cavity. The combination of high concentration of E. vermicola spore suspension and Bt fermentation solution could significantly increase the mortality of nematodes, with a maximum of 100%. The combined treatment of pine wood nematodes died faster, and the mortality rate would continue to rise with the extension of treatment time. Conclusion Application of these two bio-control agents at the right concentrations can increase the mortality of pine wood nematodes in a relatively short time.
2019, 32(1): 112-117.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.015
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Objective It aims to explore the mechanism of selectivity of Carpomya vesuviana to different host plant to provide theoretical basis for attractant-development. Method The selectivity of C. vesuviana to different organs of jujube and apricot under different physiological conditions was tested by using "Y" type olfactory apparatus. Result The results showed that the male and female adult of C. vesuviana showed different selectivity to different organs of jujube and apricot. The females (mature and immature) were more sensitive to jujube fruit than the leaves and flowers (P < 0.05), the selectivity to jujube fruit, flower and leaves were respectively 35%, 25%, and 22%. As for jujube fruits at different developmental stages (green, half red, full red), half red fruit was the most attractive one, followed by the green fruit, the selectivity are 38% and 35%. The male ones were the most sensitive to the flower, followed by the half red fruit (P < 0.05). As for the selectivity of female adult C. vesuviana to different organs of apricot, the green fruit was the most attractive one, followed by ripe fruit, the selectivity were 30% and 28%. As for the male ones, the ripe fruit was the most attractive, followed by green fruit and it showed significant difference between green fruit and flower (P < 0.05). The adults at different physical stage of the same sex also had different selectivity to different organs of host plant. The sexual mature one was more sensitive than immature one. Conclusion The female adult C. vesuviana has more selectivity to jujube fruit than flower and leaf, also it shows more strong taxis to green fruit of apricot than flower and ripe fruit. As for male ones, it has more selectivity to jujube flowers and apricot ripe fruits than other organs of jujube and apricot respectively.
2019, 32(1): 118-124.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.016
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Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the metabolic antagonists against Colletotrichum camellia produced by antagonistic bacteria P-14, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of biopesticides of Camellia oleifera. Method The acid precipitation and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the lipopeptide antibiotics produced by strain P-14, and the volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Result The component a containing C15 bacillomycin D showed the strongest inhibitory effect against Colletotrichum camellia. In addition, a total of 35 volatile compounds were separated, the relative bacteriostatic rate was (26.19±3.82)%, including 10 benzenes, 8 alkyls, 2 alcohols, 11 ketones, 3 aldehydes, and 1esters. Conclusion Bacillus amyloliquefaciens P-14 could produce metabolic antagonists against Colletotrichum camellia, and the metabolic antagonists has been identified, which can provide with reliable research data for the development of biopesticides against C. oleifera.
2019, 32(1): 125-132.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.017
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Objective In order to provide evidence for the protection of Houpoёa officinalis wild resources, this study evaluated the adaptability of 8H. officinalis provenances at two reintroduction sample plots which located at Pan'an and Suichang of Zhejiang Province). Method Botanical characteristics including plant morphology and growth situation were observed and principal component analysis and gray-correlation analysis were used to evaluate the seedlings adaptability of reintroduction. Result (1) The correlation coefficients of H. officinalis seedling in the process of reintroduction to the ideal species was 0.7947; (2) The correlation coefficients of the two reintroduction sample plots to the ideal species was 0.7741(Pan'an) and 0.8154(Suichang); (3) The correlation coefficient of 8H. officinalis provenances with the ideal species from high to low were Suichang provenance from Zhejiang Province, Pan'an provenance from Zhejiang Province, Anji provenance from Zhejiang Province, Guangze provenance from Fujian Province, hybird seedling, Lushan provenance from Jiangxi Province, Jianning province from Fujian Province and Tonggu provenance from Jiangxi Province. Conclusion The H. officinalis seedling in the process of reintroduction has good growth and good adaptability. The adaptability differed in different provenances and different habitats, the origin population and destination area for reintroduction may be the main factors affecting reintroduction.
2019, 32(1): 133-140.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.018
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Objective To establish a comprehensive evaluation technology base on the changes of seed nutriments of different oil camellia species and varieties. Method The oil content, fatty acid compound, acid value, peroxide value, α-tocopherol, squalene, β-sitosterol and phenols in the seeds of 11 oil camellia species and 20 oil camellia varieties were determined and analyzed by principal component analysis to comprehensive evaluation. Result The acid value and peroxide value were low, the contents of α-tocopherol, squalene, β-sitosterol and phenols were significant different, the main fatty acid compounds were oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, the main phenols were gallic acid, epicatechin, o-vanillin, o-coumaric acid and trans-cinnamic acid. Conclusion There is significant difference in oil content and micronutrients (α-tocopherol, squalene, β-sitosterol and total phenols) in the seeds of different oil camellia species and varieties. The comprehensive evaluation ranking of oil camellia species and varieties seeds are inconsistent with their oil content. Therefore, comprehensive evaluation should combine micronutrients with seeds oil content in the selection of oil camellia.
2019, 32(1): 141-146.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.019
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Objective Based on the characteristics of remote sensing images, the surface cover types and vegetation coverage were used as indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of natural forest protection, and a method to evaluate the effectiveness of natural forest protection was put forward. Method The characteristics of GF-1 data in China were analyzed, and the processing and analysis techniques for GF-1 remote sensing images were studied in combination with the features of TM images. Then, in view of the performance evaluation of natural forest protection, the indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of natural forest protection were selected. The Jinhe Forestry Bureau was selected as a test area, where the changes of surface cover type changes and vegetation coverage were analyzed, and then verified with field survey data to assess the effectiveness of natural forest protection. Result The post-classification method can effectively detect the changes of land cover types based on proven detection, the accuracy are higher more than 90%. Two pixel normalized vegetation index model can be used for inversion of complex surface vegetation coverage, and the accuracy verified by the field data can reach 83%. Conclusion According to the results of monitoring the change of surface cover type and vegetation coverage, the natural forest protection project has achieved some achievements since the implementation of the natural forest protection project of the forest resources from excessive consumption to the restorative growth.
2019, 32(1): 147-152.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.020
Abstract:
Objective To study the ecological function of semi-decomposition litter in natural spruce-fir mixed forest of Changbai Mountains by measuring its standing crop, water holding capacity and nutrients return. Method Four 1-hm2 plots were selected for sample collection and 400 semi-decomposition litter samples were collected with equidistant grid point sampling method before the peak of falling (late August) to determine the ecological function indices. Result The results showed that the average amount of semi-decomposition litter in the four plots was 19.50 t·hm-2; the average water holding capacity was 5.56 t·hm-2 and the average water holding rate was 64.08%; the average concentrations of total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P) were 421.68 g·kg-1, 18.86 g·kg-1 and 1.26 g·kg-1, the average return of nutrients (C, N, P) were 8.16 t·hm-2, 0.36 t·hm-2 and 0.02 t·hm-2, respectively, and nutrients use efficiency was in the order of P > N > C. Conclusion Although there are differences among the four plots in natural spruce-fir mixed forest of Changbai Mountains, the semi-decomposition litter has higher water conservation and nutrient return with faster decomposition rate, better water holding capacity and more nutrient return.
2019, 32(1): 153-159.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.021
Abstract:
Objective The effects of bacterial fertilizers on the growth of pine young stand, microbial community functional diversity, enzyme activities and soil nutrient content were studied to provide references for the application of bacterial fertilizers, and to promote the growth of Pinus elliottii forest and improve soil while maintaining a good ecological environment. Method Three blocks and three treatments (bacterial fertilizer treatment, matrix control treatment and the blank control treatment adding no fertilizer) for every block were set up in July 2017 by random block design in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province. In November 2017, The tree height and diameter of P. elliottii were measured, the soil density, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity, maximum water-holding capacity, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and alkaline nitrogen were measured by 5-point sampling, and the soil catalase, phosphatase, sucrase and urease activity were analyzed. The functional diversity of microbial community was analyzed by Biolog-ECO plate. Result The bacterial fertilizer significantly promoted the growth of P. elliottii seedlings, the growth rate of ground diameter of the blank control treatment, matrix control treatment and bacterial fertilizer treatment were 98.27%, 105.53% and 123.09%, respectively, and the growth rate of tree height were 55.69%, 66.56% and 85.18%. The bacterial fertilizer treatment and matrix control treatment reduced soil density, increased soil capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity and maximum water-holding capacity, and improved soil physical properties, however, the effect of bacterial fertilizer treatment was more significant. The contents of organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and alkaline nitrogen in soil increased by matrix control treatment and bacterial fertilizer treatment, and there was significant difference in all of the 4 nutrient contents between the bacterial fertilizer treatment and the blank control treatment, while there was significant difference between the matrix control and the blank control only in the organic matter content. Bacterial fertilizer treatment significantly increased the activities of soil phosphatase, catalase, sucrase and urease, it also promoted the soil microbial community activity, the utilization capacity of six kinds of carbon sources (carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, polymers, phenolic acids and amines), and contributed to Shannon's diversity index, Simpson's dominance index, Pielou's evenness index and richness index of soil microbial community. The matrix control also contributed to the increase of the above-mentioned indicators, but the effect was not significant. Conclusion Bacterial fertilizer and matrix control can promote the growth of P. elliottii seedlings, improve soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and alkaline nitrogen content in soil, and increase the activities of catalase, phosphatase, invertase and urease. In addition, they improve soil microbial diversity, evenness, abundance and dominance index, and improve the utilization and metabolic activity of microorganisms to single carbon sources. The effect of bacterial fertilizer is more significant, while the effect of matrix control is not significant.
2019, 32(1): 160-168.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.022
Abstract:
Objective To provide a basis for introduction to appropriate regions and to further improve the genetic traits of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, the seed morphology from various provenances and seedling growing traits in Shandong were studied. Method The morphological parameters, including seed length, seed width, seed thickness and seed weight, were measured and provenance test was conducted in Anqiu of Shandong Province with the seeds of 27 X. sorbifolium provenances collected from the provinces of Shandong, He'nan, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, etc. ANOVA analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted with different traits. Result The phenotypic traits among provenances were significantly different(P < 0.01), and their heritability were higher than 0.9, which indicated abundant variation of morphological traits subjected to strong genetic control. Correlation analysis showed that the seedling height had most positive correlation to precipitation and annual temperature, and the base diameter had most positively correlation to precipitation. The seedling height showed extremely significant negative correlation with latitude and sunshine hours. The base diameter showed extremely significant negative correlation with sunshine hours, too. Highly significant negative correlation between seed size and altitude was also found. Conclusion There was obvious variation of the seedling and seed morphological characters among the 27 X. sobifolium provenances, and they can be stably inherited. The variation of the seedling growing traits is mainly influenced by precipitation, sunshine and annual temperature while the variation of seed traits is mainly influenced by altitude, the variation of biomass of aerial part is the most susceptible to the environment. The correlation and cluster analysis indicate that the phenotypic traits variation are in accordance with the geographic distance and clustering. Five fast-growing provenances and seven high-yielding provenances are selected for experiments and popularization.
2019, 32(1): 169-174.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.023
Abstract:
Objective By means of exploring the response of stomatal distribution characteristics of different Yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) provenances to water stress, to understand the difference in drought tolerance, and provide references for the selection of water-saving and drought-tolerant provenances. Method The seedlings of 3 yellow horn provenances distributed in North China were studied, and 4 water gradients including sufficient water, normal water supply, mild drought and severe drought were set by potted water control method. The stomatal distribution characteristics of the plant leaf were observed with fingernail oil imprinting technique. Result The results show that the stomata of different provenances are distributed on the lower epidermis of yellow horn leaves. With the intensification of drought stress, the stomata become smaller and increase in number. And the stomata have a tendency to possess the stomatal distribution characteristics of xerophyte leaves. There are significant differences in the response of stomatal distribution to water stress among the 3 provenances. Compared with two provenances from Sanmenxia of Henan Province and Jinzhong of Shanxi Province, the leaves of provenance in Chengde of Hebei Province have smaller stomata, more stomata and stronger stomatal regulation ability under different water stress treatments. Conclusion The stomatal distribution characteristics of yellow horn leaves of three provenances all have different degrees of xerophytic structure. The leaves of provenance in Chengde have smaller and more stomata than the other two provenances, and have strong regulating ability, which is the excellent drought-resistant provenance of North China.
2019, 32(1): 175-184.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.01.024
Abstract:
Objective To study the genetic diversity and sampling strategy of natural Toona ciliata var. pubescens populations and provide references for protecting their genetic diversity as well as collecting and preserving germplasm resources. Method Nine natural populations of T. ciliata var. pubescens were collected in its distribution zone. The population genetic diversity, spatial autocorrelation analysis were conducted with 8 microsatellite markers. Simulated sampling methods were used to develop sampling strategy of natural T. ciliata var. pubescens populations. Result The results showed that the average number of alleles were 7.5. The mean expected heterozygosity and polymorphism information index (PIC) was 0.6437 and 0.6360, respectively. The average coefficient of genetic differentiation (GST) among populations was 0.2907. For genetic diversity sampling strategy of T. ciliata var. pubescens, a formula for determining the proportion of genetic diversity was found using GST and number of populations:1-(GST)n-1, where n means the number of populations. Therefore, when four natural populations, which from Ceheng of Guizhou Province, Suichang of Zhejiang Province, Xianju of Zhejiang Province, and Shizong of Yunnan Province, were selected for conservation and sampling, 97.5% of genetic variation was captured. The population with higher average coefficient of GST among other populations was chosen. The mean allele number and genetic diversity increased with the increase of sampling individual in Shizong population from Yunnan Province, Binchuan population from Yunnan Province, and Yifeng population from Jiangxi Province by using captured curve. When sampling individual in a population reached 15, total alleles and 99.5% genetic diversity were captured. So more than 15 individuals should be sampled when germplasm of T. ciliata var. pubescens were conserved and sampled. Similarity relation existed among individuals within a distance of 300-520 m. There were great differences among individuals over this distance range. The distance among individuals was beyond 520 m when sampling in natural populations. The number of sampling populations, coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations, sampling individual number in population, and the distance among individuals could affect the genetic diversity of sampling populations. Conclusion The number of sampling populations, coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations, sampling individual number in population and the distance among individuals could affect the genetic diversity of sampling populations. It is suggested that the sampling strategy for of natural Toona ciliata var. pubescens populations is 4 sampling populations, at least 15 individuals in each population and more than 520 m intervals among individuals in a population.
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